No 1
Differentiating growth from development is not an
easy task. Attempt four functional definitions each from economics protagonists
Growth: It is the
steady process by which the productive capacity to
the economy is increased over to bring about rising levels of national income Todaro, (1977) in Anyanwu
(p. 405 -206).
Economics growth thus refers to the volume of output in the
current year vis-Ã -vis the volume of output in a chosen previous year, it overlooks the
distribution of and hence the well-being of the citizens in the economy.
While economic development
is generally defined to include
improvements in materials welfare especially for persons with lowest incomes,
the eradication and
early death, changes in the
composition of inputs and outputs that
general include shifts in the underlying
structure of production away from
agricultural towards industrial activities Kindleberger
and Herriek 1977)
Development: It is a multidimentional process involving
the provision of basic needs,
Acceleration of economic
growth, reduction of inequality and unemployment, eradication of absolute poverty
as well as change in attitudes,
institutions and structures in the economy Todaro (1977) in Anyanwu (P
405-405).
Development as the process
whereby the level of national production (that is national income) or per
capita income increases over a period of time.
No 2
Theories of development and underdevelopment were
variously perceived complement these views with stage theorists postulation.
Theses theories of development
and under development are variously perceived in this form:
a. climate theory
b. Sociological theory
c. Colonial dependency theory
d. Puritanical theory
e. Predestiuation theory
To
complement development and under
development theories with stage
theorists postulations. these stages theorists
are not different from theories
of development and under development.
One of the theorists W.W. ROSTW outline five stages of development
1. Traditional stage
2. Pre-condition for take –off
3. Take-off
4. Drive to maturity
5. Maturity stage
while Karl Marx as a theorist
postulated five stages which include the
following:
a. Communal stage
b. Slave owing stage
c. Feudal stage
d. Capitalistic stage
e. Socialistic stage
That is to say development and underdevelopment
theories with stages of development made by theses theorists
are not different only that they
explain them the way they
perceived them it should better
done for
development to be rapidly take place and why underdevelopment in some countries started and what cause it and ways
to development.
No 3
Peculiarities of
second national development plan serve as a prelude to 3rd NDP (a) What factors
are responsible for singling 2nd NDP as unique. (b) How does 3rd
NDP complement it?
a. The factors responsible for
singling 2nd NDP as unique
are follows
i.
Because of the increment on amount
of money voted on 2nd NDP made it unique
ii.
United strong and reliance society
iii.
For great dynamic society
other peculiarities of 2nd NDP singling its uniqueness are the
achievements which include
1. Reconstruction of
projects
2. Rehabilitation and
3. Reconciliation programme was
introduced such as NYSC
NO 8
What are the
causes of extreme poverty and what
politics have most effective to improve the poorest of the poor?
Before then we need to understand the term extreme poverty. Any way is a very
fearing word because when a country or someone is under extreme
poverty is even better for such person
to die off because he can provide what
he/ she will eat neither for the family member
and if it is a country here citizens will die for not have access to social amenities or basic things life needed .
Extreme
poverty: Is
a epidemic, cankerworm, suffering, agonizing
which come as a result of lack of water, food, electricity, health care, good access road and other lack of basic social amenities trigger off
a country..
Extreme poverty: Is the work of mankind
and only mankind can destroy it: Joseph
Wresinski
Causer of extreme poverty: These are include:
a. Political regime and dictatorship : Here,
politicians were highly corrupt
and had economic programmes which did not benefit or create growth, development, employment and
education but in stead made the
rich richer and poor poorer in the
society and when economic wealth of any
nation was in the hands of a dictatorship rather than
being dispersed out to the people
b. Physical geography and disease: There are
great widespread famines
and lack of healthcare in poor developing counties were
to blame. These factors such as the lack of crops in poorer countries,
which made it impossible to produce
food, in effect leading to starvation and an increase of famines
c. Wester counties and the global
order:
Some of western countries include united state and united states are to be
blame for the plight of the poor in
destitute counties. The colonialisation period example Nigeria and
Zimbabwe where colonialism had exploited
the countries and lead to tribal divisions, religions conflict and
civil war under the colonial period,
valuable resources such as diamonds and oil were taken from these counties and
given to western countries which have arguably caused long-term poverty in
sub-saharan Africa.
The current global order is to be blame with
certain dominant global powers and international organizations such
as the world trade organization and the
international monetary fund not doing
enough to help the plight of the poor
in impoverished countries.
Lack of good qualitative education: a national that
plays with educational sector is
doom to suffer any kind of disease which is extreme poverty that has no
cure even with kind of medicine. So a country with no regard on education of her
citizens faced with this challenge
extreme poverty which paralyzed all other sectors.
No 9
Planning Under Military Dispensation In
Capitalist Market Economy
Is A Farce Postulate Ideal Planning
Situation In And Inductive Economics
Planning is all about making
decisions and soling problems
planning might also include
specifying milestones or deliverables to
be produced, and timeline for
achieving the objectives and milestones
Planning are only good intensions unless they immediately degenerate into hard
work,. It is upon this bases that we wish to recommend ideal planning situation
in directive and inductive economy
Economic planning refers to
any directing planning of economic
activity outside the mechanisms of the market
in this case, planning is an economic
mechanism for resource allocation and decision making held in antrast with the
market mechanism where planning refers
to the direct allocation of resource
Most economics are
mixed economics, incorporating
elements of market and planning
for distribution of inputs and outputs
In directive and inductive
economics a lot of factors combine to form an
ideal planning situation. They are as fellows:
A ideal planning situation must have the following features under a directive economy
i.
There must be systematic knowledge of available resources this involves a comprehensive survey of
existing and potential resources of the country.
ii.
There must be a central
planning authority (planning commission in Nigeria) to prepare and
definite plan
iii.
Development planning must have
definite objectives
iv.
On the basis of the objective of
a plan, the planning authority will set
targets for the different sectors of the economy.
v.
Planning authority will allocate
resources among the various sectors of the economy to fulfill the targets
vi.
A definite time will be fixed
to fulfill the targets
In directive and inductive
economics, planning can take various forms and
styles we can have transformational
planning which is type of planning
that embraces all sphezes of economy.
It is centralized planning equipped with harsh powers of command, in
transformational planning resources are allocated by a centralized
administration not by the mechanism of price. In transformational
planning, the use of capital, land and labour
is untimely brought within the supervision of such
administration . decision on the
outputs are also taken by administration it is compulsive and directive
and hence regimentation is the
consequence. In this type of planning state acts as a collective capitalists.
It is contrary to democracy.
In deed, development
planning in a directive economy is ideal. Development planning involves (i)
assessment of resources which can be assembled for the total planning
efforts. (ii) the distribution of resources aiming
various sectors of the economy and
(iii) external direction or
regulation of the nations economy
by a governmental agency in order
to increase the pace of development.
The following are
the trod objector of development planning which makes it suitable for directive
and in due five economies first it help
to achieve full and stable employment.
Sadly, it leads to letter utilization of
productive resources. In contrast,
resources are not properly utilized in free market economy.
Thirdly, it helps to achieve price stability. Here government organs are used to stabilize the
price amist all odds
In induction, the successful
implementation of plan for economic
growth and development in a
directive economy depends largely on the conditions and circumstances preventing in the country. In this case,
the recommended planning situations
includes (a) reliable and efficient
government. Ran means strong and efficient government that can give directives to
move the economy. (b) credible planning agency (c) purposeful administration (d) adequate find
(e) functional data base (f)
balanced economy
In the
economy there as seven steps to successful project planning which are
i.
Every project needs a road map with clearly defined goals that should
not change after the first phase of the
project has been completed.
ii.
Develop a list of deliverables
and make sure all project team
members are familiar with the list
iii.
A document that clearly outlines
all project milestones and
activities required to complete the project should be created and maintained
iv.
Budget for each project should be
created
v.
Project manager should choose team members
who can partner together
vi.
Progress report guidelines
should be created and made monthly,
weekly or daily as the case
may be
vii.
Identify risks involved in project execution and discuss alternatives with chief executives
These step should get you
started with delivering your project on time within your budget, under
directive and inductive economy .
No 10
The four points agenda of the incumbent governor of enugu state stem
from the global agenda of MDGs (2020) .
explain how these agenda could facilitate
rthe mateiralsiation of the
vision 2020
We then we need to outline
four points agenda of governor Enugu State which includes
a. Physical infrastructure
development
b. Economic expansion and employment
c. rural development
d. service delivery
while the global agenda of MDGs 2020
are include
1. Eradicating extreme
poverty and hunger
2. Achieving universal primary education
3. Promoting gender
equality and empower
4. Reducing child mortality
5. Improving material healthcare
6. Combating the hiv/aids
and malaria scourge
7. Ensuring environmental sustainability
8. Developing a global
partnership for development.
The agenda of incumbent
Governor Enugu can help a lot to facilitate the materialization of the
vision 2020 because it anchor on infrastructural development which a lot of
projects such as road construction, building of different classrooms
in some schools and electricity as well
However, these agenda of
Governor enugu state can help vision
2020 to materilaise on the area
of economic expansion and empower this has to do by empowering people of Enugu which include men and women who will
take Enugu State tomorrow to a greater light after the limelight of Surlvan chime of them there are so many projects from four points agenda that will make vision 2020
to materialized.
No 11
Economic planners in nigiera
are applauded for sound plan formulation but castigated for atysonal failure in plan implementation discuss
Economic panning refers to any directing or planning
of economic activity outside the mechanisms of the market.
Planning is an economic mechanism for
resource allocation and decision –making held in contrast with market
mechanism where panning refers to direct allocation of resources.
Nigeria has mixed economics,
incorporating elements of
markets and planning for distribution
of inputs and outputs. In effect the
level of canalization of decision
making in the planning process
ultimately depend on the type of planning
mechanism employed.
Economic planning can apply to production,
investments, distribution or all three of
these functions over the years
nigiera are applauded for sound plan formulation Nigeria economy has been
piloted with chams of development planning hat span through years. But the handicap that
has always bedeviled this plans
is poor implementation mechanisms.
Theoretically development plans of any sort involve decorate efforts on the part of government to speed up the process of social and
economic development of a country in
most mixed earomes like Nigeria economic plans are useful
for provision of policy framework
within which the economy and other sectors
operate. Today development plans has always
served as a course of actions
that should be followed to amoe
at ensage economic goals of the
society
The essence
of economic planning by government therefore is that it could make a conscious choice
regarding the rate and
direction of growth . it is
therefore reasonable
to say that through a national
comprehensive plan, it will
be possible to make rational
decisions to achieve deliberate
consitent and well – balanced action
towards socio – economic development and good governance.
A body known as national economics counc was set up in 1955
to coordinate the nations growth
in line with the recommendations of the world bank mission to Nigeria this later led to preparation of national development plans with which Nigeria is been
piloted.
Since
1960 therefore, Nigeria has formulated and launched development
plans which has made it possible for government to articulate policies in the following areas
equitable distribution of
income, increase in employment opportunities, improvement in social services and efficient allocation of available
resources to eliminate waste
Preparing and implementing
development plan thus becomes
one of the way by which successive government no Nigeria before and after
the country’s independence have been
trying to better the socio- economics
conditions of Nigerian citizen
This is because policies
contained in such development plans
touch on the various aspects of the society, which include the political,
economic, educational, social , and
agricultural sectors.
Good as this economic plans may sound in 1986 ,
there was a gradual movement towards a
cessation of national development plans and subsequent failures in
the implementation of such plans in Nigeria it is important to note that this has made the business of governance, haphazard in the country.
Plans were succeeded by conter plans and
each and in abysmal failures arising
from numerous factors.
It is important to note that
rela journey towards
neglecting the tradition of development planning and skillful pursuit of
the objectives of development
plans in Nigeria started with the Babngida
administration. In response to the problems encounter during the
4th national
development plan period, the Babangida administration suspended in
October 1998 the idea of a
five year development
plan which had hitherto almost
became a well esladished
traditions
Substantial facts in our
economic history show cases evidences that military
intervention in 1966 and its
subsequent prolonged rule in Nigeria
become the genesis of
funcating the process of adhering to nation development planning as a strategy for
economic and social development.
What the nation has inherited in the absence of well-articulated
development plan are budget frauds,
road contract scandals, oil scams and unchallenged or unchecked high
level of financial corruption at all levels of government in Nigeria.
It is however imperative to note that since
the recommencement of democratic government
on may 29th, 1999,
the administration of
president Olusegun Obasanjo has
begun a series of bold economic and
political reforms to put the country back on a sound economic
and political footing.
Today
we can easily recount the problem associated with poor implementation of
articulated plans in Nigeria to include:
1.
Political instability which
often lead to change in plans
2.
Inadequate capital which makes plan
difficult to achieve
3.
Misplacement of priorities which
mosttime diverts investments to projects
that yield no economic outputs to the people
4.
Insufficient statistical data which
places most plans on wrong projections
5.
Inadequateskilled personel which
makes plan implementation difficult
6.
Rapid population growth
which tend to destabilize planning
7.
Over-reliance on foreign aid leads
to abysmal failures
8.
Corruption and nepotism has
affected our planning by buseing
decisions on selfish and parodual
considerations.
9.
Burden of economic plans
The predicaments are manifestations of
neglecting practice of development
planning in Nigeria which denies Nigeria
the required blue print for development
. what this means is that the level
of development in Nigeria today
does not match the level of resources
available . this is the result of
high level of corruption which lack
of adequate resource utilization for
development has made possible.