METHODS IN LEADERSHIP STYLES - DESIGN AND STATISTICS


Participants
            A Sample size of hundred (100) participants were used for the study. They were drawn
 from J.C udeagbala holdings company Aba Abia state. The researcher adopted simple randomized sampling technique in selecting the participants.
            The ages of these participants ranged from 20 years and above, the mean age of the participants is 28.9
Instruments
            The instrument for data collection were mainly questionnaires which contained two (2)
sections. Section. A contains four items measuring demographic variables of interest such as gender, age marital status and years of experiences.
            Section B contained three different instruments/ scale measuring the variables contained in the research work. The first scale measures perceived organizational support with eight (8) items. The second scale measures job involvement and it has twenty (20) items while the last scale measures leadership style which contains forty eight (48) items. The three scales adopted by the researcher in section B were all developed by other researchers. The items were arranged in a four (4) point continum of likert format with the exception of the instrument which measures leadership style.
            The four continum likert format ranges from
SA  = Strongly agree     (1)
A   =  Agree                               (2)
D  = Disagree                             (3)
SD = Strongly disagree     (4)
The last scale in section B measures leadership
Style and the items were arranged in a five (5) point continum of likert format ranging from.
N  = Never                              (O)
S  = Seldom                            (1)
O  = Occasionally                   (2)
O  = Often                              (3)
A  = Always                            (4)
VALIDITY
            The validity of the measuring instruments has been established by the original developer of the instruments.
            For the job involvement (JI) scale, mogaji (1997) provided the properties for Nigerian samples. In establishing the validity of this  scale, concurrent validity was obtained by correlating JI scale with the scales of job Descriptive index and obtained the following correlation coefficients.
JDI                  Nigerian samples
Work               .23
Pay                              .09
Promotion       .09
Supervision     .09
Coworkers       .11
            For the second instrument which measures leadership style, Ejimofor (1987) correlated supervisory behavior description questionnaire (SBDQ) with job and organizational commitment questionnaire to  obtain the following coefficient of concurrent validity.
(A) Democratic           .142
(B) Autocratic                         .336
(C) Overall SBDQ      .428
            For the third instrument which measures perceived organizational support, Robbert Eisenberger cor-related POS scale with overall job satisfaction (OJS) scale and obtained .168. to clearify doubts, face validity was established through the expert judgment of the project supervisor and head of psychology department Madonna University.

RELIABILITY
            The reliability of the measuring instruments has also been established by their developers. For job involvement (JI) scale  lodahl and kejner (1965) obtained spear man
 –Brown internal reliability coefficients of .72 and .08 for females and males respectively. The coefficient of test retest reliability obtained in an interval of 27days is .90.
            For the second instrument which measures leadership style the reliability coefficient reported by fleishman (1953) for a sample of eighteen (18) subordinates using spear man
Brown formular was .98 for democratic and .78 for autocratic. using test-retest reliability in an interval of eleven  (11) months he obtained .87 for democratic and .75 for autocratic.
For the third instrument which measures organizational support the researcher used test –retest reliability in interval of two weeks and obtained .89 reliability coefficient and using crombach alpha, coefficient alpha of .90 was obtained.
PROCEDURE
The researcher personally administered the questionnaire to the participants. They were asked to respond to the questionnaire by carefully reading the instructions and marking or ticking a good (v) sign in the appropriate box provided for each statement. A period of five (5) working days was given for completion and return of the completed questionnaire. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed, but only 86 copies were collected back while 10 copies were discarded due to the fact that some participants supplied. Multiple answers and some vital questions were skipped. Finally, a total of 76 copies of the questionnaire were eventually  analyzed. Section A measures demographic variables of interest e.g age, gender, marital status, years of experience.
            Section B Contained three (3) different parts, the first part of the instrument measures organizational support with eight (8) items, the second part measure job involvement with twenty items. The items of these questionnaire were arranged in a four (4) point continum of likert format ranging from.
SA =          Strongly agree             (1)
A               =          Agree                          (2)
D               =          Disagree                                  (3)
SD =          Strongly disagree        (4)
            The Last part of the instrument in this section B measures Leadership style and the items were arranged in a five (5) point continum of likert format ranging from
Never                    = O
Seldom             = 1
Occasionally = 2
Often                     = 3
Always                  = 4
            The first two parts that were arranged in four point continum of likert format were assigned score value of 1-4 for strongly agree to strongly disagree respectively. For the last part of the instrument which measures leadership style, the items were arranged in a five (5) point continum of likert format, and was assigned score of 0-4 for never to always. The score of the items of the scale were summed up to obtain a total score for each of the participants.
DESIGN AND STATISTICS
            The study is a cross –sectional survey research. cross- sectional survey research is used because the research topic is aimed at assessing the influence of employees perceived organizational support (POS) and leadership style on job involvement and there was no manipulation of the variables.
            The independent variables of this research has two levels each, for perceived organizational support we have supportive organization and non supportive organization  and for the second independent variable which is leadership style, we have democratic leadership style and autocratic leadership style. This means that the design for this research is 2x2 factorial design. The researcher employed 2x2 ANOVA in testing the three hypotheses stated in the study.
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