·
Temperature, Humidity and Light
Generally, the period of development
for each stage decreases as the temperature rises. At 240c , the eggs of M. domestica requires 17hrs before
hatching whereas at 37 0C the period was 7.6 hrs (Davidson, 1994). This
is compared to the eggs of M.D.vicina
hatched in 6 hours at 35-380c and in 11 hrs at 25-300c
(Hafez, 1941). Adult M .domestica are
active from 70-430C with the optimum at 33-33.50C
(Nieschulz, 1935). At 15.50C, adults survived up to 91 days (Dove,
1916). The effect of humidity is usually combined with temperature. However,
excessive moisture is detrimental to larval development. The significance of
light in rearing procedures for M .domestica
appears minor, but
with M .autumnalis
strong artificial light or sunlight is necessary for Oviposition (Fales, 1963).
·
Crowding
Too many larvae for a given supply
of food results increased larval mortality and smaller adults. Adult crowding
causes excessive activity, competition, decreased longevity, and greater mortality.
An increase in the diameter of the rearing container from 4cm-7-10cm resulted
in the period between Oviposition and the emergence of female M.D.vicina declining from 17.3-13.1 to
12.0 days (Nagasawa and kishino,1959).
·
Biological State
The age of the female at the time a batch of eggs is
laid influences the percentage hatched
and the longevity of adults in succeeding generations (Meister, 1962). Any
selection of a developmental stage on a continuous basis will eventually
segregated certain characteristics that could enhance or handicap the survival
and propagation of the species.
·
QUALITY OF FOOD
The addition of small amount of
vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, panthenic acid, pyridoxine and RNA to fly media
was not beneficial, but at high dosages they were harmful (Sawicki and Holbrook,
1961).cholesterol also had no effect on M.
domestica has been reared on a synthetic medium (Monroe, 1962) and the
weight of larva, pupa and adult approached those of flies by CSMA method.
Acidity (Meister, 1962) amount of yeast and ratio of water to media (Hirakoso,
1962) influence production.