A. THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA)
The
central intelligence Agency, CIA was created in 1947 when president Harry
Truman signed it into law Its headquarters was situated at Langley in the state
of Virginia. It operates with an annual budget that runs into billions of
dollars. The CIA is a civilian intelligence organisation of the United States
responsible for providing national security intelligence to the highest level
of government. Such intelligence guides the senior members of government in
decision making and policy for mutation. The CIA may also carry out covert
activities to protect US interests of the orders of the president of the United
States1
The
CIA is a successor to the office of strategic studies”, OSS, which was founded
during the second world war to co-ordinate espionage activities behind enemy
lines for the branches of the US military. The national security Act of 1947
established the CIA though affording it “no police or law enforcement functions
at home or abroad”. This mandate was later expanded to include.
…sabotage, anti sabotage, demolition and evaluation
measures, subversion and assistance to underground resistance movements and
support of indigenous anticommunism elements in threatened countries of the
free world…2
The primary function of the CIA is to collect
information about foreign governments, organisations corporations and
individuals and to advise policy makers. The agency conducts covert operations
and paramilitary actions and exerts foreign political influence through its
“special Activities Division”. The responsibility of the CIA has changed remarkable
since 2004. Before 2004, the CIA was the main intelligence organisation of the
US government. It co-ordinated and oversaw not only its own activities but also
the activities of the US intelligence community as a whole. The intelligence
Reform and Terrorism prevention Act of 2004 created the office at the director
of National intelligence which took over some of the functions of the
intelligence community. The reform of 2004 became imperative following the
claim of events that culminated on the invasion of Iraq on the assumption that
saddam Hassoin was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Despite the
reservations of the IAEA on Iraq’s nuclear capability the governments in
Washington and London insisted that they have enough evidence to indicate that
Iraq hand indeed become a nuclear power and only a regime change in Bagdad
would save the world form impending extinction. The subsequent invasion of Iraq
and the inability to find the “smoking gun” was a matter of extreme
embarrassment to the US and Britain. The blame was therefore heaped at the
doors of the CIA for providing “faculty intelligence” on the Iraq nuclear
situation.
Following
the 2004 reforms, the Director of National intelligence now manages the
intelligence community and the intelligence
circle the OCI reports to the DNI who in turn reports to the president of the
United State. The function of the DNI further include the preparation of estimates of the consolidated opinion of the
16 intelligence community agencies and the preparation of briefings for the
president of the United States. Often referred to as the company, the CIA has
an executive office and several agency-wide functions and four major
directorates. These are:
1. The
directorate of intelligence-responsible for all source intelligence research
and analysis.
2. The
National clandestine service, formerly the Directorate of operations which does
clandestine intelligence work of collection and covert action.
3. The
directorate of support
4. The
directorate of science and Technology
The
office of the inspector General promotes efficiency, effectiveness and accounts
in the administration of Agency activities and seeks to prevent and detect
frand, waste, abuse and mismanagement. The inspector-general whose activities
are independent of those of any other component in the agency reports directly
to the Director of central intelligence, the DCI.
Regional Groups: There is an analytical office
dedicated to each region. The world is divided into regions and each region
have experts dealing in their specific affairs.
1. The
office of the middle-East and North Africa Analysis.
2. Office
of south Asia analysis
3. Office
of Russian-European Analysis
4. Office
of Asia pacific, Latin America and African analysis.
Translational groups:
1. The
office of Terrorism Analysis supports the National counter Terrorism centre in
the office of the DNI.
2. The
office of translational issues assesses perceived existing and emerging threats
to US national security and provides the most senior policy makers, military
planners and law enforcement with analysis, marring and crisis supports.
3. The
crime and narcotics centre provides research information an international crime
for policy makers and the law enforcement community. Since the CIA has no legal
domestic police authority. It usually sends it s analysis to the FBI and other
law enforcement organisations such as the Drug enforcement Administration of
the US Department of justice or other police departments.
4. The
weapons intelligence, Non-proliferation and Arms control centre provides
intelligence support-related to national and non national threats, as well as
supporting threat reduction and arms control. It receives the output of
national technical means of verification.
5. The
counter intelligence centre analysis group-which identifies, monitor and analyses the efforts of foreign
intelligence entities, both national non-national against US governments. It
works with the FBI personnel in the National counter intelligence Executive of
the director of National intelligence.
6. The
information operations centre analysis group which deals with threats to US
computer systems. This unit supports DNI activities.
7. The
office of collection, strategies and analysis provides comprehensive
intelligence collection expertise to the directorate of intelligence, to senior
Agency and intelligence community officials, and to keep national policy
makers.
8. The
office of policy support austanises directors of intelligence analysis and
presents it to a wide variety at policy, law enforcement, military and foreign
lianas recipients.
9. National
clandestine service formally directorate of operations is responsible for
collecting foreign intelligence mainly from clandestine huminit sources, and
covert action. The new name reflects its having absorbed same HUMINT Assets
controlled by the Department of Defence. The NCS was creased in an attempt to
end year of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the
Departments of state, Defence and the CIA.
10. The
Directorate of science and technology was established to carry out research,
create and manage technical collection, disciplines and equipment. Many of its
innovations were transferred to other intelligence organisations or as they
become more avert, to the military services.
The
CIA has shown its ability to use advances in technology to enhance its
effectiveness. This interest has historically had two primary goals of (1)
harnessing techniques for its own use, and (2) countering any new intelligence
technology the soviets or the Chinese might develop. As part of its mandate to
gather information and has become a major consumer of social media. CIA looks
at you-tube and char rooms which it believes carry some useful and genuine
intelligence.
Generally,
the CIA acts as the primary American HUMINT, and general analytic agency under
the Directorate of National intelligence who directs or co-ordinates the 16
member organisations of the US intelligence community. In addition, it obtains
information form other US government intelligence agencies, commercial
information sources and foreign intelligence services.
CIA Abuses and Criticisms of
Its Work
There
is no doubt that the CIA has served the intelligence and security need of the
United states very well in the last 60 years of its existence. This was
particularly manifest during the cold war when Russia and its community idea
presented grave dangers to the US and her allies around the world. The end of
the cold was did not diminish the threats which America faced as the self
appointed leader of the free world. Islamic militancy and terrorish activities
channelled against American interests both within and outside the shores of the
US became increasingly doing and sophisticated. Instead of a common enemy. The
US is now faced with a multiplication of threats from relatively unknown
sources, to roghe states whose leadership were determined to challenge
America’s supremacy at the global arena. From Iran’s nuclear quest to Al qarda’s suicide bombers, from the
erratic North Korean leadership to the thorny of God, from fiery Islamic
clerics to private madras as scattered across the united States, the CIA and
the US government remain increasingly aware that the dangers facing the nation
are real.
Indeed
the CIA has done well in its effort to check these threats and uncover them
before they are carried out. In same other instances, it may not have done so
well. The huge success recorded by Al Qaeda on September 11, 2001 will remain a
permanent blight on the psyche of American intelligence. That a plot of such
magnitude was hatched and executed right under the hoses of the CIA al sister
intelligence organisations would be difficult to live down. It shattered the
CIA myth of invincibility and brought to the fore the dangers posed by the
inter-agency rivalry that have been the tradecraft of American intelligence
agencies over the years. Part of the reasons for the 2004 reforms was to
eliminate this rivalry and create a greater basis of co-operation geneses
between these agencies.
Over
the years, the CIA has been a subject of serious criticism and attacks over its
modes of operation. From the media, human rights groups the congress and even
members of US government, the CIA has been accused of a literary of abused and
of wrongdoings which were considered incongruous with America’s status as a defender of freedom. It
is necessary therefore to take a shapr look at some of these abuses and
criticisms.
1. The
CIA has been accused of assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign
leaders. During the cold war, many coup d’etats and assassination of leaders of
emerging nations were blamed on CIA overzealousness. Some progressive leaders
in Africa,. Asia and Latin America were believed to have been “removed” because
of their openness to the communist doctrine. Fidel Castro remain the most
celebrated CIA target throughout the 197os and 1980s.
2. By
law, the CIA is no allowed to operate within the borders of the United States.
However there have been several incidents of domestic CIA operation within the
US. There have been illegal spying on citizens involved in anti war activities.
The burglary of the water of gate headquarters of the democratic party in 1972
had the connivance of the CIA as well as subsequent attempts to impede FBI
investigations into the affairs.
3. The
CIA also engages in human experiments. They administer LSD and other illicit
drugs on people. LSD is a psychological drug. It is a non-additive, serve
altering drug. It can later the thinking processes and create a sense of time
distortion. Administered at certain levels, it can cause ego death and
spiritual experiences. For a antion that prides itself on the defance of human
freedom, these are very hearing indietments.
4. The
iran-contra affair was a huge political scandal which erupeted 1986 in which
senior US figures including president Reagan himself agreed to facilitate the
sale of arons to Iran which was then a subject of international arms embargo.
Some US officials has schemed to use the arms sell to secure the release of
American hostages in Iran and funnel proceeds form the sell to the central
rebels in alicaragna3. The CIA was the conduit for the whole affair
and when the bubble bust, a lot of faces were left splattered with mud form
largely to the white house.
5. Other
areas of controversy and criticism include the use of chemical means to elicit
information or disable people for purposes of interrogation. Closely related to
this is the issue of torture and clandestine imprisonment in order to obtain
intelligence information.
6. The
CIA has been know to violate the law prohibiting CIA involvement in domestic
law enforcement or operating in any guise within the territory of the united
states. As noted earlier, the CIA has been caught on several occasions with its
hands in the till.
7. The
CIA have been known on occasions to exhibit serious laxity in security
consciousness. Like the 9/11 attacks, the suicide bomb attack in forward
operating Base in December 2009 in khost province of Afghanistan was considered
a serious capes in security preparedness. Seven CIA officers including the
chief of the base were killed din the attack. The question no one could answer
was, “how did the suicide bomber manage to avoid all the security measures at
the base”?
8. In
February 1994, the agency was rocked by the arrest of 31 year veteran case
officer, Aldrich Ames on charge of spying for the soviet Union since 1985. for
a man in such a position and with access to high-rate intelligence information,
it was a serious as trout to American strategic and security in permeability
9. The collapse of the soviet union in 1991 came as
a surprise to the government of the united states. The CIA was severely
criticized for its inability to predict or for see such a momentous historical
event despite all its internet and focus on the soviet arch rival.
10. Among
some of its earlier analytical failures was in October 1950, when the CIA
assured president Truman that china would not send troops to Korea. Six days
after this assurance was given, one million Chinese troops arrived at the
Korean peninsula. Earlier, the CIA had failed to detect North Korean
mobilisation and subsequent invasion of the south. This was due to lack of
SIGHT resources at the time and the fact that the CIA was still building up the
basic structure needed for intelligence magic.
11. The CIA
was also blamed for providing faulty intelligence information on
French-Indochina and the Vietnams. Critics argue that the Vietnam fiasco could
have been averted or better managed if the intelligence community had done a
better job.
12. CIA was
blamed for its failure to predict India’s
nuclem tests in 1974. Intelligence had reported instead that if India
did attain nuclear capability, it would be for peaceful purposes. India indeed
developed a nuclear bomb, and Pakistan, its arch rival quickly folibureal,
thereby making the prospects for peace between the two powers more difficult
and more remote.
13. a major
criticisms of the CIA and other intelligence organising in the US was the
failure to detest the activities leading up the September, 11 attacks or to
forestall the attack itself. The 9/11 commission report identified failures in
the intelligence community as a whole.
One major problem, for instance, was the failure of the FBI to “connect the dots”
by sharing information among decentralised failed officers. CIA analysis and
predictions were also criticised.
14. Another
is for which the CIA had dram severe criticism is he issue of translational
human rights abuses. Some of the factices it employs to carry out its missions
include fortune, funding training of groups and organisations that would later
participate in killing of civilians and other non-combatants over throw of
democratically elected governments experimentation, targethered killings etc.
15. One of
the secrecy that surrounds the intelligence community and its activities, thee
has often been a lack of proper financial record and accounting. This,
according to critics, has led to waste and fraud in CIA activities.
16. The CIA
has often been accused of bare-faced lying speaker of the home of
representatives, Nancy Pelosi, stated that the CIA repeatedly in sled congress
especially since 2001 about issues such as water-boarding and other fortune
techniques. Some congressman have argued that lying to congress is not a new
phenomenon. They describe it as the favourite tacticsof the CIA when dealing
with capital hill4. there was a strong belief in congress that the
CIA was under diject orders from dick change, vice president to george bush. To
keep congress in the dark about some aspects of its operations one the war on
terror. Congress is often referred to in derogatory terms by CIA officials as
armchair moralists.
17. The
policy of extraordinary rendition has attracted harsh criticisms against the
CIA and the entire US government. Extraordinary rendition is the apprehension
and extrajudicial transfer of a person from one state to another known to
practice the use of fortune and other harsh interrogation techniques. Critics
describe it as “torture by proxy”. It is believed that the CIA runs secrtglobal
abduction and internment operation against suspected terrorists, and when
captured, the suspects are smuggled to countries where fortune is used to
obtained confessions from their this practice is known as extra ordinary
rendition. Since 2001, about 3000 people have been captured and transported
around the world under this arrangement. It is alleged that furfures has been
employed with the knowledge and silent acquiescence of the governments of the US,
the UK and other European allies on the war on terror5.
Recording
to a report submitted by the European parliament in 2007,
the CIA between 2001 and 2007, conducted 1,245 secret flights, many of
them to destinations where subjects could face torture in violation of the UN
convention rotund. A council of Europe report stated that about 100 people were
kidnapped by the CIA on EU territory with the co-operation of council of Europe
members. These victims were rendered to other countries often after having
transited through secret detention centres (known as black sites) used by the
CIA, some of these black sites were situated in Europe.
B. The KGB
The
KGB also known as the committee for state security was established in 1054 and
until 1991 when it was dissolved served as the national security Agency of the
soviet Union serving as both internal security intelligence agency and secret
police origination. In 1983, time magazine and secret policy organisation. In
1983, time magazine stated that the LGB was the world’s north effective in
formation gathering organsiation6 the LGB operated legal and illegal
espionage residences In target countries where the legal resident speed from
the soviet embassy, and if caught was protected with diplomatic immunity from
arrest or prosecution. At best the compromised agent is either rationed to
Russia or was expelled by the host country. The illegal agent is unprotected by
diplomatic immunity and worked independently of the soviet diplomatic and trade
mission. The KGB value illegal spies more than the legal because the illegal
penetrate more deeply and more easily into their targets. The illegal are
better transude and are more dressing in their crate. The KGB residency execute
four types of espionage. These are
1. Political
espionage
2. Economic
espionage
3. Military
and strategic espionage
4. Disinformation
and counter intelligence.
During
the 1960s and 70s, the red Army’s sporadic invasion of smaller countries under
the party led to great disillusionment among young radicals lest wing idealist
from the Soviet Union. Another factor was the increasing incidences of
corruption among the leadership elite which resulted in harsh conditions of
living among the general population. These two factors led to serious lack of
faith with the soviet cause particularly among the younger generation.
Detections and but royals became rampart within the organisation. These to a
new system of blackmailing and bribing of westerners into spaying for the
Soviet Union. KGB methods include stealing and photographing of documents, code names, contacts, targets and dead letter
boxes. They also pose as friends of the cause and agents provocateur who
infiltrate the target’s group to sow dissension, influence policy and arrange
didnappings and assignation.
Historically,
the KGB was preceded by other sinister intelligence organisation that had
served the interest of the Russian state and its leaders. The cheka was
established to defend the October revolution and the nascent Bolshevik state
form its enemies, principally the monar-chist white Army. The cheka surprised
counter revolution with domestic terror and interval deception, in 1922,
lenin’s regime renamed the cheka as the state political directorate (OGPU)7.
The OGPU expanded soviet -espionage nationally and internationally. The
emergence of Stalin saw the OGPU getting more deeply enmeshed in nefarious
activities. Stalin’s paranoia influenced the OGPU’s performance in the 1930s
based on fantastic conspiracies, subordination of intelligence analysis and great
plunges which saw to the killing of civil, military and government people
deemed political unreliable. In 1941 the OGPU became the NKGB (peoples
commissariat for state security and quickly recovered from the purges of the
previous decade Nest, the intelligence agencies were centralized, re-organising
the NKGB as the KL, committee of information of the MGB (Ministry of state
security) and the GRU (foreign military intelligence Directorate) On Stalin’s
death in 1953. the MGB was merged with the MVD to create the KHB.
In
the 1980s, the glasnost liberalisation of soviet society provoked KGB chairman,
vladinir krychkov to lead a coup that attempted to depose Gorbachev, the
Generals secretary. By then, the disrespect and disenchantment of the soviet
society with the comprise party of the soviet society with the community party
of the Soviet Union had become popular. The coup fell but the soviet empire
could no longer stand on its feet. In 1991, one of the greatest empires in
human history disintegrated into a member of independent republish with the
Russian Federation emerging us the strongest. It inherited the arserules of the
soviet union as well as its seat in the security council of the United Nations.
The KGB was replaced with the secret police agency, ESB Federal security
service of the Russian federation and the espionage agency SVR, Foreign
intelligence service.
KGB modes of operation: when it comes
to dealing with the enemies of the soviet union or these perceive as threats to
te Bolshevik revolution and all it stood for, the soviet security agencies do
not rely on diplomatic politeness. For them, an energy is an enemy and must be
treated as one. Many strategies and methods were devised to destroy the enemies
of the state real or imagined. A few of such methods deserve mention here.
1. The
trust operation: which was designed by the OGPU to deceive some leaders of the
right wing counter revolutionary white guards. They were extended and olive
branch for reconciliations proposes only to have them back to the USS where
they were executed.
2. The
NKCD infiltrated and destroyed Trotskyite groups in far away Mexico City.
3. The
KGB favoured active negsuses base don disinformation, blackmail, fortune and
disappearances. No measure was considered to dirty or horrendous in
discrediting the enemies of the USSR.
4. The
USSR were ready sabotage operations and arms caches in target countries
especially in times of non.
5. Assassination
of enemies of the USR and the entire soviet BLOC and defectors either directly
or indirectly. Mutable examples in clued the air-crash assassination of Dag
Hammarskjöld (Un secretary General) in 1961, and the attempted association of
pope John Paul II in 19818. the shah of Iran, president J.F Kennedy
and Mao Zedurg of china were among leaders the KGB killed or attempted to kill9.
Organisation of the KGB
1. The
head of the KGB is the chairman. He is a man of considerable power and
influence, and within the vast geographical spread known as the USSR, he wields
the power of life and death. His power and influence extends also to the
satellite states. The position of the chairman is a corrected position and most
men who sat on the sit ultimately become the General secretary of the communist
party of the Soviet Union.
The KGB is divided into directorates with specific
duties and functions signed to each.
1. First
chief directorate – In charge of foreign operations and foreign espionage
2. 2nd
chief directorate – in charge of counter-intelligence and internal political
control.
3. 3rd
chief Directorate- (compromising only members of the armed forces, and is
responsible for military counter intelligence and armed forces political
surveillance.
4. 4th
chief directorate – inchrage of transport and security
5. 5th
chief directorate – incharge of censorship in internal security against
artistic, political and religions dimensions
6. 6th
chief directorate – incharge of economic counter
7. 7th
chief directorate – responsible for the surveillance of soviet nationals and
foreignness
8. 8th
chief directorate – incharge of the monitoring and management of national,
foreign and overseas communications, cryptology equipment and research and
development.
9. Ninth
chief directorate – responsible for generals and KGB protection service. Also
provides security for the CPSU leaders and their families and guards government
installations and nuclear sites.
10. 10th
chief directorate – responsible for SIGINT and communications. Operates the
national and government telephone and telegraph systems.
11. Border
Guards directorate- responsible for the USSR’s border troops
12. Operations
and Technology Directorate – This is responsible for research laboratories for
recording devices and laboratory 12 for the development of poisons and drugs.
The
KGB and the United States
The primary
duty of the GRU, which preceded the KGB, was to recruit ideological agents who
work with the US government particularly the state Deportment. They also
established legal residency for their agents. Throughout the life span of the
communism party of the USA, (CPUSA) the UKVD, with te help of the CPUSA engaged
in the recruitment of Americans working in government, business and industry.
Recruits were also made in the treasury department as well as the Department of
defence.
Soviet
espionage aimed most at collecting scientific and technological intelligence
about advances in jet population, radar and encryption which impressed Moscow.
Stealing of atomic secrets was also seen as a key element in soviet intelligence action against
Anglo American science and technology. In 1944, the New York city residency
infiltrated the top secret loss Alamos National laboratory in New Mexico by
recruiting the done Hall, a 19 year old heard physicist.
During
the cold war, the KGB retained most of its illegal resident networks. However,
the McCarthy communist purge and th e destruction of the CPUSA hampered
function successful recommitment attention was then focused on mercenary agents
and this approach proved successful in scientific and technical espion
age-unlike the government private industry generally has less strict internal
security arrangements. In 1967, the RGB reworded and huge. Success with the
recruitment of a US Navy chief unrrant officer, john Anthony walker, who
established the walker spy ring and for 18 years enabled soviet intelligence to
decipher same one million US Navy massager.
It
was a cold war policy of the KGB and her satellite staes to monitor public and
private opinion. Internal suboersion and possible revolutionary plots in the
soviet bloc. The KGB monnotors satellite states for “harmful attitudes” and
“hostile acts”. It also could easily depose a nationalist communist government.
The Hungarian revolts (1956) was brutally erushed. The Czech revolt of 1968
also met the same fate. However, the attempt to suppress the solidarity labour
abatement in Poland in the 1980 failed. The KGB had earlier forecast political
instability following the election of Carol Wojtyla, a polish national, as pope
john Paul II. Because of his anti-communist sermons against one party regime
and authoritarian dictation ship across eastern Europe. Fearing explosive civil
violence, the polish communist government refused to improve the KGB
recommended martial law. The polish secret police (SB) working with the KGB
homerun, successfully infiltrated spies into the solidarity movement. The
catholic church in both planed and the Vatican were also infiltrated.
Sophisticated listening devices and other electronic eavesdroppers were later
found in the offices and private apartments of the Pope and other high ranking
church officials.
During
the cold war, the KGB actively suppressed what it called ‘ideological
subversion”. This was referred to as political and religious ideas and the
espousing of dissident veins contrary to the basic principles of the communism
party. Leleological subversion received serious attention during the era of
Yuri Andropov as KGB chairman. Andropov was later to ascend the soviet throne.
C. THE SECRET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (M16)
The
British Secret service of is one of the oldest in the world. if was formed in
1909 with the responsibility of supplying the British government with foreign
intelligence. It is most frequently referred to as m16 while M15, the
governagence service (DIS) operate under the formal direction of Joint
intelligence committee, (JIC).
Hosterpcallg
the secret intelligence service was a joint initiative of the admiralty and the
war office with the sole aim of controlling secret intelligence operations the
united kingdom and overseas. There was a particular concentration on the
activities of the imperial German government the Bureau was split into naval
and army sections which over time, specialised in foreign espionage and
internal counter espionage activities respectively. With the outbreak of world
war I. the foreign section become known as the directorate of military
intelligence, and rationed its functions even at the end of the war. The DMI
continued to collate materials varying on British security and the activities
of hostile and friendly weigh bars in Europe and beyond. During the second
world war, the service expanded its functions. It was able to gather military
and commercial intelligence through the use of its networked in neutral
countries, parts of occupied territories and the soviet union11. The
service never really succeeded in establishing a creditable network inside
Germany through out the period of the war.
At
the end of world war II, circulating sections were introduced to give greater
control on its objectives to its consumer departments mainly the war office
must the Admiralty. In the immediate post-nor years, the sis foresaid greater
attention on communism and Russian bolshevism. That following sections
were created to include a wide range of
activities. There are
1. A
central foreign counter espionage circulating section (Section v) to liaise
with the security service to collate counter espionage reports from overseas
stations.
2. An
economic intelligence section (Section vii) to deal with trade, industrial
matters and contraband.
3. Clandestine
radio communications organisation (Section vill) to communicate with operatives
and agents overseas.
4. Section
as to exploit the contents of diplomatic bags.
5. Section
D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in times of
war.
The
SIS, even in the those days of open government remain a shadary organisation,
one that guards its secrets with a high degree of ferociousness. For years, the
british government never admitted that
such an organsition existed. The existenceof the secret intelligence service
(SIS was not officially acknowledged in public until 1994. it was only then
that its boss could be publicly named. The staff of the SIS are not listed in
any manual. They appear as civil servants on the nominal lists of various
ministries, notable, the foreign office, under whose an spices the service
causes. Headquarters of the SIS at century House is a shabby, nondescript
building in central London, unlike the sprawling complex at laughed housing the
CIA headquarters. The SIS is much smaller than the CIA and nearly funded, but
it has a solid reputation among friend sand fees alike as ranking among the
very best. Beside the mussed, the SIS is the smallest intelligence organisation
in the world12.
The
head of the SIS is known simply as the chief. His official designation is the
director General, under him comes two deputy chiefs and under them five
Assistant Chiefs. There are five main departments in the service. These are
1. Operations
or ops Department for information gathering. The controllers section comes under operations
and this is responsible for managing the various divisions of the service
spread around the globe-from the western hemisphere to the soviet block, form
Africa to Europe and form Australia to the middle East. The ops department also
operate a liaison office whose task is to co-operate with other friendly
agencies.
2. Intelligence
depart, responsible for interpretation and analysis of intelligence materials
form all over the world
3. Technical
department-responsible for false papers, mini cameras, secret writings, ultra
compact communications and all the other hits and pieces related to illegal
activities.
4. Administration.
Responsible for salaries, pensions, staff list, budget accountancy, legal
office central registry etc.
5. Counter-intelligence-which
is responsible for keeping the services free from hostile penetration through
consistent checking and vetting.
The work of the British secret service is greatly
facilitated by the ferocious SAS-the special air service regional founded in
1941 for purely covert operations. Its task is purely deep penetration with a
view to lying hidden and observing the enemy movement. Deep penetration involve
sabotage, assassinations, raids and general heyham. It also engages in terries
elimination, hostage recovery., personal protection for the high and mighty as
well as foreign training missions.
During
the cold war, the Sis suffered severe damage in the hands of cold war, the Sis
suffered serve damage in the hands of the “Cambridge spy ring” comprising Kim
Phil by, guy Burgers, Donald Mackan and sir Anthony Blunt. These men were
highly paced British officials in the civil and intelligence services who, over
a decade, dedicated themselves to supplying information to the soviet union.
Maclean and Borgess later defected to the soviet union in 1953 the Cambridge
spy ring would go down in history as the biggest intelligence sandal of the 20th
century. Reclusion the British establishment to the very button.
By the mid 1950s, the sis began to recover, its
ability to plant three moles inside the polish secret service proved a most successful and invigorating
outing. The CIA described the information received form the Poles through the
SIS as ‘some of the work valuable intelligence ever collected”14 The
CIA rewarded the SIS with a 2o million dollar grain to depend their operations.
The must celebrated soviet misstate deployment in Cuba in 1962 was un covered
by photograph documents provided by an SIS assets, col loleg remkovsky, run deep inside the GRu
but the SIS. The SIS also received a warning through its agent in the KGB about
the mobilisation the Alpha force during the 1991 coup which briefly toppled the
soviet leader, mikchail Gorbachev.
The
ISI working in collaboration with the CIA have undertaking some highly covert
political actions in the part. These include the 1953 over known of Mohammed
mosadeq in Iran and the topping of Patrice Lumba in the corgo in 1961.
At the end of the col mar, priorities had to be re-arranged
Russia remain a nuclear power so interest in Russia and its affairs remained,
but Russia was no longer a priority attention had shifted to other pressing
areas including
1. Production
and proliferation of nuclear materials the activities of foreign physics
students staying nuclear weapons and related subjects.
2. Counter
terror and terrorism activities especial form the Irish republican Army,
Islamic federalism and other aspects of international terrorism.
3. counter-narcotic
and international drug trade across the western hemisphere.
4. Pertinent
global issues such as the environment, raisin, immigration, global economies
and other issues of public welfare.
During
the 1990s, the British intelligence community was subjected to a comprehensive
cot review by the government. This lreq to a reduction in its operational
capabilities especially in the middle East. The quality of intelligence
information provided by British intelligence on Iraq’s non-ion rational zealous
programmes left much to be desired. The faulty intelligence provided in the
period leaving up to the 2003. invasion of Iraq was seen as partly a result of
the operational in capacity faced by the SIS at the time. There are other
opinions however which held that the intelligence organisation deliberately
provided information ammed at baking up the policy intention of the British and
American governments at the time. To during the run up to the invasion of Iraq
in 2003, the M16 commenced which was called operation mass appal” which was a campaign
to plant stories in the media about Iraq’s weapons of Mass Destruction
capcility15. Scoth Ritter, former weapons inspection with IAEA was
exposed the plan said that the M16 recruited him as for back as 1997 to help
with the propaganda effort against Iraq and the leadership of sad dam Hussein,.
According to him “the aim was to convince the pubic that Iraq was a for greater
threat than it actually was”16
D. THE MOSSAD
… There no counsel is the people fall; but in the
multitude of counsellors there is safety…
Proverbs 11:14 seal of Mossad.
The institute for intelligence and special operations,
simple known as Mossad is the national intelligence agency of Israel. It was
formed in 1949 as the central institute for co-ordination, directly under the
office of the primary minister. The Mossad is responsible for intelligence
collection and covert operations including paramilitary activities. It is one
of the main enteritis in the Israel intelligence community along with amam
(military intelligence and Shisbeth (internal security. Its director reports
directly to the prime minister.
Prior
to the creation of the state of Israeli, the 1948 the Mossad le’ aliyah bet was
a small organisation formed for the sole mission of bringing Jens into
Palestine in defiance of the British mandate. This was done to subvert the
British quota on Jeswiser immigration which was considered highly inadequate.
The modes of operation of the Mossad aligah, its ideological and political
learning’s led to the creation of the intelligence agency to work for the young
state.
The
largest department of the Mossad is “collections” which is tasked with many
aspects of conducting clandestine espionage overseas. Employees in the
collections Department operate under a variety of covers including diplomatic
and unofficial ones17. Their field intelligence officers called
katsa are similar to case officers of the CIA. A total number of about thirty
to forty agents operate at time mostly in Europe and the middle East18.
The
political Action and liason Department is responsible for working both with
allied foreign intelligence services and with nations that have no normal
diplomatic seditious with Israel.
Among
the Departments of the Mossad is the Special Operations Division or “Metsada”
which is involved in assassinations, paramilitary operations, sabotage and
psychological warfare. Psychological nature is also a concern of the Kochamah
psychological Department which conducts propaganda and deception activities as
well. Additional, the Mossad has a research Department tasked with intelligence
production and Technological Department concerned with the development of tools
for Mossad activities.
The
mossad concerns itself primarily with the security of the state of Israel. This
security need is permanent and all-embracing in the face of sustained Arab
hostility and Israel has taken conscious steps to meet this challenge.
According to the London institute for strategies studies, Israel possesses one
of the most highly perfected commend communication net works in the world and
the speed with which it goes into action in periods of emerging is dazzling.
The security need of Israel is so paramount that it cannot afford to let its
guard down even for a moment. The Mossad has done well in the difficult task of
preserving the security of the Israel nation.
The
mossand has also worked hand to bring many Nazi criminals to justice either
through capture and persecution of through assassination. The celebrated case
of Adolf eichmen in 1960 remain outstanding. Eichman was captured by a tem of
mossad operatives in Argentina where he was living under the pseudonym Ricardo
Klement. He was smuggled to Israel where he was tried, found guilty and
executed. The Argentine government protested what it considered a violation of
its sovereignty to the united nations. The UN security council while
acknowledging the Eichman should be brought to appropriate justice for the
crimes for which he was accused noted that
such acts would involve a breach of the principles upon which international
order was founded, creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust
incompatible with the preservation of peace…20
The
mossad is also responsible for the association of top scientists, engineers and
nuclear experts in the employment of energy states in the middle East
particularly Iraq, Iran, Syria and Egypt. The list of mossand assassin through
gun shorts, letter bombs, telephone bombs, car bomb, poison, toxin injection
and electrocution is long and out standing.
Despite
its ability and competence, the mossad is the smallest intelligence
organisation in the world. the mossad has between 1200 and 1500 emphases and
about 40 case officers. The cosmopolitan nature of the Israel society is
however a great advantage to the security and intelligence need of the state.
Every citizen, irrespective of talent, language, profession, geographical
origin, etc is a potential asset, living and breathing the security well being
of the state at all times and in all situations. No other society on earth has
the same heightened security consciousness and awareness as the Israel
citizens. Another factor is the international network and helpers and
assistants known in Hebrew as sayanim. These are jens in diaspora, who although
expressing profound loyalty to the country they reside in are its sympathy to
the state of Israeli. They are called upon from time to time in their different
professions to render their services in whatever form to the state of Israel.
This is done in such a way that does not betray or work against their country
of birth or adoption. Indeed conflating loyalties neither encouraged not
allowed.
The
sophistication, bravery, expertise and general competence of the Israeli mossad
is legendary. Even the intelligence agencies of the US and Britain treat the
mossad with deference. Following the underground bombing in London in 2005, it
was the mossad that provided the real name and identity of Azhari Hussin, who
masterminded the plot. It was the mossad too that provided information on the
activities of mr. hussin between 2oo1 and 2005. The mossand further revealed
his where about in the tribal areas of Pakistan where he was tracked down and
killed in November, 2005.
In
1956, the mossad obtained a copy of a private speech by Nikita Khrushchev in
which he
denounced Joseph Stalin. The mossad passed the speech
over to the United States which published it to the acute embarrassment of the
USSR. This was one of the intelligence coups that gently raised the prestige of
the organisation especially in the eyes of the older organisations.
The
Mossad has often come under harsh criticism for excessive action against
Israeli enemies for when the Mossad moves, it is a formidable machine. No doubt
it is an effective organisation and has served the security needs of Israeli
with remarkable result.
Mention
must equally be made of “operation wrath of God’ launched as aresponse to the
1972 Munich mass are of Israeli athletes and officials in the Olympic village.
Also the Israeli action in the wake of the Palestinian uprsing-agasa intigada
in 2000.
When
Israeli victory in the four major wars fought in the middle east- the war of
consolidation (1948), the snail campaign (1956), the six day was (1967) and the
Yonu kippur was (1973), would be laid squarely of the foot of the mossad, for
providing the precise intelligence that made victory possible in each case.
Since
1973, no major war have been fought in the middle east. However, there have
been several skirmishes, strikes, rads, incurious and military action against
terrorism organisations and liberation movements operating in the middle east
and the countries that provide them sanctuary and weapons with which to carry
out hostile actions against Israel. The PLO and later Hezbollat and Aanors have
remained permanent thorns in the Israeli severity flesh because of the doctrine
of these organisations which were based on the ultimate destruction of the
state of Isreal. In 2006, Israel fought a brief was with the Lebanese. Based
Hezbollah and in 2009 carried out heavy bombardment of caza in retaliation for
persistent hamas rockets into Israeli territory.