FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN


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ABSTRACT
The purpose of thus study is to ascertain the factors that predispose the pregnant women who attend ante natal clams at federal medical centre, Abakaliki to anemia. I mostly wish to find out the effect of parity rage the prevalence of anemia the effect of marital status and gestational period on the prevalence of anemia.
It is hoped that when thus study Is completed, awareness must have been created for the prevention and treatment of anemia in pregnancy thereby reducing the incidence of maternal and child mortality. The instrument used to collect data for this study is the patients’ laboratory results and check list on the demographic data. A total of 65 women were selected out of the 260 that attended the clinic in one month at the federal medical centre a random sampling technique was used. The data collected were statistically analyzed using percentages, pie chats an bar charts. The study was divided into fine Chapters which Include the introduction, review of related literature, methodology, results and discussions, and finally the summary, conclusion and recommendations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
List of tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Significance of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Research questions
Limitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Anemia in Pregnancy
Causes of Anemia
Prevention of Anemia in Pregnancy
Causes of Anaemia
Prevention of Anaemia in Pregnancy
Health implications of anemia in Pregnancy
CHAPTER THREE:           METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Setting
Target Population
Sample size & sample technique
Instrument and Method of Data Collection
Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Summary and Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1:     The Prevalence of Anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki
TABLE 2:     The Prevalence of anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki
TABLE 3:     The prevalence of Anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki
TABLE 4:     The Prevalence of Anaemia among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at FMC Abakaliki.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world (White and Homilton (1987) most prevalent in pregnant women, infants and children and is caused by inadequate diet. (Mostly Iron, but also deficiencies of dietary folate and vitamin B12), impaired absorption, blood loss (Menstruation, Childbirth, Hemorrhage) or (in women) repeated pregnancies (Myles 2006). Chronic infection (Malaria helminthes) genetic defects (Sickle cell, Thalassernia) and metabolic disorders are also major contributors (Darfurth 1982). Other causes of red blood cell loss, such as drug and autoimmune reactions, are rare.
Anemia during pregnancy also has adverse effects on the foteus. Severely anemic women are theorized to have higher rates of spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery and low birth weight infants (Ojo and Briggs 2006). Although still controversial, much evidence suggests that anemia in pregnancy does not have an adverse effect on the hematological or iron states of the infant (Fleming et a!., 1986). Anemia in preschool children however has been associated with behavioural abnormalities and impaired scholastic achievement (INACG 1981).
The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy has been widely investigated (Mahamed and Hythen (1989). In developing countries, the highest prevalence of anemia is found in south Asia and Africa, where it is estimated that almost two-thirds of pregnant women and one-half of non-pregnant women are anemic (Okaka et al., 2006). Hemoglobin and hematocrit level are the most commonly assessed measurements of anemia (although they do not distinguish among iron deficiency and other causes of anemia (31.39) serum ferritin is thought to he the single measurement most indicative of iron stored and thus iron deficiency.
Recent increased understanding of the physiology of pregnancy indicates that hermodilution in pregnancy occurs as a result of two destined processes, plasma volume expansion (which increases an average of 50% in pregnancy) and arise in red cell mass (while averages about 18% during pregnancy to facilitate a necessary increase in oxygen uptake). The combination of these processes results in a decline of normal hemoglobin levels from the 20th to the 35th week of pregnancy, with about a 5% reduction n the first trimester, a 10-15 reduction in the second trimester and a 5% increase after the 35th week of pregnancy when plasma volume stabilizes. Normal hemoglobin levels vary between 12.Og/dI and 13.4g/dl in pregnancy. hemoglobin levels <11.5g/dI are indicative of anemia in pregnancy with levels<6.5g/dl comprising a value
below which maternal survival is threatened, and levels of around 9gIdl representing the safety threshold (Myles 2006).
Going from what has been highlighted above there is an urgent need to investigate factors that contribute to anemia in pregnancy among mothers that attend antenatal clinic at Federal Medical centre Abakaliki.

1.2       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The result of this study will increase knowledge in those factors that course anemia in pregnancy. Such knowledge is needed to plan for the prevention of this disease in the area. The results will be of great help to health planners in Nigeria who will utilize it in planning the maternity care for the country.
Nurses who work in the antenatal clinics will also utilize the result in their day to day activities.

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study include to:
(1)       Determine the effect of age on the prevalence of anemia in
pregnancy.
(2)       Assess the effect of parity on the prevalence of anemia in
pregnancy.
(3)       Assess the effect of motional status on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy.
(4)       Determine the effect of gestational period on the prevalence of
anemia in pregnancy.
1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions for the study include:
1)        What is the effect of maturity age on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy?
2)        Has parity any effect on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy?
3)        Has marital status of the mother any effect on the prevalence of
anemia in pregnancy?
4)        What is the effect of gestational age on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy?
1.5       LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
The limitation of this study include time. The time required to conduct this study was too short and all the other factors could not be assessed due to shortage of time. The other limiting factors was finance. There was no time to increase the number of clients that should have been included in the study.

1.6       DEFINITION OF TERMS
PREGNANCY:        Pregnancy is a state of being with child. The oxford advance learners dictionary said that pregnancy is the physical condition of a woman or female animal carrying unborn offspring inside her womb, from fertilization to birth.
Anemia: - Anemia is a blood condition in which there are too few red blood cells, or the red cells are deficient in hemoglobin resulting in poor health. Bailliere’s nurses dictionary defined anemia as deficiency of either in quantity or quality of the red corpuscles in the blood that reduces the oxygen carrying content of the blood.
GESTATIONAL AGE
This is the age of the foetus (baby) inside the womb. t is usually calculated from the day of the last menstrual period (LMP). The normal gestational age of the pregnancy is 40 weeks. The normal gestational age from the last day of the menstrual period to the expected date of delivery (EDD) is 40 weeks.
PARITY
Parity is the number of times a woman has given birth to a child whether alive or still born excluding abortions; e.g. if a woman has given birth to three children, she is said to be ‘Para 3’. 


TOPIC:
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN WHO ATTEND ANTENATAL CLINIC AT FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, ABAKALIKI EBONYI STATE

A RESEARCHER PROJECT
 TO
WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF NURSING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIP OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF NURSING.
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