Growth: It is the steady process by which the productive capacity to
the economy is increased over to bring about rising levels of national income Todaro, (1977) in Anyanwu
(p. 405 -206). Economics growth thus refers to the volume of output in the
current year vis-Ã -vis the volume of output in a chosen previous year, it
overlooks the distribution of and hence the well-being of the citizens in the
economy.
While
economic development is generally
defined to include improvements in materials welfare especially for
persons with lowest incomes, the
eradication and early
death, changes in the composition of inputs and outputs that general include shifts in the underlying structure of
production away from agricultural
towards industrial activities Kindle Berger and Herriek
1977)
Development: It is a multi
dimensional process involving the provision of basic needs acceleration of
economic growth, reduction of inequality and unemployment, eradication of
absolute poverty as well as change in attitudes,
institutions and structures in the economy; Todaro (1977) in Anyanwu (P
405-405). Development is the process whereby the level of national production
(that is national income) or per capital income increases over a period of time.
THEORIES
OF DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT WERE VARIOUSLY PERCEIVED COMPLEMENT THESE
VIEWS WITH STAGE THEORISTS POSTULATION.
These
theories of development and under development are variously perceived in this
form:
a. climate theory
b. Sociological theory
c. Colonial dependency
theory
d. Puritanical theory
e. Predestiuation theory
To
complement development and under
development theories with stage
theorists postulations . these stages theorists
are not different from theories
of development and under development.
One of the theorists W.W. ROSTW outline
five stages of development
1. Traditional stage
2. Pre-condition for take –off
3. Take-off
4. Drive to maturity
5. Maturity stage
While
Karl Marx as a theorist postulated five stages which include the following:
a. Communal stage
b. Slave owing stage
c. Feudal stage
d. Capitalistic stage
e. Socialistic stage
That is to say development and underdevelopment
theories with stages of development made by theses theorists
are not different only that they
explain them the way they
perceived them it should better
done for development to be rapidly take place and why
underdevelopment in some countries started and what cause it and ways
to development.
PECULIARITIES OF SECOND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PLAN SERVE AS A PRELUDE TO 3RD NDP (A) WHAT FACTORS ARE RESPONSIBLE
FOR SINGLING 2ND NDP AS UNIQUE. (B) HOW DOES 3RD NDP
COMPLEMENT IT?
a.
The factors responsible
for singling 2nd NDP as
unique are follows
·
Because of the
increment on amount of money voted
on 2nd NDP made it unique
·
United strong and
reliance society
·
For great dynamic society
Other
peculiarities of 2nd NDP singling its uniqueness are the achievements
which include
1. Reconstruction of projects
2. Rehabilitation and
3. Reconciliation programme was introduced such
as NYSC
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF EXTREME POVERTY
AND WHAT POLITICS HAVE MOST EFFECTIVE TO IMPROVE THE POOREST OF THE POOR?
Before then we need to understand the term extreme
poverty. Any way is a very fearing word
because when a country or someone is
under extreme poverty is even better for
such person to die off because he can
provide what he/ she will eat
neither for the family member
and if it is a country here citizens will die for not have access to social amenities or basic things life needed .
Extreme poverty: Is a epidemic, cankerworm, suffering, agonizing which
come as a result of lack of water, food, electricity, health care, good access road
and other lack of basic social
amenities trigger off a country. Is the work of mankind and only
mankind can destroy it: Joseph Wresinski
Causer
of extreme poverty: These are includes:
a.
Political regime and dictatorship : Here, politicians were highly corrupt and had economic
programmes which did not benefit or
create growth, development, employment
and education but in stead made the rich richer and poor poorer
in the society and when economic wealth
of any nation was in
the hands of a dictatorship rather than being dispersed out to the people
b.
Physical geography and disease: There are
great widespread famines
and lack of healthcare in poor developing counties were
to blame. These factors such as the lack of crops in poorer countries,
which made it impossible to produce
food, in effect leading to starvation and an increase of famines
c.
Wester counties and the global order: Some of western countries include united state and
united states are to be blame for the plight of the poor in destitute counties. The colonialisation
period example Nigeria and Zimbabwe where
colonialism had exploited the
countries and lead to tribal
divisions, religions conflict and civil war under the colonial period, valuable resources
such as diamonds and oil were taken from these counties and given to western
countries which have arguably caused long-term poverty in sub-saharan Africa.
The current global order is to be blame with certain
dominant global powers and international organizations such as the world trade organization
and the international monetary fund not doing enough to help the plight of the
poor in impoverished countries.
Lack
of good qualitative education: a national that plays with educational sector is
doom to suffer any kind of disease which is extreme poverty that has no cure even
with kind of medicine. So a country with
no regard on education of her citizens faced with this challenge extreme
poverty which paralyzed all other sectors.
PLANNING UNDER MILITARY DISPENSATION IN
CAPITALIST MARKET ECONOMY IS A FARCE
POSTULATE IDEAL PLANNING SITUATION IN AND INDUCTIVE ECONOMICS
Planning
is all about making decisions and soling problems planning might also include
specifying milestones or deliverables to be produced, and timeline for
achieving the objectives and milestones
Planning
are only good intensions unless they immediately degenerate into hard work. It
is upon this bases that we wish to recommend ideal planning situation in
directive and inductive economy
Economic
planning refers to any directing
planning of economic activity outside the mechanisms of the
market in this case, planning is an
economic mechanism for resource allocation
and decision making held in antrast with the market mechanism where
planning refers to the direct allocation
of resource
Most
economics are mixed economics, incorporating elements of market and planning
for distribution of inputs and outputs
In
directive and inductive economics a lot of factors combine to form an ideal
planning situation. They are as fellows:
An
ideal planning situation must have the following features under a directive
economy
·
There must be
systematic knowledge of available resources this involves a comprehensive
survey of existing and potential resources of the country.
·
There must be a central planning authority
(planning commission in Nigeria) to prepare and
definite plan
·
Development planning must have definite objectives
·
On the basis of
the objective of a plan, the planning authority will set targets for the
different sectors of the economy.
·
Planning
authority will allocate resources among
the various sectors of the economy to
fulfill the targets
·
A definite time will
be fixed to fulfill the targets
In
directive and inductive economics, planning can take various forms and styles
we can have transformational planning
which is type of planning that
embraces all sphezes of
economy. It is centralized planning equipped
with harsh powers of command, in transformational planning resources are
allocated by a centralized administration not by the mechanism of price. In
transformational planning, the use of capital, land and labour is untimely
brought within the supervision of such administration decision on the outputs
are also taken by administration it is compulsive and directive and hence regimentation
is the consequence. In this type of planning state acts as a collective capitalists.
It is contrary to democracy.
Indeed,
development planning in a directive economy is ideal. Development planning
involves
(i)
Assessment of
resources which can be assembled for the total planning efforts.
(ii) The
distribution of resources aiming various sectors of the economy
(iii) External
direction or regulation of the nation economy by a governmental agency in order
to increase the pace of development.
The
following are the trod objector of development planning which makes it suitable
for directive and in due five economies first it helps to achieve full and
stable employment. Sadly, it leads to letter utilization of productive resources. In contrast, resources are not properly
utilized in free market economy. Thirdly,
it helps to achieve price stability. Here government organs are used to
stabilize the price amidst all odds
In
induction, the successful implementation of plan for economic growth and
development in a directive economy depends largely on the conditions and
circumstances preventing in the country.
In this case, the recommended planning situations includes
(a)
Reliable and efficient government.
Ran means strong and efficient government that can give directives to move
the economy.
(b)
Credible planning agency
(c)
Purposeful administration
(d)
Adequate find
(e)
Functional data base
(f) Balanced
economy
1.
In the economy
there as seven steps to successful project planning which are
2.
Every project
needs a road map with clearly defined goals that should not change after the
first phase of the project has been completed.
3.
Develop a list of
deliverables and make sure all project
team members are familiar with the list
4.
A document that
clearly outlines all project milestones and activities required to
complete the project should be created
and maintained
5.
Budget for each
project should be created
6.
Project manager should choose team members
who can partner together
7.
Progress report guidelines should be created and made monthly, weekly
or daily as the case may be
8.
Identify risks
involved in project execution and
discuss alternatives with chief
executives
These
step should get you started with delivering your project on time within your
budget, under directive and inductive economy.
THE FOUR POINTS AGENDA OF THE INCUMBENT
GOVERNOR OF ENUGU STATE STEM FROM THE GLOBAL AGENDA OF MDGS (2020). EXPLAIN HOW
THESE AGENDA COULD FACILITATE RTHE MATEIRALSIATION OF THE VISION 2020
We
then we need to outline four points
agenda of governor Enugu State which includes
a. Physical infrastructure development
b. Economic expansion
and employment
c. rural development
d. service delivery
While
the global agenda of MDGs 2020 are include
1. Eradicating extreme poverty and
hunger
2. Achieving
universal primary education
3. Promoting gender equality and empower
4. Reducing child mortality
5. Improving material healthcare
6. Combating the hiv/aids and malaria scourge
7. Ensuring
environmental sustainability
8. Developing a global partnership for development.
The
agenda of incumbent Governor Enugu can help a lot to facilitate the materialization
of the vision 2020 because it anchor on
infrastructural development which a lot of projects such as road construction,
building of different classrooms in some schools and electricity as well
However,
these agenda of Governor Enugu state can help vision 2020 to materialize on the area of economic
expansion and empower this has to do by empowering people of Enugu which
include men and women who will take Enugu State tomorrow to a greater light after
the limelight of “Surlvan Chime” of them there are so many projects from four points
agenda that will make vision 2020 to materialized.
ECONOMIC PLANNERS IN NIGIERA ARE
APPLAUDED FOR SOUND PLAN FORMULATION BUT CASTIGATED FOR ATYSONAL FAILURE IN
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION DISCUSS
Economic
panning refers to any directing or planning of economic activity outside the mechanisms of the market.
Planning is an economic mechanism for resource allocation and decision –making held
in contrast with market mechanism where
panning refers to direct allocation of resources.
Nigeria
has mixed economics, incorporating elements of markets and planning for
distribution of inputs and outputs. In
effect the level of canalization of
decision making in the planning process
ultimately depend on the type of planning
mechanism employed.
Economic
planning can apply to production, investments, distribution or all three of these
functions over the years Nigeria are applauded for sound plan formulation Nigeria
economy has been piloted with champs of development planning hat span through
years. But the handicap that has always bedeviled this plan is poor
implementation mechanisms.
Theoretically development plans of any sort involve decorate efforts on the part of government to speed up the process of social and
economic development of a country like Nigeria economic plans are useful
for provision of policy framework
within which the economy and other sectors
operate. Today development plans has always served as a course of actions that
should be followed to amole at ensage
economic goals of the society
The
essence of economic planning by
government therefore is that it could make a conscious choice regarding the rate and direction of growth. it is therefore
reasonable to say that
through a national comprehensive plan, it will be
possible to make rational decisions to achieve deliberate consistent and well –
balanced action towards socio – economic development and good governance.
A
body known as national economics’ council
was set up in 1955 to coordinate
the nations growth in line with
the recommendations of the world bank mission to Nigeria this later led to preparation of national
development plans with which Nigeria
is been
piloted.
Since 1960
therefore, Nigeria has formulated
and launched development plans
which has made it possible for
government to articulate policies in
the following areas equitable
distribution of income, increase
in employment opportunities, improvement
in social services and efficient
allocation of available resources to eliminate waste
Preparing
and implementing development plan thus
becomes one of the
way by which successive government no Nigeria
before and after the country’s
independence have been trying to better the socio-economic conditions of
Nigerian citizen
This
is because policies contained in such development plans touch on the various
aspects of the society, which include the political, economic, educational,
social, and agricultural sectors.
Good as this economic plans may sound in 1986 ,
there was a gradual movement towards a
cessation of national development plans and subsequent failures in
the implementation of such plans in Nigeria it is important to note that this has made the business of governance, haphazard in the country.
Plans were succeeded by counter plans and each and in abysmal failures arising
from numerous factors.
It
is important to note that real
journey towards neglecting
the tradition of development planning and skillful pursuit of
the objectives of development
plans in Nigeria started with the Babngida
administration. In response to the problems encounter during the
4th national
development plan period, the Babangida administration suspended in
October 1998 the idea of a
five year development
plan which had hitherto almost
became a well established
traditions
Substantial
facts in our economic history show cases evidences that military
intervention in 1966 and its
subsequent prolonged rule in Nigeria
become the genesis of
funcating the process of adhering to nation development planning as a strategy for
economic and social development.
What the nation has inherited in the absence of well-articulated
development plan are budget frauds,
road contract scandals, oil scams and unchallenged or unchecked high
level of financial corruption at all levels of government in Nigeria.
It
is however imperative to note that
since the recommencement of democratic government on
may 29th, 1999,
the administration of
president Olusegun Obasanjo has
begun a series of bold economic and
political reforms to put the country back on a sound economic
and political footing.
Today
we can easily recount the problem associated with poor implementation of articulated
plans in
Nigeria to include:
1.
Political instability which often lead to change in
plans
2.
Inadequate
capital which makes plan difficult to
achieve
3.
Misplacement of
priorities which most time diverts
investments to projects that yield no economic outputs to the people
4.
Insufficient
statistical data which places most plans
on wrong projections
5.
Inadequateness killed
personnel which makes plan
implementation difficult
6.
Rapid
population growth which tend
to destabilize planning
7.
Over-reliance on
foreign aid leads to abysmal failures
8.
Corruption and nepotism
has affected our planning by bussing decisions on selfish and parodual
considerations.
9.
Burden of economic
plans
The
predicaments are manifestations of neglecting practice of development planning
in Nigeria which denies Nigeria the required blue print for development. What this
means is that the level of development in Nigeria today does not match the
level of resources available. This is the result of high level of corruption
which lack of adequate resource
utilization for development has made
possible.