Drug Resistance of Malaria Parasites


Drug resistance in plasmodium species has seriously hampered the successful treatment of malaria. The progressive increase in the degree and distribution of resistance to chlroquine by P. falciparum has led to recent increases in malaria morbidity and mortality in poor endemic countries (Trigg and Kondrachine, 1998).Resistance to chloroquine and amodiaquine have been reported in almost all geographical areas where malaria is endemic (Winstanley, 1990).

Resistance to antifolate combinations in Africa is less common, but is now developing rapidly. It is common both in South-East Asia and South America. Resistance to quinine is uncommon in both Africa and South America, but increasingly recognized in parts of south Asia (Adepoju-Bello and Ogbeche, 2003).
In parts of South Asia, resistance to mefloquine and halofantrine has been reported. However, this is uncommon in other endemic areas. Resistance to atovaquone-proguanil, a new formula, has not been reported (Winstanley, 1990). Also Eckstein-Ludwig (2003) has reported a possible development of resistance to the new and efficacious artemisinin based combination by malaria parasite. This resistance can be produced by the mutation of SERCA, a calcium pump in the endoplasmic reticulum of the parasite (Eckstein-Ludwig et al., 2003).   

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