Cleft lip and palate:
Cleft lip has an incidence of 1 per
1.000 births. Of which is seen more often in male than female, its incidence is
slightly higher with increase material age and it varies in different
population groups (Neel, 1999). The incidence of cleft lip increases in the
next baby to 4% if the parents
are normal, but have a child with cleft lip (Certis et al, 2000). The incidence
however, increases to 9% of two previous births were affected, when one of the
parent have cleft lip and they have child with same defect, the probability
that the next baby will be
affected rises to 17% (Fraser, 1997).
The frequency of cleft palate is much
lower than that of the cleft lip and occurs in per 2500 births (Gorhn et al,
1999). It is seen more often in females to males and it is not related to
maternal age. If the parents are normal and have one child with a cleft palate,
the probability of the next child being affected is about 2%. If however, there
is a similarity that affects relative of a parent and child with a cleft
palate, the probability increase to 7% and 15% respectively (Fogl, 1998). It
has been shown that in the female, the palate should fuse approximately one
week later than in the male. This may explain why isolated cleft palate is seen
more frequently in the females than in the males (Burdi, 1997).
Hydrocephalus:
This is associated with anencephaly. It is as a result of ventricular
enlargement with excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In the
cranium. It occurs when cerebrospinal fluid production exceeds re-absorbtion
(Merck, 2003).and is the most common cause of abnormally large heads in new
burns. The pressure of the fluid causes degeneration of nervous tissues (Singh,
2001). It may also be caused by obstruction to flow of cerebrospinal fluid by
stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct.
Craniosynostosis:
This is a congenital face defect, were the sutures of the skull bones fuse
inappropriately and prematurely.
Plagiocephaly: In
this type of face defect/deformity, the forehead and the brow stop growing.
This face defect/deformity produces a flattening of the forehead and the brows
on the affected side while the forehead on the opposite side, tends to be
excessively prominent.
Brachycephaly:
This type of craniofacial defects refers to a wide and high forehead region, and
the eyes may appear wide apart.
Trigonocephaly:
In this type of defect, the forehead looks pointed, like a triangle, with
closely placed eyes. This face deformity occurs due to closure of a suture that
runs from the top of the head down the middle of the forehead, toward the nose.
Scaphocephaly: This
type of face defect occurs when the suture that runs front to back, down the
middle of the top of the head fuses prematurely. As a result, the shape of the
skull becomes long and narrow. The skull is long from front to back and narrow
from ear to ear.
Facial Palsy: This
occurs due to paralysis of the facial nerve. In this kind of face defect, there
is loss of control over facial expressions.
Chin Deformity: In
this type of face defect, the chin is usually small or may be unusually large.
Upper Jaw deformity:
One of the most common types of upper jaw deformity is called vertical
maxillary excess. In this facial defect, there is excess bone of the upper jaw,
the face appears long, the chin is recessed and the nose is large in the
profile view.
Lower
Jaw deformity: There are two most common mandibular deformities; mandibular
excess and mandibular deformity.
Deformational
Plagiocephaly: This refers to asymmetrical
shape of the head from repeated pressure to the same area of the head. This
kind of craniofacial Deformity usually results from keeping the infants head in
one position for long periods of time or it may also be due to torticollis
which keeps the head to one side (Congenital Anormaly).
RELATED INFORMATION
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
GENETIC FACTORS OF THE INCIDENCE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS ON THE FACE AN HEAD OF NEW BORN BABIES
AETIOLOGY AND CONSEQUENCES OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE INCIDENCE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS ON THE FACE AN HEAD OF NEW BORN BABIES
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDYING THE INCIDENCE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS ON THE FACE AN HEAD OF NEW BORN BABIES
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