HISTORY OF COMPUTERS AND NETWORKS

Webster dictionary defines: computer: as any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data the basic idea of computing develops in the 1200s when a Moslem caloric proposes solving problems with a series of written procedures.
As early as the 1640s mechanical calculators are manufactured for sale, records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator of   hand powered adding machine. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s  the first rare multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American
revolution
In  1801 a Frenchman Joseph Marie jacquard builds a loom that weavers by reading punched holes store on small sheets of hardwood.  These plates are then inserted into the loom, which read (retrieves) the pattern and creates (8process) the weave powered by water. This: machine: came 140 years before the development of the modern computer.
Shortly after the first mass produced calculator (1820) Charles Babbage begins his   lifelong quest for a programmable machine. Although Babbage was a poor communicator and record keeper his difference engine is sufficiently developed by 1842 that Ada Lovelace used it to mechanically translate a short written work. She is generally regarded as the first programmer. Twelve years later George boles, while professor of mathematics at cork university writes an investigation of the law of professor of mathematics at cork university writes an investigation of the laws  of thought (1854)  and is generally recognized as the father of computer science
The 1890 census is tabulated on punch cards similar to the ones used  90  years  earlier to create weaves developed by Herman Hollerith of MIT the system uses  electric power (non mechanical)  the Hollerith tabulating company is a forerunner  of today  IBM
Just prior to the introduction of Holleriths machine the first printing calculator is introduced in 1982 William brought sickly ex-teller, introduces a commercially successful printing calculator. Although hand powered Burroughs quickly  introduces an electronic   model
In  1925, unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Vannevar bush of MIT builds a machine he calls the differential analyzer . Using  a set of gears and shafts, much like Babbage, the  machine can handle simple calculus problems, but  accuracy is a  problem
The period from 1935 through 1952 gets murky with camions and counterclaims of  who invents which and when part of the problem lies  in the international situation  that makes much of the researcher secret. Other problems   include poor record keeping   deception and lack of definition
In l 1935  Konarad Zuse  a German construction engineer , builds a mechanical calculator to handle the math involved in his profession. Shortly after completion, Zues starts on a programmable electronic device which  he completes in  1938.
John Vicente Atansasoff begins work on a digital computer in 1936 in the basement of the physics building on the campus of lower state. A graduate student, Clifford  (John) Bery assets. The  ‘ABC’ is designed to solve linear equations common in physics; it displays some early features of later computers including electronic   calculations. He   shows   it to others in 1939 and leaves the patent application with calculations. He shows it to others in 1939   and leaves the patent application with attorneys for the school when he leaves for a job in Washington during World War II   unimpressed, the school never files and student. Cannibalizes ABC is cannibalized by student
The enigma a complex mechanical encoder is used by the Germans and they believe it to be unbreakable several people involved most   notably Alan Turing, conceive machines to handle the problem but none are technically feasible. Turing   proposes a  ‘universal machine’ capable of ‘computing’ any algorithm in  1937  . That    same year George Stebitz created his model k  (kitchen), a   conglomeration of other wise useless and leftover material, to solve complex calculations. He improves the design while working at bell labs and on September 11 1940 stabilize uses a teletype machine at Dartmouth college in New Hampshire to transmit a problem to  his complex number calculator in new York and receives the results. It is the first example of a network.
First in Poland, and later in Great Britain and the united states, the enigma code is broken information gained by  this shortens the war . To  beak the code, the British  led by  touring , build the colossus mark I the  existence of this machine is a closely  guarded secret of the British government   until  1970.  the  united states navy, aided  to some extent by the British, builds a machine capable of breaking not only the German code but the Japanese code as well .
In l 1943 development begins on the electronic numerical integrator and computer  (ENIAC) in earnest at Pen state . Designed by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert of the moore school, they get help from John Von Neumann and others. In  1944 the  Havard Mark I is introduced based on a series of proposals from Howard Aiken in the late  1930s the mark i  computes complex table for  the U.S  navy,  it uses a  paper tape to store instructions and Aiken   hires Grace Hopper  (‘amazing grace”)  as  one of three programmers working on the machine Thomas J Watson sir plays a   one of three   programmers working on the machine Thomas j Watson  sir,  plays a  pivotal roles involving his company  IBM in the machine development 
Early   in 1945 with the mark I stopped for repairs, hpper notices a moth in one of the relays, possible causing the problem.  From this day on, hoper refers to fixing the system as “debugging” the same year von Neumann proposes the concept fo a “stored program” in a paper that is never officially published.
Work completes on ENIAC in 1946 although only three years only the machines woefully behind on technology but the inventors opt to continue while working on A more modern machine the EDVAC programming ENIAC requires it to be required. A later version eliminates this problem. To make the machine appear more impressive to reporters during its unvelling a team member (possibly Eckert) puts translucent spheres (halved ping pong balls) over the lights. The US patent office will later recognize this as the first computer 
The next year scientists employed by bell labs complete work on the transistor  (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and Williams Shockely receive the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956) and by 1948 teams around the world work on a “stored program”   machine, the first nicknamed “baby” is a prototype of a much larger machine  under construction in Britain and is shown in June  1948 
The impetus over the next 5 year for advances in computers ins mostly the government and military UNIVAC delivered in  1951  to the census  bureaus, results  in a tremendous financial loss to it manufacturer, Remington  Rand . The next year grace hopper, now a employee of that company proposes “reusable software: code   segments that could be extracted and assembled according to instructions in a “higher level language” the   concept of compelling is born. Hopper would revise this concept over the next twenty years and her ideas would become an integral part of    all modern computers. CBS uses one of the 46 UNIVAC computers produced to   predict the costume of the 1952  presidential election. They do not air the prediction for 32 hours because they do not trust the machine
IBM introduces the 701 the following year. It is the first commercially successful computer, in 1956 Fortan in  introduced (proposed  1954 , it takes nearly  3  years to develop the compiler ) two additional languages LISP and COBOL, are added in   1957  and  1958  other early    languages include ALGOL  and BASIC. Although never widely used   ALGOL is the basis for many of today’s languages
With the introduction of control data CDC 1604 in   1958, the first transistor powered computer, a  new age dawns  brilliant scientist Seymour Cray heads the  development team. This year integrated circuits are introduced by two men, Jack Kilby and John Noyce, working independently. The second network is developed at MIT . Over the next three-year computers begin affecting the day-to-day lives of most Americans. The addition of MICR characters at   the bottom of checks is common.
In  1961 Fairchild semiconductor introduces the integrated circuit, within in yeas all computers use these instead of the transistor . Formally building sized   computers are now room sized and are considerably more powerful. The following year the Atlas becomes operational displaying many of the features that make today systems so powerful including virtual memory, pipeline instruction execution and paging designed at the university of Manchester, some of the people who developed colossus thirty years earlier make contributions.
On April 7 1964. IBM introduced the system  /360 . While a technical marvel,  the  main feature of this machine  is business oriented ..IBM guarantees the “upward compatibility” or   the system reducing the risk that a business would invest in outdated technology Dartmouth college where the first network was demonstrated 25 years earlier, moves to the forefront of the “computer age” with the introduction of TSS (time share system) a crude (by today’s standards) networking system. It is the first wide area network. In three years randy golden, president and founder of Golden Ink would   begin working on this network
Within a year MIT returns to the top of the intellectual computer community with the introduction of a greatly refined network that features shared resources and uses  the first minicomputer (DEC’s  PDP-8)  to manage telephone lines. Bell Labs and GE play major roles in its design.
In  1989 Bell Labs unhappy with the direction of the MIT project, leaves and develops its own operating system UNIX one of the many precursors to today’s   internet Arpanet, is quietly launched Alan Keys , who will later become a  designer   for Apple proposes the personal computer . Also  in  1969    unhappy with Fairchild   Semiconductor a group of technicians begin discussing forming their own company.  This   company, formed the next year would be known as Intel. The movie colossus:  the for Bain project has a supercomputer as the villain. Next year the computer wore tennis shoes was the first feature length movie   with the word computer in the title. In  1971 Texas instruments introduced the first “pocket calculator:  it weighs   2.5 pounds
With l the country embroiled in a crisis of confidence known as Watergate, in 1973  a  little publicized judicial decision takes the patent for the computer always from Mauchly and Eckert and awards it to Atanasoff Xerox introduced the mouse  proposals are made for the first local area networks.
In  1975 the first personal computer is marketed in kit form. The altar features 256 bytes of memory bill gates with others   writers   a basic compiler for the machine the next year apple begins to market PCs a also in kit form. It includes a monitor and keyboard. The earliest rise platforms become stable in 1976  queen  Elizabeth goes on line with the first royal email message
During the next few years the personal computer explodes on the American scene. Microsoft apple and many smaller PC related companies form  (and   some die) by 1977 stores  begin to sell  PC’s  while increasing capacity entering the fray IBM introduces it’s  PC in  1981  (its  actually IBM’S  second  attempt , but  the first failed  miserably ) time selects the computer  as  its man of the year in  1982  Tron,  a  computer generated special  effects extravaganza  is released the same year.
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