INTRODUCTION
Sound nutrition throughout life ensures good health
and long life this is because there is a relationship between what people eat
and their health. Nonetheless, most people chose foods for reasons other than
their nourishing values. Because food choices become an integral part of people’s
lifestyle, they sometimes find it difficult to change eating habits. Some
factors influencing food choices includes preferences, ethnicity, health and
nutrition. Regardless of the factors influencing dietary patterns, adequate
food in take is essential as nutritional well being plays an important role in
health promotion and maintenance diet may influence the risk of developing certain
chronic diseases and plays a role in preventing morbidity and mortality.
Besides, the health and nutritional stratus of the
mother, who is mostly the primary caregiver, has been found to affect her
ability to care for her children effectively (Engel et al, 1997). According to Tourun et al (1989), chronic energy deficiency activity pattern.
A significant proportion of the women were
nutritionally at risk of being either underweight, overweight or obese.
Nutritional education intervention in programmers aimed
at nutrient intake through improvising improved diet diversity and increased
use of local foods rich in iron, calcium and the B – vitamins needs to be
undertaken. There is also the need to intensify education on excessive weight gain
and its attendant health problems in Nigeria.
Many developing country governments are increasingly
concerned with the basic needs of their population and health and nutrition
project account for rising public sector expenditures. However, under tight budget
constraints choices need to be made where resources are best spent. The key
challenge of ensuring consistency of policies and strategies to promote long –
term economic growth raise smallholder productively, achieve food security, and
reduce poverty, while providing the social services that meet immediate welfare
needs.
Theatrically, from the significant role of health and
nutrition among the rural household on the productivity have a convincing
proofs without any element of doubt or bewilderment.
IMPACT OF HEALTH AND NUTRITION ON
PRODUCTIVITY
Nutrition and health are fundamental
pillar of human development across the entire life-span. Globally, nutrition
and health have improved in recent decades but malnutrition, including
deficiencies in micro-nutrients, is still widespread, particularly in developing
countries. In recent years, increased attention has been focused on the
potential role of world bank and other organization in reduction of poverty. In
improving nutrition and health.
Despite this vital role of these
organizations, their potentials contribution to food security, nutrition,
health and sustainable livelihoods tend to be overlooked by policy-makers in
some countries.
Therefore, health and nutrition are
the fundamental pillar of strength and, strength itself is the pillars of
productivity. This is because better health and nutrition, as related to
productivity or better production organization (since deciders in good health
generally have better intellectual capacities) can increase household income
and economic growth poor health will result in a loss of days worked or
unreduced worker capacity, which, which family and hired labor are not perfect
substitutes or when there are liquidity constraints is likely to reduce output.
The elasticity of agriculture output or wages with to nutrition and health
status is an indication of the productivity-nutrition and health relationship.
Many developing country governments are increasingly concerned with the basic
needs of their populations, and education and health projects account rising
public sector expenditure choices need to be made where money is best spent.
Human capital expenditures can be more easily justified in terms of promoting
economic development and, this, generate large increase in productivity.
However, it is reasonable to think
that positive effects of health and nutrition on productivity are necessary
conditions for wage efficiency mechanisms. Thus, large elasticity’s of
productivity with respect to health and nutrition status with benefit the
implementation of policies related to be wage efficiency frame work such a food
aid or land redistribution as instrument to increase production and lower
unemployment. The open the way to polices designed to increase production
levels. And indirectly to improve the welfare of the populations.
Definition of productivity
Productivity is a measure of the rate at which outputs
of goods and services are produced per unit of input (labour, capital, raw
materials etc). It is calculate as the ratio of the amount of outputs produced
to some measure of the amount of inputs used.
Productivity measures are used at
the level of firms, industries and entire economies. De pending on the context
and the selection of input measures, productivity calculations can have
different interpretations. Improving productivity can have connotations of economizing
on the use of in puts for example, adopting efficient production processes that
minimize waste. Equally, improving productivity can have connotations of
yielding more output. For example using resources in activities or with
technologies that generates more output. Conceptually, productivity is a
supply-side measure, capturing technical production relationships between in
puts and outputs. But, implicitly,, it is also about the production of good and
services that are desired, valued and in demand.
Productivity can be expressed as a
physical measure (for example, number of cars produced per employee), a
monetary measure (for example, thousand of dollars of output per hour worked),
or an index (for example outpour per unit of labour).
In principle, inputs can be broadly
defined to cover people’s time, their skills, land, raw materials, machinery
and equipment, energy 9for example, electricity) and so on. But, most commonly,
inputs are defined in terms of labour (number of employees or hours of work) and
capitals (building, machinery and equipment etc).
Productivity according to the
dictionary of economics and commerce is the amount of production in relation to
the labour employed. In fact, efforts are constantly being made to increase the
productivity of labor by increasing its efficiency through education and
training, by improving capital, and by better organization. Agricultural
productivity, therefore, means amount of agricultural production in relation to
inputs (land, labour, capital, material and techniques or technologies, etc).
to increase agricultural productivity therefore, issues relating to the
improvement in quality and quantity of agricultural inputs should be tackled.
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INPUT
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Conversion process
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OUTPUTS
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Materials
–good quality and right
when
it is needed.
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Increased volume more product/services offered, able to reach bigger market
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Tools-The
right tools the right job in working order.
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* Improved services better delivery, better
quality, better output rate, more benefits for the customer/consumers
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Equipment:
Latest technology, few malfunction or breakdowns
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Skill-Workers
are skilled and trained to do the job well.
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People:
The right number of people for the work people of right age, gender abilities
(good health)
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Knowledge:
Workers have the experience and expertise.
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System:
Right procedures to ensures that the conversion can be done effectively.
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Management:
Competent leaders who are able to manage and solve problems.
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Processes:
the right processes chosen for the conversion
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Reduced
cost
Lower
cost per unit more sale and so more profit
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Attitude:
Workers who are motivated, cooperative resources and able to adopt when need
be.
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NUTRITION
Nutrition are substances found in food that nourish
your body. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are all nutrition. Vitamin and
minerals also nutrition.
Nutrients are critical for optimal
brain development and function. Although maintenance of adequate intake of all
nutrients throughout life is important for brain health and function, certain
nutrients have a more profound effect on brain development than other.
Importance of nutrition Good
nutrition is fundamental for good health. It is the process by which we
obtained food and use it for growth keeping our bodies working properly and
warding off disease.
In constrict, poor nutrition affects
the body in a bad way and has been identified as the most significant fact contributing to the decaling health status of indigenous people. It has been
linked to heart disease, kidney damage and diabetes, in children, it can stunt
growth, cause tiredness and lead to poor concentration at school.
Nutritional goals are, to make sure
nutrition, affordable and quality food supplies is available stores and take
ways creating supportive environments where healthy food choices are easier
choices and the house holds in which people live supporting the promotion of
health outcomes.
However, the simple theory of
nutrition and productivity form the capacity curve; the capacity curve relates
income and work capacity (productivity): this means the higher income the
better nutrition.
Higher income-better nutrition.
This
simply means when there is higher income the household have a better nutrition
used by the body for the masic metabolism. Then only it translates in higher
capacity. Thereby, the level of income you get for each task depend on level of
performance (productivity).
The health and income affects
productivity negatively. This is because decrease in income decreases health.
And poor people are too weak to work that is health affects income. When they
cannot work the can’t money and therefore can’t buy food to get healthier and
it affect income affects health.
Health
Health:
As defined by world health organization (WHO), it is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity. It is a dynamic condition resulting form a body’s constant
adjustmenent and adaptation in responses to stresses and changes in the
environment for maintaining an inner equilibrium called homeostasis.
It can be also defined as a state of
complete physical, mental and social well being sand not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. Health is metabolic efficiency./ sickness is metabolic
inefficiency. Nobody is totally healthy or totally sick. Each of us is unique
combination of health and sickness. And each of us has a unique combination of
abilities and disabilities, both emotional and physical. While others defined
health as the level of functional or, metabolic efficiency of being. In human,
it is the general condition of a person’s mind and body, usually meaning to be
free form illness, injury or pin.
According to the world health
organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic
environment, the physical environment, and the person’s individual
characteristics and behaviours.
More
specially, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are
healthy or unhealthy include;
1. In come an social status
2. Social support networks
3. Education and literacy
4. employment/working conditions
5. Social environments
6. Physical environments
7. Personal health practices and coping
skills
8. Healthy child development
9. Biology and genetics
10. Gender
11. Culture.
Core
values affect productivity
(i) Eliminating mistakes
(ii) Reduced wastage
(iii) Continuous improvement
(iv) Quality
(v) Competitiveness
(vi) Innovation
* Eliminating mistakes
Mistakes
can be very costly in a business because of time that is wasted also resources.
* Reducing wastage
The less resources we use the better
because wastage coast money.
* Continuous improvement: Each person in
an organization needs to try to improve on their performance on a daily basis.
Each small improvement can add up to greater productivity.
* Quantity:
The person who uses the services or
product also plays a factor as they are the ultimate consumers. If they are not
happy, they may return the product or not but It against. Consumers want the
best possible quality at the best possible price.
* Competitiveness
Almost all organizations that
operate in a capitalist market will have some competition. This also has affect
on productivity as a company can manufactures thousand of pens per day but
might not stay to sell them because their competition has a better or cheaper
product.
* Innovation
New ideas and adoptions to current
technology, equipment and processes are important for development. Productivity
can be increased by using current resources or technology more effectively and
to sticking to doing things the way they have always been done.
Types of productivity and how they can
be measured
1. Single factor or partial productivity:
2. Value added productivity
3. Total factor productivity
* Single or partial productivity: this is
the simplest type of productivity measure a single type of in put is selected
for the productivity ratio. A most well known measure of single factor
productivity is the measure of output per work input, describing work
productivity.
* Value Added productivity
This measure a business ability to
create extra value if we think of this in terms of profitability-the business
makes a profit because their costs (all inputs) were less than their in come
(out put value).
* Total
factor productivity
This
is the measure of the efficiency of all input to a production process.
Increases usually result the technological innovations or improvements. It
looks at the quality of outputs of divided by the cost of inputs.
Note: Productivity = quantity of output of goods and
services
Quantity
of input
Productivity
defines the ratios between the input (resources like people, raw material etc)
of an origination and the output (product or services that are produced).
Productivity measures, the measure the output from the production processes per
unit of input.
Productivity is measure of economic efficiency
tat shows how effectively economic inputs are converted into output.
Household
Household can be define as a person
or a group of person related to unrelated, who live together in the same
dwelling unit, who make common provisions for food and regularly take their food
from the pot or share the same gain store, or who pool their income for the
purposes of purchasing food.