CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Back ground of the Study
All nations of the world seemed to have
accepted the tremendously Compelling arguments to make education the corner
stone of national development. These arguments raged form the vital role
education plats in economic and technological development, education of the
citizenry to remove illiteracy and poverty and developing a culturally and
socially tolerant people who exercise ethical and moral consideration in
national and local affairs, with a common spirit.
The
new challenge to conventional thinking is that Literacy should be glided by
three beacons enunciated by Shamus (1995) the etching of idea mainly to develop
appreciation and awareness of the enterprise, that is as cultural imperative
and not primary for content focus on technology as a practical imperative and
for developing social (Civic) Literary.
Education
is one of those prophetic activities designed by people for the propagation and
perpetuation of their culture and for improvement of than seines and their
environment. Dr J.S cookery quoted in Ukeje (1984; 13) State inter alias
education in a wider sense could mean the training of the entwine person to enable
him not only to be able to read and rite and calculate, or to be proficient in
a given job, but also to enable him fit himself for living society than Jacques
maintain (1943) stated.
Among
other things that education is any process by means of which man is shape and led
towards fulltime. The National policy on education (1981) describes education
as an instrument par excellence foe effecting national duello pimentos. In line
with this assertion, obaji (1993) cited in any (1999) sees education as a wheel
based which can canny any nation to its development centre.
From
the foregoing we can deduce that education is the vehicle for self fulfillment
as well as for socio-economic and political development. This is why the
national policy on education was enunciated to inculcate high- Leal literacy
and awareness to the citizenry of this country –Nigeria therefore education for
all” means ensuring that all children have access to basis education action of
good quality”. This implies cheating an environ mat in schools and in basic
educational programmes in which children are both able and enable to learn.
Such an environment must be inclusive of children, can effective with children friendly and welcoming
to children healthy and protective for children and gender sentinel.
The
development of such child-friendly learning environment is an essential part of
the overall effort by countries aroma to increase to and impose the quality of
their schools.
Poor
health malnitnutrction, Unemployment of a family member especially the stead
–wirer loses his job through any of these ways a serious crisis results in the
family .it means that family needs
cannot be met. For instance, the education of the children can come to an
erupted
1. Divorce
- A broken marriage means a broken home. Divorce is a serious crisis in a
family. It tears family homes apart. In many cases, the children are worst hit.
It leads to change of hopes for male child. It can even result in misbehavior
or delinquency for children.
2. Crop
failure and declining markets – these may bring sudden changes in family life.
Families may lose their sources of livelihood through crop failure and
declining markets.
Death or loss of family member who is the bread-winner
is a serious Crisis in any family. The death of a bread-winner may shelter the
lives of other members. For instance, the death of the head of the family
(bread-winner) could mean the cost of hope for children’s education
opportunity. More all so, other factors responsible for low male school
enrollment among the youths are get-rich-quick syndrome, attraction of apprenticeship
lack of trust in ability of the formal, education in ensuring self-sufficiency
and visible preponderance of unemployed graduates etc.
Statement of the Problem
The problem of low school male
enrollment in secondary school has become a source of worry as the contemporary
social vice and decadence in moral standards has been traced to such
background. The make low male enrollment a concern of parents, teacher,
pathologies, , social workers, guidance councilors and society at large.
Thus lack of access to skills
factions and opportunities is seen as most basic cause of low male enrollment
in schools mostly in secondary schools. The reasons for such lack of access
relates to the patterns of social and economic organization, especially to the
patter of soc-economic organization and social economic in quality.
Other related causes of low
enrollment are unemployment capital for trade death of a spouse, family
background, and social circumstances, social class, size of family, like a
large family may have to cope with extra express.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The
major purpose of this study is to investigate the cause of low male enrollment
and its effects in 1zzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. On the specific,
the study finds fit the target of achieving the following objectives;
1.
To determine the
possible causes low male enrollment in secondary school in 1zzi Local
Government Area of Ebonyi State.
2.
To examine the
extent of low male enrollment in secondary schools in 133i local Government
Area of Ebonyi State.
3.
To find out the side effect of low male enrollment in
secondary schools, on parents and the entire society of 1zzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State .
4.
To suggest
possible ways of reducing or eliminating such practice, of low male enrollment
in secondary schools.
RESEARCH QUESTION
Following the basics of research work,
four (4) questions were formulated to guide this study
1.
Does low male
enrollment in secondary schools exists in 1zzi Local Government Area.
2. What
are the possible causes of low male reenrollment in secondary schools?
3. Does
it has side effect on parents and society
4. What
are the possible ways to reduce or eliminate such practice?
Of low male enrollment in secondary schools in lzzi Local
Government of Ebonyi State
Significance
of the study
This
research will lead to a greater understanding of the way and major factored which
causes and effects of low male enrollment in secondary schools in lzzi Local
Government Area of Ebonyi State.
The
research afford the of port unit for the society government educational and
school administrator, teachers, parents and students themselves to reexamine
the existing trend that affects leering adversely and form and informed effective response to
the problem
The
country State society and school system will be able to form its policies and
proceedings to come out with the best practices that can foster bather academic
performance of male students in lzzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.
Scope
of the Study
This
lessens was conducted on find out the cause and effect of low male enrollment
in secondary school in lzzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. The
researcher’s review of many books and write ups on the subject of the cause and
effect of low male enrollment in lzzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State was
Limited as follows
1.
It was discovered
that a man hardy succeeds in an act. Hence things have got repulsive that some
even faked than answers and so did not give true opinions on the items proving
information form such respondents
2.
The research was
faced with distance disposition of the respondents and materials male the work
pose much trouble in appropriate cover of researcher scope .this was again
aggravated by this was again aggravated by lack of finance.
3.
Reluctance and
inability to fill in appropriately by the respondents were also militating
against the researcher in spite of all set backs, the researcher kept a look on
success which was the research target.
CHAPTER
TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This Literature review is meant affect many areas as
regards the research topic hinder consideration. Many unites have written on
the issue of low male enrollment of students. Some writers did without porting to
the principal things that promote this issue of low male enrollment in
Secondary schools. The chapter with many other issues be reviewed under the
following sub- headings, theoretical frame work of low male enrollment
-
Conceptual frame
work of low male enrollment
-
Causes of low
male enrollment
-
Low male
enrollment in secondary schools and its effect on, children parents and the
society
-
Proven of
empirical revised studies
-
Summary of
Literature review
Theoretical
framework of low male enrollment in secondary schools. The following theories
are applicable to low male enrollment as a societal factor - Evolutionary theory (social
Darwinism)
- Structural function theory
(functions)
- Conflict theory (Marxism)
- Symbolic interaction theory (interactions)
Evolutionary theory or social Darwinism associated with
the serological connotation and concerned with long term change salesman and
cushion 1948), social Daninism is a biological theory transformed form Charles Drains
biological idea that all living thing and to improve and become complex, move
and move they develop and transformation
was done by Augusta comet Herbert Spencer, etc.
Therefore in this research work low male enrollment in
secondary schools has become a problem as man has just discovered hence a long
term evolution in man has made some people who ordinary would have married to
stint thinking to twain than children in schools alone.
The assumption of evolutionary theory is that
evolution bring about change and not just man, hence this change embodies in
itself both food and bad ones. This is why this issue of low enrollment in
secondary school has to be looked as a molester as it continues to spread .social-economic
problem in the family and society at large.
Structural transitional theory (factionalism)
structural functional theory is some time refereed to as functionalism
equilibrium theory or social system, simply meaning the contribution that each
pant of the family or society makes to the whole system. This is mainly
focusing on social integration, stability, order and co-operation. (Alum ode
2002) This is to define society as composing of many parts/ organs which family
child and society are structure of its own and need to be preparedly cared for.
This is to say that low male enrollment into secondary school does not only
affect the child’s development but also affects the development of the entire society
negatively there will be little or no sound development in such society.
They assumed that social integration is a prerequisite
owing that a change in one pant (One Person) means a change in the whole. Thus,
the low male enrollment in a particular Local Government Area or community
drastically affects the social development system of other made up the nation
or country. The low male enrollment has because the society to change and that
is what we are experiencing today has filed the society with help baked
citizens in lzzi Local Government Area in Ebonyi State in partial and the
nation as a (Marxism) .According to karl Max founded conflict theory on the
emphasis laid on competition change and constraints within a society (Nwachi
C.C 1991). (Baniks. 01995) This is a medical affiant alternative to
functionalism as the of both opposes themselves as max supposed that society on
economic structure and order parts of the society on the economic just to say that
out male enrollment.
Symbolic Interaction theory (interactions) contrary to
maxims and functionalism which deals on macro sociological orientations
interactions focuses on individuals in society in general (Alum ode 2002) To
take to the background development of any state or nation low male enrollment
in secondary schools among other binges about educational set back poor economy
and low stand and of political development the population of the study was
dragon form the following secondary schools in lzzi Local Government Area of
Ebonyi State.
1 lzzi
high school lshieke
2 Community
secondary school mbeke-Ishieke
3.
Ishieke Graman school Ndioke
4. Community
sec. school Nwofe
5. Special
science school Igbuagu
6. Iboko
Boys secondary school Iboke
7. Community
sec. school Ojiegle
8. John Kelvin sec. school Offinks
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHOD
The
researcher used a descriptive method to collect relevant information needed
form the respondents. This was done through the use of structural questionnaire
visit to the secondary school in lzzi Local Government Area, personal and oral
interview were also used .the research was designed to elicit information on
low male enrollment in secondary school in lzzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi
State.
Design
of the Study
This
study design: can be refereed to as a descriptive surety. This design according
to Ebuka (2003) is the one in which data are collected from a relatively Large
number of people or items conceded to be representing of the group. He asserted
also that descriptive survey is concerned with description of events is they
are.
Area
of the study.
The study or research on the low male
enrollment of in secondary school is Limited to Izzi Local Government Area of
Ebonyi State.
Population
of the Study
The
population was sampled using random techrngue. The total number of three hinders
persons. The following population or respondents were used. One hundred and
fifty fifty, (150) students, fifty (50) teachers twenty- fine (25)parents
fifteen (15) staff of Local Government Education Authorities and ten (10)
principal and fine (5) V. principle Administration form the secondary school.
Sample and sampling techniques the research made use if simple random sampling
techniques to darns out the response required or needed for the study. However
in carrying out this research work four secondary schools was used as a sample out of the total number
of ten (10) secondary school sleeted thus the size of the sample is three (300)
hundred respondents which by implication or application represents 30% of the
target population.
Instrument for Data Collection
The
instrument used in obtaining information for the research work included the
structured questionnaire as well as oral or personal face to face interview.
The questionnaires were constructed in such a form that it helped to elicit the
relevant information needed for the research work or study.
However the questionnaire item has both
content and faces validity. This was successful with the assistance of the
precept supervisor who ever ready to offer his assistance at any need period
than as regard, content, validity; the items were well and carefully structured
in accordance to project topic, which on the side face validity the sentences
and words was carefully structured without grammatical errors. Four research
questions were directly constructed to obtain information required for the work
or study. Therefore, as regards the administration of the questionnaire the
research skill foully explored the use of hand delivery method as the shortest
means. The total of three (300) hundred copies of the questionnaires
distributed were returned and not only that; they were correctly and mealy
returned.
Validation of the Instrument
The
drafted instrument was firstly presented to the project supervisor, who after
going through made necessary corrections with respect to the Language content
and sentence structure the instrument was there after presented to four (4)
other servitor lee tuners in the department of Arts and social science
Education, and other two (2) Lecturers in Administration and planning at
college of Education Ikwo.
The
sentence structure were carefully and prow fully vetted, one after the other by
these Lecturers as shown in Appended
Ii Therefore based on their exertions and
suggestions of these experts were in corporate in the final questionnaires as
reflected or shown in the Appendix.
Method of Data Collection
Mean
which before the administration of the questionnaires which was carefully
construction and examined by the project supervision to solicit the needed
information form the respondents, the researcher equally solicited for the
assistance and co-operation of the teaches principal and students of the
secondary schools in veined. Parents and
local Government Education Authorizes, who are congenial because of time
factors and their official engagement,
Method of Data Analysis
Thereafter
the data collected were analyzed by the researcher through the use of means and
frequency distribution lattés, in frequency distribution tables were developed
which means computed. The means were calculated thus;
Where x = means
å = Sum of
F= frequency
N= Total number of scone
A
cut –off point of 2.5 was used as the decision rule. A mean scone up to 2.5
Was
regarded as positive while mean scone below 2.5 were considered rigatoni. thus
cut –off of 2.5 was obtained by adding the sun of the normal rating d indeed by
the number of the rating items for instance
Strongly
Agreed (SA) ===4Pomls
Agreed_______(A)=====3pomls