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ABSTRACT
The purpose of thus study is to ascertain the factors that predispose the pregnant women who attend ante natal clams at federal medical centre, Abakaliki to anemia. I mostly wish to find out the effect of parity rage the prevalence of anemia the effect of marital status and gestational period on the prevalence of anemia.
It is hoped that when thus
study Is completed, awareness must have been created for the prevention and
treatment of anemia in pregnancy thereby reducing the incidence of maternal and
child mortality. The instrument used to collect data for this study is the patients’
laboratory results and check list on the demographic data. A total of 65 women
were selected out of the 260 that attended the clinic in one month at the
federal medical centre a random sampling technique was used. The data collected
were statistically analyzed using percentages, pie chats an bar charts. The
study was divided into fine Chapters which Include the introduction, review of
related literature, methodology, results and discussions, and finally the
summary, conclusion and recommendations.ABSTRACT
The purpose of thus study is to ascertain the factors that predispose the pregnant women who attend ante natal clams at federal medical centre, Abakaliki to anemia. I mostly wish to find out the effect of parity rage the prevalence of anemia the effect of marital status and gestational period on the prevalence of anemia.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page
Approval
page
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Table
of contents
List
of tables
Abstract
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
Significance
of the Study
Objectives
of the Study
Research
questions
Limitations
of the Study
Definition
of Terms
CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Anemia
in Pregnancy
Causes
of Anemia
Prevention
of Anemia in Pregnancy
Causes
of Anaemia
Prevention
of Anaemia in Pregnancy
Health
implications of anemia in Pregnancy
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
Research
Design
Research
Setting
Target
Population
Sample
size & sample technique
Instrument
and Method of Data Collection
Method
of Data Analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Summary
and Findings
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: The
Prevalence of Anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki
TABLE 2: The
Prevalence of anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki
TABLE 3: The prevalence of
Anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki
TABLE 4: The
Prevalence of Anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in
the world (White and Homilton (1987) most prevalent in pregnant women, infants
and children and is caused by inadequate diet. (Mostly Iron, but also
deficiencies of dietary folate and vitamin B12), impaired absorption, blood
loss (Menstruation, Childbirth, Hemorrhage) or (in women) repeated pregnancies
(Myles 2006). Chronic infection (Malaria helminthes) genetic defects (Sickle
cell, Thalassernia) and metabolic disorders are also major contributors
(Darfurth 1982). Other causes of red blood cell loss, such as drug and
autoimmune reactions, are rare.
Anemia during pregnancy also has adverse effects on
the foteus. Severely anemic women are theorized to have higher rates of
spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery and low birth weight infants (Ojo and
Briggs 2006). Although still controversial, much evidence suggests that anemia
in pregnancy does not have an adverse effect on the hematological or iron
states of the infant (Fleming et a!., 1986). Anemia in preschool
children however has been associated with behavioural abnormalities and
impaired scholastic achievement (INACG 1981).
The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy has been widely
investigated (Mahamed and Hythen (1989). In developing countries, the highest
prevalence of anemia is found in south Asia and Africa, where it is estimated
that almost two-thirds of pregnant women and one-half of non-pregnant women are
anemic (Okaka et al., 2006). Hemoglobin and hematocrit level are the
most commonly assessed measurements of anemia (although they do not distinguish
among iron deficiency and other causes of anemia (31.39) serum ferritin is
thought to he the single measurement most indicative of iron stored and thus
iron deficiency.
Recent increased understanding of the physiology of
pregnancy indicates that hermodilution in pregnancy occurs as a result of two
destined processes, plasma volume expansion (which increases an average of 50%
in pregnancy) and arise in red cell mass (while averages about 18% during
pregnancy to facilitate a necessary increase in oxygen uptake). The combination
of these processes results in a decline of normal hemoglobin levels from the
20th to the 35th week of pregnancy, with about a 5% reduction n the first
trimester, a 10-15 reduction in the second trimester and a 5% increase
after the 35th week of pregnancy when plasma volume stabilizes. Normal
hemoglobin levels vary between 12.Og/dI and 13.4g/dl in pregnancy. hemoglobin
levels <11.5g/dI are indicative of anemia in pregnancy with
levels<6.5g/dl comprising a value
below which maternal survival is threatened, and levels of around 9gIdl representing the safety threshold (Myles 2006).
Going from what has been highlighted above there is an urgent need to investigate factors that contribute to anemia in pregnancy among mothers that attend antenatal clinic at Federal Medical centre Abakaliki.
below which maternal survival is threatened, and levels of around 9gIdl representing the safety threshold (Myles 2006).
Going from what has been highlighted above there is an urgent need to investigate factors that contribute to anemia in pregnancy among mothers that attend antenatal clinic at Federal Medical centre Abakaliki.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The result of this study will increase knowledge in
those factors that course anemia in pregnancy. Such knowledge is needed to plan
for the prevention of this disease in the area. The results will be of great
help to health planners in Nigeria who will utilize it in planning the
maternity care for the country.
Nurses who work in the antenatal clinics will also
utilize the result in their day to day activities.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study include to:
(1) Determine
the effect of age on the prevalence of anemia in
pregnancy.
(2) Assess the effect of parity on the prevalence of anemia in
(2) Assess the effect of parity on the prevalence of anemia in
pregnancy.
(3) Assess
the effect of motional status on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy.
(4) Determine
the effect of gestational period on the prevalence of
anemia in pregnancy.
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions for the study include:
1) What is
the effect of maturity age on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy?
2) Has
parity any effect on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy?
3) Has
marital status of the mother any effect on the prevalence of
anemia in pregnancy?
anemia in pregnancy?
4) What is
the effect of gestational age on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy?
1.5 LIMITATIONS
OF STUDY
The limitation of this study include time. The time required
to conduct this study was too short and all the other factors could not be
assessed due to shortage of time. The other limiting factors was finance. There
was no time to increase the number of clients that should have been included in
the study.
1.6 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
PREGNANCY: Pregnancy is a state of being with child. The oxford
advance learners dictionary said that pregnancy is the physical condition of a
woman or female animal carrying unborn offspring inside her womb, from
fertilization to birth.
Anemia: -
Anemia is a blood condition in which there are too few red blood cells, or the
red cells are deficient in hemoglobin resulting in poor health. Bailliere’s
nurses dictionary defined anemia as deficiency of either in quantity or quality
of the red corpuscles in the blood that reduces the oxygen carrying content of the
blood.
GESTATIONAL AGE
This is the age of the foetus (baby) inside the womb.
t is usually calculated from the day of the last menstrual period (LMP). The
normal gestational age of the pregnancy is 40 weeks. The normal gestational age
from the last day of the menstrual period to the expected date of delivery
(EDD) is 40 weeks.
PARITY
Parity is the number of times a woman has given birth
to a child whether alive or still born excluding abortions; e.g. if a woman has
given birth to three children, she is said to be ‘Para 3’.
TOPIC:
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANEMIA IN
PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN WHO ATTEND ANTENATAL CLINIC AT FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE,
ABAKALIKI EBONYI STATE
A RESEARCHER PROJECT
TO
WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF NURSING IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIP OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF
NURSING.