ABSTRACT
This study was an effort to investigate the role of radio
in the campaign for family planning and child spacing in Nigeria, with
particular focus on Enugu state. The survey research method was used. The work
was anchored on agenda-setting theory. A total of400 copes of questionnaires
were distributed, and the gathered data were analyzed using percentage and
frequency method. The findings of the study show that there are programmes
designed to sensitize the people on the importance of family planning. Again,
the study showed that FRCN radio stations encounter problems such as language
usage in programme packaging for rural people, and that adequate emphasis is
not place on family planning sensitization on radio. The study therefore
recommends as follows Government, NGOs and other well meaning individuals
should encourage (through the radio) the adoption of effective family planning
method the peculations of rural communities in Nigeria in terms of language,
norms, factors should be considered in the design of family planning programmes
on radio media; the need for further survey in other rural settings across
Nigeria as a way of generating a more representative empirical statistics on
the role of the radio in the provision of family planning information.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Concerns
about high fertility and low contraceptive prevalence in sub-sub-Saharan Africa
(more especially Nigeria) have stimulated policy and program efforts aimed at
promoting family planning in the region. Substantial money and time are
currently being expended for the purpose of educating people about the
advantages of fewer children and motivating them to adopt family limitation.
The
use of radio to achieve these objectives has recently increased and both
government and private agencies are involved in developing and implementing programs
through the use of media facilities (JHU/PCS, 1991). The proponents of this
approach have argued that the increasing availability of radio in developing
countries can be effectively used to influence people’s behaviour. Parlato
(1990) argues that a well-designed media campaign can be effective in creating
a positive social environment for a behaviour by bringing about a shift in
popular opinion Piotiow et al; (1990)
not that mass media (radio in this case) can be a powerful tool not any for
creating awareness about new technology but also for stimulating people’s desires
for more information and facilitating their efforts to apply the information to
their own behaviour.
Apart
from simply advertising family planning in the media, the use of an “enter –
educate” approach has become attractive to communication experts (Kincaid et al; 1992). This approach uses the
entertainment components of mass media, such as song and drama, to drive home
the intended message. The assumption here is that people tend to adopt a behaviour
faster if they are motivated by those they consider role models. Therefore
using popular and respected entertainers is believed to be an effective means of
getting people to adopt a new behaviour (kincnid et al; 1988).
Evidence
from recent studies on the interrelation between mass media and family planning
in developing counties continues to mount in support of the claim that the
media do influence behaviour. For instance, studies such as those conducted by Bertrand
et al; (1987) in Guatemala and piotrow
et al; (1990) in Nigeria document remarkably
strong relationships between exposure to family planning messages in the media
and contraceptive behaviour. West off and Rodriguez (1993) examined the
relationship between exposure to media messages on family planning and a number
of indicators of reproductive behaviour (including ever and current use of contraception,
intention to use among nonuser, desire for more children, and ideal family
size). The results indicate that women who are exposed to such messages in the
media are more likely to use contraceptives and to desire fewer children
(strong relationship that survive numerous controls). The study also documents a
positive association between the intensity of exposure (measured by the number
of sources of exposure) and researcher examines the impact of radio in the
campaign for family planning and child spacing in Enugu metropolis.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEMS
The problem militating against family planning and
child spacing in Enugu metropolis borders on cultural background of the people
who although live in township have their cultural orientation from their
ancestors who were predominantly farmers and needed to bear many children to
assist in their farm works and also attack the enemy who may want to encroach
in their lands. The mentality of providing workforce and self defence after
many years became the real life of the people which they further passed unto their
children and grand children and has since become their way of life which not
even. Western influence can change in most of them.
Act
of bearing multiple children was used to assess a man’s greatness and wealth in
the past and has lingered till present days. It was even considered a taboo in
the old Nkanu, Nsukka, Awkunawnu, Udi, Ezzagu, Nenwe and other villages now
making up the residents of the Enugu metropolis, for a man to bear few children
as it was seen as a mark of weakness and mediocrity on the part of such a man.
MALE CHILD
The
importance attached to male child in Igbo setting in general where Enugu
belongs is that which forces a man to continues to bear more and more children
to have enough male children man does not consider female children an asset
because according to custom a female child is another man property since she will
leave her father house and be given to marriage but a male child is the one
that will represent the man (Obi) which significantly means his home or his
absence even if a man has 7 female children without a male child or with just 2
or 3 male children such a man can still go ahead even to take another wife to
seek for more male children these factor also contributes to the problem of
child spacing and family planning in Enugu metropolis because it is a custom
handed down to them by their fore fathers which they believe will not have to
change in their own time.
STRESS
Another
problem is stress because my keen observation into the bursting and hustling life
of the coal city is that people out of frustration and disappointment sometimes
result to what they consider as available source of pleasure (sex) coupled with
the fact that most people also rejects the use of condom and other preventive
measure because they believe it robs them off the real and natural taste of sex
they now cling to their lives as a replier to stress, disappointment and
frustration of the day. Thereby bearing multiple children uncontrollably.
As a
result of these problems associated with unchecked. Child birth and population
increase, the researcher deemed it necessary to engage in a study on the impact
FRCN can play in spreading information on family planning through specially
designed programmes, there by sensitizing people on the need to adopt control
measures in checking child birth, mortality rate, etc, in the country and
especially in Enugu state.
OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The
object of this study are as follows:
1. To find out whether there are designed programmes on family
planning by the FRCN Enugu radio station?
2. To find out if the programmes have been making impact on
family planning and child spacing sensitization in Enugu metropolis.
3. To discover the
lapses of the RADIO STATION IN EFFECTIVELY SPREADING FAMILY PLANNING AND CHILD
SPACING PROGRAMMES.
4. To find out ways to overcome the identified lapses.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study is significant in a number of ways as highlighted below.
This study will help bring into focus, the mass media
needs of the rural communities. This is realizing the fact that at present; the
rural population of this country is not adequately targeted as well as the
urban population.
This
study will try to suggest ways of reaching the rural people better than is done
at present, where mass education programmers with urban. And rural dwellers as
target audience are produced mostly in English language and in highly technical
terminologies is never in the best inters of public enlightenment Again, this
study will assist the government identify the areas of needs of the rural
people in terms of communication.
This is
because mass communication should be a two –way process i.e from government to
the people, and from the people back to the government . communication needs
(especially on family planning)of the people will in no small measure help
realize the dream of mobilizing the people through various agencies of
government the federal government whose responsibility it is to formulate
executive national policies on communication will find this study invaluable.
It has been pointed out by communication experts in Nigeria that the
infiltration of western communication policies into the country in particular,
and the third world in general has done little or nothing in reorienting the
use of communication infrastructure for socio-cultural development of our
people.
Finally, the
study will also serve as a stepping stone for future research works and
theories for students, professional and policy makers.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. Are
there designed programmes on family planning and child spacing by FRCN Enugu?
2. What impact has the stations made in terms of family
planning and child spacing sensitization in Enugu metropolis?
3. What are the lapses faced by FRCN Enugu in effectively reaching
the target people on family planning and child spacing?
4. Are there solutions to these lapses?
RESEACH HYPOTHESIS
H1 The FRCN designed
programmes on family planning and child spacing.
Ho The FRCN did not designed programmes on
family planning and child spacing
H2 As a result of proper entightment on
family planning which FRCN have refrain positive contribution towards family
planning and child spacing.
Ho As a result of proper enlightment the
FRCN did not refrain positive contribution towards family planning and child
spacing.
H3 despite the enlightment from the FRCN as
medial out – fit, still there are face with audience non-compliance
Ho The non-compliance on family planning
and child spacing have cause population increase.
H4 As a result of increase in population
the masses have adopted family planning and child spacing as a preventive
measure.
Ho Increase in population is because the masses did not adopted
preventive measure for family planning and child spacing.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
BROADCASTING
Broadcasting
is the distribution of audio and audios or visual mass communications medium,
but usually one using electromagnetic radiation (radio waves). The receiving
parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset thereof.
Broadcasting is the practice of creating audio and video program content and
distributing it to the mass audiences of radio, television and internet media.
Broadcasting,
according to Dunu (2002), is the most pervasive machinery or channel of
communication that uses electromagnetic impulses to reach the public instantly
without the connection of wires. Broadcasting is to spreed idea, information or
an impression to a larger audience simply for the purpose of carrying a larger
audience. It is the singular most powerful universal means of instant public communication
through the conveying of information, entertainment, education and persuasion
in form of programmes. Amongst it’s unique attributes is the ability to
instantly reach a wider more varied group of consumer, than any other medium.
It’s
unique usefulness lies in its capacity to surmount geographic and economic barriers
to extend to the rich and the poor, old and young, rural and urban dwellers,
the educated and the illiterate, the professionals, the majority and the
minority.
RADIO
Radio
is the transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation
of a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio
frequency range, from about 3? KHZ to 300?GHZ. Radio is an electronic device
that receives transmitted signals (electromagnetic impulses) and reconverts them
into audio messages.
According
to Okunna (2009), radio is relatively cheap and can operate without
electricity. It is therefore within the reach of the rural populace than
television. Radio is portable and transistor radio sets are widely owned
especially in the rural areas.
FAMILY
PLANNING
Family
planning is one service that is appropriate and beneficial in all settings.
Family planning is the ability for a woman or couple to determine when and how
many children they are going to have by practicing safe sexual practices. This
keeps the prospective parents healthy and without child until a time of their
choosing.
RURAL WOMEN
In the context of this study, rural women is a set of woman within a
particular geographical location sharing common socio-economic and political
interest, but without those basic amenities like pipe borne water, electricity,
good roads and educational facilities and forming a mass of low income earners.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
SOURCES OF LITERATURE
For
the purpose of this study, information was gathered from wide range of source
including books, journal publications, reports in newspapers and magazines, and
internet source. During the course of the research, the researcher also had
access to seminar papers and official organizations.
THEORETICAL
ORIENTATION
Every
study in social sciences is predicated on a theoretical orientation. The
theories enable us understand and reach an informed decision about an empirical
study.
This
research work is predicated on one major theory – Agenda – setting theory. This
is because of the fact that the focus of the study on the role which radio
plays in bringing the message of family planning to the people, and helping them
make informed decisions.
AGENDA –
SETTING THEORY
Lippman
(1922), quoted IN Ojobor (2002), state that the media (radio) help to “put
pictures in our heads” This explain the power of the mass media (in this case
radio) to set the agenda and raise issues of public importance. This function
is closely related to public opinion generation, since it is often the mass
media that raise issues upon which public opinion is expressed. Mccombs and
show (1972) wrote that members of the “audience not only learn about public
issues through the radio, they also learn how much importance to attach to an
issue or topic from the emphasis that mass media place upon it”. It is common
knowledge that in Nigeria today, apart from Network News at 4pm and 10pm, phone
– in programmes line health watch, police diary, etc rank as most popular
programmes on radio (especially, FRCN).
The
emphasis placed on them and the manner at which health – related issues (in the
case of health watch) are addressed and listeners are allowed to contribute to
the programmes, tell very listener how important the subject matters are to the
governments, the people and the media. If there is an opinion poll, the
programmes would most likely not rank badly (Ojobor, 2002). This is a typical case
of an instance where the radio is setting the agenda, and can help in affording
the people the opportunity to be enlightened about family planning, and child
spacing and how it will be beneficial to them.
POPULATING
GROWTH AND THE NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING
In Nigeria, child spacing or the timing of every birth, including the first
and last, can improve the like hood of survival and of good physical and
emotional heath for the entire family at all stages of life. All available
evidence indicates that the level of reproduction has been persistently high in
the last three or four decades of four decades and still remains so at present
(Fraser and Weisberg, 1981; Odaman, 2005). If the nations populations is left
to grow uncontrolled, the national resources will sooner or later be
outstripped by the increasing demand of the growing population.
This
was probably the fear kishindo (1995) expressed about the Malawian experience
when he observed that Malawi’s population has been growing at the rate of 3.7%
during the 1977 – 87 intercensal period, compared 60 2.9% during the 1966 – 77
intercensal period and that if the population continues to grow at that rate,
it would double in 19 years. Although the influx of refugees from the
Mozambican civil was contributed significantly to the rapid population growth,
the 3.2% annual growth, when Mozambican refugees are excluded, is still high in
the context of the country’s natural resources.
In
the quest to stem the tide of unbridled population growth, the government of
the federal republic of Nigeria in 2002 came out with a population policy paper
on family planning and fertility regulation. According to the policy paper, the
value of family planning and child spacing on the stability and well – being of
family shall be promoted and family services shall be incorporated in maternal
and child health care. This is to help reduce maternal and infant morbidity and
mortality as well as reduce rapid population growth in the shortest possible
time in order to ensure sustainable development which can be achieved only by reducing
population growth to bring it to per with the available national resources.
This will invariably lead to the attainment of good quality life and high
standard of living in the country.
It is
perhaps because of the foregoing that world leaders in 1974 accepted family
planning as a human right of individuals and couples. Article 14 (F) of the
world population plan of action states that:
All couples
and individuals have the basic right to decide freely and responsibly the
number and spacing of their children and to have the information, education and
means to do so; the responsibility of couples and individuals in the exercise of
the right takes into account the needs of their living and future children, and
their responsibility towards the community.
Though
there is a growing interest with the intense efforts of the government to
popularize the use of modern family planning methods by integrating it into
maternal and child health in Nigeria, it seems many people still do not apply family
planning methods. Lindroos and Luukkainen (2004) contend that Nigeria is a
country where modern family planning usage is one of the lowest in the world.
This may be due to lack of useful information to those who really need the
information, as a majority of the Nigerian populace live in the rural areas
where there is poor access to modern means of communication including the mass
media.
Family
planning provides the society with some socio – economic and health benefits
(Odaman, 2005). Awareness of such benefits can significantly enhance the use of
contraceptives, which in turn, will reduce population growth and overtime have
positive effects on national development.
In
this connection, Ugoji (2008) observes that family planning programmes strive
to prevent unwanted pregnancies, help achieve birth spacing and help couples
limit family size so as to reduce maternal/infant mortality. Further, Odaman
(2005) enumerates some of the family planning methods to include the use of
safe period, calendar or rhythm, oral pills, vaginal ring, withdrawal, condoms,
injectables, intrauterine devices (IUDs), Norplant and sterilization.
Despite
the gain, contraceptive use is still low and needs high usage in some of the
world’s poorest and most populous places, including Nigeria. At least, three in
10 pregnancies are unintended in some regions, and millions of couples are
still unable to effectively choose the number and timing of their children.
Moreover, some developing countries (such as Nigeria) that have not
substantially reduced that fertility levels in recent decades are in danger of
seeing their development or progress halted or slowed. These challenges are
immense, but not insurmountable. The past 50 years demonstrate that successful
family planning programmes can be developed even under difficult circumstances.
For example, the one child per family policy in the peoples republic of China,
however draconic has helped to check birth rate and population explosion and
the country is arguably better is also accepted worldwide. In 1994,
representatives from 179 nations met in Cairo, Egypt at the international
conference on population and development and agreed to provide reproductive health
care to all people by the year 2015 – a goal that called for countries to “meet
the family planning needs to their population” and provide “universal access to
a full range of safe and reliable family planning methods” (Population
Reference Bureau, PRB 2004).
Diachronically,
family planning methods, among other social issues have engaged the interest of
media researchers. Alkhenomia (1999) remarks that: Researches in the field of
mass communication at one time or the other have conducted researchers to study
the influence of a given idea or practice via the mass media, through a socio –
cultural structure. Also systematic inquiries have been conducted about the
attitudes of receivers or audience towards such practice.
In
line with the foregoing, it is pertinent to look at the role radio can play in
spreading information on family planning especially in the rural areas.
THE ROLE OF
RADIO IN THE CAMPAIGN FOR FAMILY PLANNING IN NIGERIA
As
regards the modern of family planning, Oladeji (2008) contends that
communication and decision making play a vital role in ensuring informed choice
of family planning and reproductive health behaviour. Effective
communication/decision – making allows people to seek what is best for their
own health and to exercise their right to good quality heating care (Rimal et al, 2002).in the same vein, it has been argued
that the mass media, especially radio have been quite effective in creating
family planning awareness in urban Nigeria. Perhaps, this is because the urban
dwellers have greater access to radio. According to a survey of predominantly
urban areas, about 90% of all urban house holds have radios and about 60% own
televisions in Nigeria (Information, Education and communication, IEC, July
1996) and the likelihood that people living in urban areas would readily have
access to family planning information as purveyed though radio media is high.
But to make this level of family planning awareness effective among the
generality of Nigerians, the mass media (radio) should have a hold in the rural
areas where a larger numbers of the people live. The spread of radio and the
increasing literacy rates in many rural communities offer new opportunities for
family planners and other health care organizations to inform the public and
reach opinion leaders (Piotiow et al;).
Making the most of these opportunities requites skill in helping the news media
cover family planning.
While
examining the knowledge and practice of family planning methods among the
currently married adolescent women (CMAW) in India, Narsary (2009) observed that
exposure to radio and husband – wife communication play a significant role in
family planning matters. Obaid (2006) and Abd EI – Aziz (2006) have also
identified radio media as effective instrument in family planning education in
Jordan and Egypt respectively. Similarly, in a more recent research conducted
with an aim to assess the knowledge, understanding and attitude of couples towards
family planning across two ecological settings of jammu district in India, dbingra
et al; (2010) found that radio and
television were the major accessible sources of information on family planning
to couples. Since 1972, the average family size in developing countries has
dropped from about three children. This trend has saved millions of lives and
provided additional benefits to woman and children who when healthy can achieve
greater levels of education and empowerment (International Planned Parenthood
federation, PPF (1992).
Most studies
on mass media campaigns are emphatic on the issue of the people’s attitude in term
of the degree of reception and adoption of a particular idea, programme or
innovation. According to deification precede behavioural change or modification
for the achievements of the desired goals. He further states that for a modification
attitude and behaviour, an effective communication must be presented and
articulated before there can be any useful mobilization. However, when communicating
with the rural dewellers, the problem of the appropriate medium to be used
arise.
Broadcasting has come to mean the communication of
news, instruction and entertainment by radio or television. Before the
invention of wireless telegraph, however, the term broadcasting was mainly an
agricultural term. It meant the free scattering of seeds as against careful
planting in drills and rows. The parable of the sower in the new testament of
the Holy Bible may not be superfluous at this juncture. It states that some of
his seed fell on good ground and did well, some of them fell on stony ground or
on the way side or among thorns and were wasted. When considering radio,
everything put out by these powerful media is like seeds. True as the parable
of the sower, some minds are closed up that nothing new can enter them and
establish a place. This may be true of some rural dwellers. Most of them are
regulated by solid entrenched socio-cultural norms, ethos and values. They
believe so much in taboos, but a proper and proficient use of the broadcast media
can be useful in the opening up of the minds of the rural dwellers through
certain subtle means.
In
this connection, babalola (1986) state that broadcasting transcends the
barriers of literacy and it reaches all the people without discrimination except
those imposed by the people’s own selective will. Among literate persons, it is
believed that broadcast messages have immediacy which the print message lacks. Broadcast
messages are of course easily forgotten but their impact continues to exercise
an influence at the subconscious level. Indeed, a radio message tends to have
greater mass appeal and this arguably makes it more effective for reaching the
grassroots. However, Nwuneli (1984) considers the forgoing positions as mere
rhetoric. He contends that because of Nigeria’s large size, it is impossible to
mobilize the entire population through centralized directives. He suggested the
decentralization of communication for meaningful change to take place at the
local level. He stressed the need for the village level communicator recruited
among the people of the rural areas for more effective communication with the
rural dweller. His argument is also borne out of the contemplation that people
are more responsive if they participate in decision making and have a state in
a particular project. In other words, the decentralization of information would
involve the use of smaller, less expensive and less cumbersome mass media technologies.
For instance, cassettes and video tapes on land rovers could be used to reach
isolated communities with the campaign messages, thereby creating
intercommunication among the people and feedback to the government or
development agents. Moemeka (1989) has made the point that development, whether
at the socio-economic or socio-political levels, is not an easy task because it
involves several variables or factors. To him, development communication (which
also subsumes family planning issues) is not merely a matter of transmitting information
about raising aspirations facilities. It is much more than the exchange of
problem solving information. It also involves the generation of psychic
mobility or empathy, raising aspiration, teaching of new skills and
encouragement of local participation in development activities using different
strategies (Moemeka, 1981). Therefore to develop a people, especially those in
the rural areas, a panoply of communication strategies including community radios
must facilitate the exchange of information needed to enhance the improvement
of the people in socio-economic or socio-political terms. Without prejudice to
any of the methodologies, it is instructive to note that the entire range of
communicative dynamics are considered an important vehicle for disseminating information
about family planning in a continent (Africa) where a larger percentage of the
population live in the rural areas.
In
Nigeria, and elsewhere, governmental agencies (GAS) as well as non government organizations
(NGS) have deployed a number of means to communicate family planning
information to the populace. GAs and NGOs like the federal ministry of health
(FMH), the Action Health (AH), women Heath and Action research centre (WHARC),
society for family Health (SFH), women Advocates Research and Documentation
centre (WARDC), planned parenthood federation of Nigeria (PPFN), safe
motherhood, ladies Association (SMLAS) women, children’s Health and community
Development (WOCHAD) Initiative and many others have one time or the other used
the broadcast media to get across family planning information and services to
the generality of the people.
Family
planning and advancement programmes such as “Flavours” (radio), “one thing at a
time” (radio) “African in progress” (radio), “story” (radio) “wetin dey”
(television) and “the widow” (television) are currently on air in most parts of
Nigeria.
RADIO
CAMPAIGNS: PROBLEMS AND IMPEDIMENTS
With
the wonderful qualities the radio apparent with people and mobilized them for
empowerment and subsequent development. Nevertheless, the power of the radio as
channel of communication in the third world has often been taken for granted by
uncritical writers and scholars of media studies (Okunna, 1999: 188).
In
sub-Saharan African countries such as Nigeria, an overwhelming majority of the
populations, sometimes up to 90%, live in rural areas. In such societies,
therefore, no meaningful mobilization can take place without effectively communicating
with and mobilizing rural dwellers. This is what Edeani (1993:1) means when he
says, “rural development… “Holds the key because of the enormous size of the
rural population as compared to the small percentage living in the cities”
The
major problem, according to Okunna (1999: 189), is lack of access to the
channels of mass communication (radio).
The
greatest impediments to access have always included poverty and illiteracy.
Some rural dwellers are poor peasants who can hardly afford their daily meal.
Acquiring radio, to them, is a luxury they cannot afford. Again, the problem of
illiteracy has become an insurmountable hurdle before rural dwellers, and has hindered
and progress of national campaigns such as family planning.
Another
problem arises from the centralized mass media approach which is adopted in
most third world counties, of which Nigeria takes the forefront. Programmed are
packaged mostly in English language, not minding the local dialects of the
rural dwellers. Even when some are translated into the three major languages
(Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba), considerations are not given to other dialects such
as Itsekiri, Ibibio, Igala, etc.
It is
by means of this platform we examine how effective radio media have been in
communicating family planning and child spacing messages to urban and rural dwellers,
using Enugu metropolis, Nigeria as a case study.
SUMMARY OF
LITERATURE REVIEW
Giving birth
is something in which mankind and animals are equal, but rearing the young, and
especially educating them for man’s years is something which is a unique gift and
responsibility of a man. It is for this reason that it is important for human
beings to put emphasis on caring for children and the ability to look after
them properly, rather than thinking only about the number of children and the
ability to give birth. For it often happens that man’s ability to give birth is
greater than their ability to bring up the children.
(Julius Nyerere cited in centre for Disease control,
1983).
The
above dictum could not have been more germane than in a 21st century
Africa where the health benefits of family planning associated with child
spacing and the use of specific methods can play a major role in protecting the
lives of infants, children, woman and the family as a whole.
The
effectiveness of mass communication in mobilization for development has been
given a pass mark by many scholars. However, if effective behavioural and
attitudinal change towards family planning especially in the rural areas must
be achieved, radio has an important role to play.
Empirical
and theoretical data reviewed in this study are without doubt, directly or
indirectly related to the subject of the study. And they attest to the claim
that the rural audience are not properly reached by the radio in terms of
enlightenment on family planning and child spacing issues.
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method/Design
The researcher employed the survey
method of data collection. This was because the major source of primary data
for the study was the views of the target members of the population. The
researcher also used formal measuring instrument, which was the questionnaire.
The questionnaires were administered personally to respondents at their place
of work. This method was necessary in order to avoid delays and some possible
distortions.
Description of Research Population
Population is the study of the character,
numbers and distribution of living organisms residing in or migrating through
particular places. The study of population is a quantifiable foundation for
concepts in sociology, ecology genetics and evolution by means of natural
selection.
According to Ary et al (1976),
population is an entire group of people, objects or events all having at one
characteristics in common.
According to National population
census 2006, Enugu State has a total of 3,257,298 population.
Sample and Sampling Technique
Sampling arises in research because
of the need to avoid bias. Also, neither time nor resources would permit a
complete census of the entire population of the study.
The sampling technique adopted by
the researcher is simple random sampling, simple random sampling consists of
observations that are drawn independently from common population identifiably
distributed (Wannocot, 1969). The simple way to ensure an unbiased sample is to
give each member of a population of an equal chance of being included in the
sample.
A sample will be drawn rather than
examining the entire population for several reasons, as mentioned earlier. Such
as time, limited resources, etc.
SAMPLE SIZE
In
the words of Onyeneja (1997), a sample size is “a smaller group of elements
drawn through a definite procedure from a specified population”.
In determining the sample size, Taro
Yamani’s formula was used. The formula is given below: S =
N
1 + N (e)2
Where:
S = sample
size
N = Population
size
I = Constant
E = Margin
of error (at 5%)
Therefore,
S = 
= 
= 
= 
= 
= 
INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
Questionnaire,
as a major tool of data gathering, was employed in sampling to views of the
people. It was drafted as to outline the objectives of the research and bring
out the research and bring out the research questions tailored to provide
viable solutions to the problem at hand.
Also, the researcher augmented the
questionnaire with oral interview, where necessary, to buttress points or
elicit more answers.
VALIDITY OF RESPONSE/RELIABILITY DATA
In order to ensure validity of
response that were given, the researcher imposed in-depth re-checks on the
questionnaires issued to target respondents. Questionnaires that were not
appropriately answered in the manner described by the researcher were deemed to
lack consistency, and were consequently rejected.
METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
The data collected was analysed in
accordance with simple percentage and frequency. The simple percentage will
help to show the dominance of a specific response, and show the relative size
of the different categories of response expressed in percentages.
i. The
Peculiarities of rural communities in Enugu state in terms of language, norms,
prejudices and other predisposing factors should be considered in the design of
family planning programmes on radio media.
ii. This study is obviously delimited to
Enugu state. Therefore, there is the need to carry out similar surveys in other
rural settings across Nigeria as a way of generating a more representative empirical
statistics on the role of the radio in the provision of family planning
information.
CHATPTER
FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
In an
attempt to analyze and evaluate the raw data collected in the study, it is
pertinent to give elaborate details which will serve as a guide throughout the
analysis.
As earlier stated in chapter three of this study, the
research method used is the survey research method. Taro Yamanis formula was
used to get the sample size of four hundred (400). The researcher administered
questionnaires to the sample population of four hundred (400) respondents which
where all collected and the analysis is based on the responses of this sample.
SOCIO-
ECONOLMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
RESPONDENTS
Table i:
Sex Distribution
of the Respondents
|
Sex
|
No. of
Respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Male
|
111
|
28%
|
|
Female
|
289
|
72%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: field survey 2013.
The
table above shows that 72 percent of the sampled population were female, which
28 percent of them male. This implies that more opportunity of participation
was given to the woman more than their male counterparts. This is necessary because
issues of family planning affect women more than men.
Table ii:
Age
Distribution of the Respondents
|
Age
|
No. of
Respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
18 – 27yrs
|
48
|
12%
|
|
28 – 37yrs
|
112
|
28%
|
|
38 – 47yrs
|
200
|
50%
|
|
48 and above
|
40
|
10%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: field survey 2013.
The
information in table II above shows that 200 respondents, representing 50% of
the sampled population were aged between 38 to 47 years. Another 112 (28%) fell
within the ages of 28 – 37 years, while 48 respondents (12%) fell within the
ages of 18 to 27 years, another 40 (10%) were from 48 years and above. This
implies that majority of the sampled respondent were aged between 38 years and
47 years.
Table iii:
Distribution
of the Respondents by marital status
|
Marital
status
|
No. of
Respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Single
|
98
|
25%
|
|
Married
|
302
|
75%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: field survey 2013.
As
seen in the table above, 302 respondents representing 75 percent of the entire
population sampled were married, while 98 respondents representing 25 percent indicated
single as at the time of this study. This shows that this study will make great
impact in the lives of these woman since majority of them already have their
own family.
Table iv:
Distribution
of the Respondents by Educational Qualification
|
Educational
|
No. of
Respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
FGLC
|
203
|
51%
|
|
WAEC/NECO
|
130
|
33%
|
|
B.SC/B.ED
|
46
|
11%
|
|
Others
|
21
|
5%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: field survey 2013.
The
data as seen in table IV shows that 203 respondents (51%) had first school
leaving certificate as their highest qualification, and those with WAEC/NECO as
their highest qualification were 130 (33%). While 46 respondents (11%) had
B.Sc/13.Ed, only 21 respondents (5%) had such certificates as trade test, etc. this
implies that majority of the respondents in Enugu state sampled had less
education, and as such, were not exposed to modern ways of family planning and
child spacing through reading as compared to those that more education and
equally picked up more information through reading of books and magazines.
Table v:
Occupational
Distribution of the Respondents
|
Occupation
|
No. of
Respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Farming
|
109
|
27%
|
|
Business/Artisan
|
200
|
50%
|
|
Civil service
|
91
|
23%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: field survey 2013.
From the
table above, majority of the respondents sampled were either business people or
artisans. This was revealed in the table as 200 of them representing 50%
indicated this. Also, 109 of the respondents representing 27% indicated farming
as their main occupation, where as 91 of them indicated civil service as their
occupation.
Table vi
Distribution
of the Respondents by their Earning per month
|
Earning
per month
|
No. of
Respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Less than
|
213
|
53%
|
|
Between
10,000
|
89
|
22%
|
|
Between
|
51
|
13%
|
|
Above
|
47
|
12%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: field survey 2013.
The
table above revealed that 213 of the respondents earn less than N3,000 per month and this represents 53
percent of the entire sampled population. This goes a long way to prove that
the people of Enugu state are mostly peasants. However, 89 (22%) of them earn
between N 5,000 and N 10,000 per month. while 51 (13%) of them
earn between N10,00 and N20,000 per month. On the other hand, 47
(12%) of them earn from N20,000 and
above per month.
ANALYSIS OF
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Table vii:
View of
respondents on whether they own radio set in their homes.
|
option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
yes
|
389
|
97%
|
|
No
|
11
|
3%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
The
response from the table above shows that 97 percent (389) of the respondents
own at least a radio set in their their homes, while 3 percent of them state
otherwise. This implies that majority of the population of Enugu State own
radio, and therefore can be reached by radio messages.
Table viii:
Opinion of
respondents on whether they listen to FRCN radio station.
|
option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
yes
|
400
|
100%
|
|
No
|
-
|
-
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
The
table above shows that all the respondents agreed that they listen to radio messages,
even those who had earlier admitted not owning a radio set, stating that they
at least listen to that of their friends.
Table ix:
Opinion of Respondents on whether FRCN radio stations
devote adequate time to public enlightenment programmes as much as they do to
entertainment.
|
Option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
yes
|
124
|
31%
|
|
No
|
276
|
69
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
Majority
of the respondents as represented by 276 (89%) categorically stated that
adequate time is not devoted to public enlightenment programmes as compared to
time given to entertainment programmes by FRCN. Of the other hand, 124 (31%) of
the respondents however agreed that adequate time is devoted to public
enlightenment programmes
Table x:
Opinion of Respondents on whether FRCN radio stations
give consideration to urban listeners in programme planning than to rural
listeners.
|
option
|
No. of respondents
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Yes
|
276
|
69%
|
|
No
|
124
|
31
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
276
respondents representing 69 percent of the sampled respondents state that FRCN
consider urban listeners more than the rural listeners in their programme
planning.
However,
124 respondents representing 31 percent disagreed.
Table xi:
Opinion of Respondents on the extents to which FRCN do
better in rural programme coverage than other radio stations.
|
Extent
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Maximum extent
|
254
|
64%
|
|
Minimum extent
|
146
|
36%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
The
response in the table above shows that while 64 percent of the respondents
indicated maximum extent, 36 percent of them, however disagreed.
Table xii:
View of Respondents on whether they know any FRCN
radio programme on family planning.
|
Option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Yes
|
241
|
60%
|
|
No
|
159
|
40%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
241
respondent (60%), as seen in the table above stated that they know at least one
radio programme on family planning. On the other hand, 159 (40%) of them indicated
otherwise.
Table xiii:
View of Respondents on the extents to which the programme
affect their lives.
|
Extent
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Maximum extent
|
241
|
60%
|
|
Minimum extent
|
159
|
40%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
Table
XIII shows that while 241 responded representing 60 percent of the sampled
population indicated maximum extent respondents representing 40 percent stated that
the programme has minimum effect on their lives.
Table iv:
View of Respondents on whether they know what family
planning and child spacing is.
|
Option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Yes
|
298
|
75%
|
|
No
|
102
|
25%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
As
seen in the above table, while 298 respondents (75%) agreed that they actually
know what family planning is, 102 respondents (25%), on the other hand stated
that they do not know what family planning is. This implies that for maximum
effect more efforts should be made in enlightening the public (especially the
rural dwellers) on the importance of family planning.
Table xv:
Opinion of Respondents on the best family planning
method known to them.
|
Option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Total abstinence
|
156
|
39%
|
|
Natural family planning
|
100
|
25%
|
|
Oral
|
97
|
24%
|
|
Contraceptive
|
-
|
-
|
|
Other
|
47
|
12%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
The
table above shows that 156 respondents representing 39 percent of the sampled
population indicated total abstinence as the best method of family planning
known to them. Another 100 respondents representing 25 percent indicated natural
family planning as the best among other. While 97 respondents representing 24 percent
chose oral contraceptive, 47 respondents representing 12 percent indicated
others such as intra uterine contraceptive device (IUCD), withdrawal method, etc.
Table XVI:
Opinion of Respondents on whether radio has
effectively played its role in the campaign for family planning in Enugu state.
|
Option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Yes
|
149
|
37%
|
|
No
|
251
|
63%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
From
the table above, majority of the respondents as represented by 63 percent
indicated that radio has not effectively played its role in the campaign for
family planning in Enugu state. On the other hand, 149 respondents representing
37 percent agreed that radio has effectively played its role in the campaign for
family planning in Enugu state.
Table xvii:
Opinion of Respondents on whether there problems encountered
by radio in its bid to sensitize the rural people on the importance of family
planning.
|
Option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Yes
|
251
|
63%
|
|
No
|
149
|
37%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
As seen
from the table above, 251 respondents (63%) agreed that there are problems
encountered by radio in its bid to sensitize the rural people on the importance
of family planning. 149 respondents representing 37 percent, however, disagreed.
Table xviii:
Opinion of respondents on
whether there are solution to the problems encountered by radio in its bid to
spread information on family planning.
|
Option
|
No. of
respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Yes
|
251
|
63%
|
|
No
|
149
|
37%
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Source: Field survey, 2013.
251
respondents representing 63% of the sampled population indicated that there are
solutions to the problems encountered by radio in its bid to spread information
on family planning. 149 respondents representing 37% of them, however stated
that there is no solution to the problems encountered by radio in it bid to
spread information on family planning.
TEST OF TECHNIQUE
In order to make use of the
proportion of the normal curve and for effective and efficient analysis of data
collected, the researcher made use of “chi-square” in testing the hypothesis.
The chi-square is normally used
where the researcher wants to test that the proportion of the population posses
certain characteristics that is equal to some particular characteristics.
The
test therefore appears thus:
X2 = 
Where
X2 = chi square
Σ = sum total
O = Observed frequency
E = Expected frequency
Decision
criteria: Accept Ho if X2 0<X2E. if it is
other wise rejected.
Test
of Hypothesis 1
H1 The
FRCN designed programmes on farming planning and child spacing.
Ho The
FRCN did not designed programmes on farming planning and child spacing.
Source of test question (table xii):
|
s/n
|
Option
|
No. of Respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
1
|
Yes
|
241
|
60%
|
|
2
|
No
|
159
|
40%
|
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
Expected
frequency = Total observed
Total
number of opinion
= 
X2 =
Where
X2 = Chi-square
O = Observed frequency
E = Expected frequency
DF = Degree of Freedom
Level
of significance = 0.05
Chi-square
calculation
|
O
|
O-E
|
O-E
|
(O-E)
|
 |
|
241
|
200
|
41
|
1681
|
8.405
|
|
159
|
200
|
41
|
1681
|
8.405
|
|
400
|
400
|
0
|
X2
|
16.81
|
X2 = 
= 
= 8.405 +
8.405 = 16.81
Therefore
X2 = 16.81
Degree
of freedom
Formula = (r-1) (r -1)
= (2 -1) (2-1)
(1)
(1)
DF = 1
Therefore
X2 (0.05) = 3.84
Calculated
value = 16.81
Critical
value = 3,84
Decision
Rule: From
the hypothesis tested above, it was observed that the calculated value of 16.81
is greater than the critical value of 3.84 with one degree of freedom. Since
the calculated value of the alternate hypothesis which states that the FRCN
designed Programmes on family planning and child spacing is greater than the
critical value of the null hypothesis which says that the FRCN did not designed
programme on family planning and child spacing. The alternate hypothesis is accepted
while the null hypothesis is rejected.
TEST OF
HYPOTHESIS 2
H2 As a result of proper enlightenment on
family planning which FRCN have refrain positive contribution towards family
planning and child spacing.
Ho As a result of proper enlightenment the
FRCN did not refrain positive contribution towards family planning and child
spacing.
Source
of test question (table xiii)
|
s/n
|
Extent
|
No
of respondents
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
1
|
Maximum
extent
|
241
|
60%
|
|
2
|
Minimum
extent
|
159
|
40%
|
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
X2 =
Where O = Observed
frequency
E = Expected
frequency
DF = Degree
of frequency
Level of significance = 0.05
CHI-SQUARE
CALCULATION
|
O
|
E
|
O-E
|
(O-E)2
|
|
|
241
|
200
|
41
|
1681
|
8.405
|
|
159
|
200
|
41
|
1681
|
8.405
|
|
400
|
400
|
0
|
X2
|
16.81
|
X2 =
= 
= 
8.405
+
8.405 = 16.81
Therefore X2
= 16.81
Degrees
of freedom
Formular = (r-1) (c-1)
= (2-1) (2-1)
(1) (1)
DF = 1
Therefore
X2 (0.05) = 3.84
Calculated
value = 16.81
Critical
value = 3.84
Decision rule
If
the calculated chi square valve is higher than the critical value of 3.84 we
will accept the alternative hypothesis Hi and other wise reject null
hypothesis Ho.
Decision:
The hypothesis confirmed thus, that as a result of proper enlightenment on
family planning which FRCN have refrain positive contribution towards family
planning and child spacing Enugu metropolis.
Test of Hypothesis 3
H3 Despite the enlightenment from the FRNC
as media out-fit, still there are faced with audience non-compliance.
Ho The
non-compliance on family planning and child spacing have cause population
increase.
Source of test question (Table Xvii)
|
s/n
|
Option
|
No
of respondents
|
Percentage
%
|
|
1
|
Yes
|
251
|
63%
|
|
2
|
No
|
149
|
37%
|
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
X2 =
Where O = Observed
frequency
E = Expected
frequency
Df = Degree
of Freedom
Level of significance = 0.05
Chi-square calculation
|
O
|
E
|
O-E
|
(O-E)2
|
|
|
251
|
200
|
51
|
102
|
0.51
|
|
149
|
200
|
51
|
102
|
0.51
|
|
400
|
400
|
0
|
X2
|
1.02
|
X2 =
= 
+ 
+
= 
= 
+ 
+
= 0.51
+ 0.51 = 1.02
:. X2 = 1.02
Degree of Freedom
Formula = ( r
-1) (c-1)
(
2 – 1) (2 -1)
(1) (1)
DF = (i)
:. X2 (0.05) = 3.84
Calculated value = 1.02
Critical value = 3.84
Decision
Rule
From
the hypothesis tested above, it was observed that the calculated value of 1.02
is less than the critical value of 3.84 with one degree of freedom. Since the
calculated value of the alternate hypothesis states that the non-compliance of
family planning and child spacing have cause population increase is greater
than the calculated value of the positive hypothesis which says that despite
the enlightenment form the FRCN as media out-fit, still there are faced with
audience non-compliance, the alternate hypothesis is accepted while the
positive hypothesis is rejected.
TEST OF
HYPOTHESIS 4
H4 As
a result of increase in population the masses have adopted family planning and
child spacing as a preventive measure.
Ho Increase
in population is because the masses did not adopted preventive measure for family planning and
child spacing.
Source of test question: (table xviii)
|
s/n
|
Option
|
No
of respondents
|
Percentage
%
|
|
1
|
Yes
|
251
|
63%
|
|
2
|
No
|
149
|
37%
|
|
|
Total
|
400
|
100%
|
X2 =
Where O = Observed
frequency
E = Expected
frequency
Df = Degree
of Freedom
Level of significance = 0.05
Chi-square calculation
|
O
|
E
|
O-E
|
(O-E)2
|
|
|
251
|
200
|
51
|
102
|
0.51
|
|
149
|
200
|
51
|
102
|
0.51
|
|
400
|
400
|
0
|
X2
|
1.02
|
X2 =
= +
+
=
= +
+
= 0.51
+ 0.51 = 1.02
:. X2 = 1.02
Degree of Freedom
Formula = ( r
-1) (c-1)
(
2 – 1) (2 -1)
(1) (1)
DF = (i)
Therefore X2 (0.05) = 3.84
Calculated value = 1.02
Critical value = 3.84
Decision rule
From the hypothesis tested above, it was observed that
the calculated value of 1.02 is less than the critical value of 3.84 with one
degree of freedom. Since the calculated value of the alternate hypothesis
states that increase in population is because the masses did not adopted
preventive measure for family planning and child spacing is greater than the
calculated value of the positive hypothesis which says that As a result of
increase in population the masses have adopted family planning and child
spacing as a preventive measure. The alternate hypothesis is accepted while the
positive hypothesis is rejected.
Discussion
of findings
In
the course of carrying out this research work, the following were the finding
of the researcher.
That
the impact of FRCN in the campaign for family planning and child spacing has a
positive impact in the lives of the people of Enugu state as seen in the
representing 60% of the total respondents say that FRCN programmes helps in
promoting the programme son family planning and child spacing, where as 159
persons representing 40% or the respondents say that FRCN programmes can not
help in promoting family planning and child spacing.
As a
result of proper enlightment on family planning which FRCN have refrain
positive contributing towards family planning and child spacing in Enugu
metropolis and to elicit the response form the audience. Table XIII was used to
address the situation and in compliance to this, 241 respondents representing
60% said that FRCN has made tremendous impact toward family planning. While 159
persons representing 40% of the total respondents say that the FRCN is not
living up to their responsibly.
The
things I discovered in this work was that FRNC radio stations encounter
problems such as language usage in programme packaging for rural people, and
that adequate emphasis is not place on family planning sensitization. This was
addressed in table xvii as 251 respondents representing 67% out of 400
respondents reach in Enugu state agreed that government, NGOs and other well
meaning individuals should encourage (through the radio) the adoption of
effective family planning method; the peculiarities of rural communities in
Enugu in terms of language, norms, factors should be considered in the design
of family planning programmes on radio media.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This study was aimed at
investigating the role of radio in the campaign for family planning in Nigeria with
special focus on Enugu metropolis. Also investigated were. FRCN programmes on
family planning, and the impact these programmes have on the lives of the rural
people.
Related literatures were reviewed under
the following headings: population growth and the need for family planning, the
role of radio in the campaign for family planning and child spacing in Enugu,
theoretical orientation and all the related strands were tied together in the
summary of literature review.
In carrying out the study, four
research questions were tested using percentages and free quencies method of
data analysis.
The study established three things
a. There are
designed programmes on family planning and child spacing by FRCN radio
stations. Programmes such as ‘Health watch’, today women and ‘Radio Drama’ that
portray, in details, the importance and effectiveness of family planning in the
country.
b. That
the radio stations FRCN have made little or no significant impact in the lives
of the people in Enugu in terms of family planning sensitization.
c. That there
are lapses faced by FRCN radio stations in effectively reaching the people of Enugu
as regard to family planning some of the lapses include little or no
consideration given to the people in programmes packaging; English Language is more often used in programme packaging
especially those concerning family planning.
Another submission of this study is that adequate
emphasis is not placed on the importance of family planning, as more
entertainment programmes are given prominence rather than sensitize on the need
for family planning
CONCLUSION
Radio as an audio medium has the capacity to cut
through the barriers of illiteracy and poor in infrastructural facilities which
could limit the ability of the print media to reach large audiences. It also has
other peculiarities which make it the true mass medium, it term of reaching a
mass audience in the developing world such as Nigeria. It is relatively cheap
and can operate without electricity; it is therefore within the reach of the
rural dwellers than television which can also transcend such barriers as
illiteracy and infrastructural facilities.
The need to spread information about
effective child spacing and family planning cannot be overemphasized,
especially a third world country such as Nigeria where population is
continuously on the increase amidst less resources. To effectively achieve this,
these has to be solutions to the identified lapses / problems faced by radio in
its bid to sensitize the rural people Enugu state.
RECOMMENDATIONS
If local communities in Nigeria hope
to effectively grapple with the challenges of inflated family size female
genital mutilation, “area boys” cultism in the streets, sexually transmitted infections,
HIV/AIDS, malnutrition among others, which are threatening to tear down
families in rural as well as urban areas, there is the need to find better ways
of disseminating the information on family planning and ensure behaviour
change. This study suggests that the radio media is a critical component of
effecting this much desired change. It is on the strength of the fact that the
broadcast media have played and would continue to play to key role in spreading
the messages of family planning to rural dwellers that the following
recommendations are made:
1. Radio
/ family planning programmers and other stakeholders including the government
should find a way of skirting round the problem of the non-adoption of
effective family planning methods and strategies among rural Nigerians.
2. The
radio programmes designed to achieve this objective must emphasize that family
planning is by choice, not by chance. In other words, families should give
birth to the number of children they can emotionally, financially, physically
and psychologically, take care.
3. Increasing
use of radio media in rural areas as a way of reducing the level of ignorance
or incidence of misapplied family planning methods must be encouraged.
REFERENCES
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Babalola, M. (1986). Family Planning media services
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Federal government of Nigeria (2006). The National
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