CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Effective teaching of any subject
depends on the availability and utilization of suitable instructional
materials. This is mostly noticed in the vocational subjects such as business
studies. Nwije (1999) emphasized that instructional material are intrinsic part
of the teaching and learning process and that achievement of the aims and
objective of education depends primarily on the proper utilization of
instructional materials.
BUY THE COMPLETE WORK: INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN ADAMAWA STATE
National Teachers Institutes (2002)
defined instructional material as those materials which promote the
effectiveness of instruction and help the teacher to communicate more
effectively. Also Ifeagwu (2000) stated that instructional materials
facilitates teaching of subject matter with increasing effectiveness at all
levels of learning. The same vein, Ughamadu (1992) defined instructional
materials as the resource that the teacher and students use to influence the
effectiveness of teaching and learning process.
However, Fadeije (2005) noted that
it is the creative use of such resources that will increase the probability of
making the students learn and improve their performance of skills that are to
be developed. Bozimo and Ikwumadu (2002) grouped instructional materials into
reading materials, Audio-Visual materials and non-reading materials.
According to Esene and Oluweri
(2005) business subject have not been popular in the Nigerian secondary schools
because of the bias against vocational education. The public perception of
business subjects which forms part of vocational education is education for the
school drop outs. This is further reinforced by the attitude of Nigerian
parents who prefer the conventional grammar schools to business schools whose
curricular were directed toward the training of secretarial and clerical
personnel. This erroneous impression was corrected by the release of the
national policy on education. The policy which recommended the 6-3-34
educational system was instrumental to the inclusion of business subject in the
secondary school curriculum at the junior secondary level, prevocational
subjects were introduced, and they were, Home economics, Introductory
Technology, Practical Agriculture and business studies.
Business studies consist of aspect
of Book-keeping, shorthand, typewriting, commerce, office practice and computer
which are integrated. In order to develop and progress in business studies,
there is need to emphasize the actual practical performance in business
education. Therefore, this study is focused on the utilization of instructional
materials in teaching business studies in Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi
State.
Statement of the Problem
One of the aims of business
education in any level is to develop within an individual the knowledge, skill,
abilities and attitudes that would enable such individual to use sound
reasoning in making personal decision as a consumer of goods and services. But
unfortunately, students in the Junior Secondary School perform poorly in JSSCE
and this made the researcher to ask whether the available instructional
materials meant for teaching of business studies in Ikwo Local Government Area
are effectively utilized or that the students do not make use of such materials
while learning. Therefore, the study will focus on the extent of using
available instructional materials for effective teaching and learning of
business studies.
Purpose of the Study
The general purpose of the study is
to determine the extent of utilizing available instructional materials for
effective teaching of business studies in Ikwo Local Government Area.
Specifically, the study tends to:
1. Identify
the availability of instructional materials for business studies teaching
2. Determine
whether teachers make use of the available instructional materials while
teaching.
3. Determine
whether students are interested in learning with the available instructional
material.
4. Determine
some problems encounter by teachers in utilizing the instructional materials.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be
beneficial to:
_ Business studies teachers.
_ Jss Students studying business studies
_ Principals
_ Curriculum planners
(a) Business Studies Teachers: It will be
beneficial to business studies teachers because they will understand the importance
of using instructional materials in teaching business studies and this will
enhance their performance as teachers.
(b) JSS Students Studying Business Studies:
Students will benefit as they will be aware of the available instructional
materials for business studies teaching and make effort to have theirs.
(c) Principals: Principals of individual
schools will benefit from this study as they will make use of the data to
request for instructional materials and finally,
(d) Curriculum Planners: Curriculum
planners will utilize the result of this study to adjust the content of
business studies in the secondary schools.
Research
Questions
The following research questions
were formulated to guide the study.
(1) To what
extent are instructional materials available for teaching business studies?
(2) To what
extent do teachers make use of the available instructional materials while
teaching?
(3) To what
extent do students have interest in learning within the available instructional
materials?
(4) What
are the problems usually encountered by the teachers in utilizing the
instructional materials?
Scope of the
Study
This study is concentrated on the
utilization of instructional materials in teaching business studies in the
secondary schools in Ikwo Local Government Area, Junior Secondary Schools
Students and business studies teachers are to be focused.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The discussion of the findings was
done according to the four research questions that guided that study. The 4 research
questions were as follow:
(1) To what
extent are instructional materials available for teaching business studies?
(2) To what
extent do teachers make use of the available instructional materials while
teaching?
(3) To what
extent do students have interest in learning within the available instructional
material?
(4) What
are the problems usually encountered by the teachers in utilizing the
instructional materials?
The finding in table 1, showed that
the available instructional materials for teaching business studies in Junior
secondary schools include; The chalk board, the bulletin board, chart, over
head projector, dictating machines, tape recorder, type writer and computer.
This is in line with the observation of Onu (2003) who states that the use of
instructional materials in business studies.
Stimulates the desire of students to learning
and arouses interest in them.
The findings in table 11 showed that
discussion method, demonstrative method, inductive approach method, model
office plan method, drilling method were identified as method used by teachers
in utilization of instructional material in teaching business studies. As a
result, one may not doubt the authenticity of the finding of Okoro (1993) that
teaching method is a procedure for utilizing resources and providing
opportunities for students to encounter the content.
The findings in table 111 showed the
facts expressed by respondents on students interest in using instructional
materials while learning business studies, which confirms that students
interest is paramount in the use of instructional materials, in teaching and
learning activities indicates their interest in that particular activity. In
terms of learning, students are prone to learn more effectively in those things
that seem to interest them. Students interest and attitude have a far reaching
effect on the study of business studies considering the finding of study on
students interest.
It
is the researcher’s conviction that students like to carry out activities in
which their personal goals, values and interest are reflected; content and
learning experiences selected in relation to student’s interest give them
satisfaction.
The findings in table iv showed that
teachers encounter a lot of problems in utilizing the available instructional
materials which indicates that teachers lack time to utilize the instructional materials
effectively, this is in line with Obi (1999). Another one is that teachers do
not have basic knowledge and skill for effective utilization of the
instructional materials. Rapid change in technology has thrown some teachers
out of balance. Poor finding for the maintenance and acquiring up-to-date
equipments and that teacher need in service training to measure up to the new
trend.
CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter highlighted the
re-statement of the problem, summary, conclusion and recommendations.
Re-Statement of the Problem
This study is aimed at identifying
the utilization of the available instructional materials for effective teaching
of business studies in Junior secondary schools in Ikwo local Government Area
of Ebonyi State. This was due to the failure and poor performance of students
in this subject over years in Junior Secondary school. Unfortunately, it has
been discovered that most students who claim to have studied business studies
do not possess the required skill to help consolidate in the area of business
studies. Teachers in this field tend to teach the very little they know and
most cannot even boast of the practical aspect. This leads to degradation in
business education, where by teachers produce quack students.
Description of Procedures Used
The questionnaire was used as an
instrument for collection of data for this study, containing twenty (20) item
statements administered to respondent in 20 secondary schools in Ikwo LGA of
Ebonyi state.
The data collected were analyzed
using mean to answer the questions the researcher found other means in which
the problem can be solved or improved. A number of questions were also formed
to guide the study and this is related to the available instructional materials
for teaching business studies, method used by teachers in the utilization of
instructional materials in teaching business studies, interest of the students,
teaching and learning business studies and the problems encountered by the
teacher in the utilization of instructional material while teaching business
studies.
BUY THE COMPLETE WORK: INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN ABUJA F.C.T
Principal Findings
The principal finding of these study
are the available materials used for teaching business studies which includes:-
The chalk board, the bulletin board, chart, overhead project, dictating machine
typewriter and computer, it is also discovered that the method used by teaching
in the utilization of instructional materials in teaching business studies are:
Discussion method and demonstrative method inductive approach method, model
office plan method, drilling method and field trip method. It was also
discovered that students like to carry out activities in which their personal
goals, values, motives and interest are reflected, content and learning
experiences, selected in relation to students interest give them satisfaction,,
the more interested a child is in what a teacher is teaching, the more
attention he will pay to it and so on. The findings of the study further
indicates that teachers do encounter some problems while utilizing the
instructional materials which includes that some teachers do not have enough
time to utilize the instructional material effectively, some teachers do not
have basic knowledge and skill for effective utilization of instructional
materials, rapid change in technology has thrown some teachers out of balanced
and poor finding for the maintenance and acquiring up-to-date equipment.
Implication Of The Study
The findings of this study have
implication for teachers, parents and government. Business studies teachers
should allot more time to the teaching of business studies, so that both the
theoretical and practical aspect will be well taught. Teachers should once in a
while give students time to practice with the available instructional materials
to enable them improve in their skill. Also they should try to up grade their
knowledge by engaging on work shop and reading book related to business
studies.
The study have also implication for
the parents as well as government parents should try as much as they can to
help children develop their skills by encouraging them when they are carrying
out their assignment or mid-tern projects. They should also help in providing
the students with some of the materials they need for their studies. Also the
government should utilize the result of the study to provide the inadequate
instructional material that are not available for the teaching of business
studies in junior secondary schools of Ebonyi State.
Conclusion
This study aimed at identifying the
utilization of the available instructional materials for the effective teaching
of business studies in Junior secondary schools of Ebonyi State. In the course
of the study, various questions were formulated to guide the study, these
related to the available instruction materials for teaching business studies in
Junior Secondary Schools. Method of utilization of instructional materials by
business studies teachers, student’s interest in teaching and learning business
studies with the available instructional materials and problems encounter by
teachers in utilizing the instructional materials in teaching business studies.
The respondent posited that the
following method are normally used in teaching and learning of business studies
in Junior Secondary Schools are Discussion methods and demonstration method,
inductive approach method, model office plan method, drilling method, and field
trip method.
The available instructional
materials in teaching business studies in Junior Secondary schools are: Chalk
board, bulletin board, over head projector, dictating machine, typewriter and
computer. The study reveals that student can easily be captured by the use of
instructional materials and also students like to carry out activities in which
their personal goals, values and interest are reflected.
This study also identify the
problems teachers encounter in utilizing the instructional material in teaching
business studies which includes lack of time to utilize the instructional
materials. Teachers do not have basic skills for effective utilization of the instructional
materials, poor funding for the maintenance and acquiring up-to-date equipment
and rapid change in technology, which hs thrown some teachers out of balance.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, the following
recommendations were made:-
(1) Business
studies should be given enough timetables to enable students to learn properly
and master it.
(2) Business
studies should be introduced to study in their early days, this is to enable
them learn theoretically and also give them room for practical work before the
student graduates.
(3) Instructional
materials should be made available during business studies lessons in order to
stimulate learning and arouse student’s interest in learning.
(4) Effective
method of teaching should be adopted by teachers teaching business studies.
(5) Contemporary
instructional materials should be used in teaching business studies in order to
help student measures up-to the new technology.
Suggestion
for Further Studies
The researcher suggests that further
studies should be carried out in the following areas:-
(1) Adequacy
and availability of business studies facilitates for teaching business studies
in Junior Secondary Schools.
(2) The
effect of business studies equipment on the students comprehension of business
studies.
(3) Selection
of significant instructional materials for teaching business studies in Junior
Secondary Schools.
(4) Problems
of inadequate provision of instructional materials in the study of business
studies in Junior Secondary Schools in Ikwo LGA of Ebonyi State.
BUY THE COMPLETE WORK: INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN KOGI STATE
REFERENCES
Bozimo, and Ikwumadu (2000) Foundation of vocational Education. Nsukka Faluda publishing
company.
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role of teachers in selected innovative schools in Ibadan. Teachers
Educational Press.
Dike, C(2003) Ineffective
classroom communication. The bane of knowledge and understanding the
educator magazine (vol. 18 page 24-28).
Esene, N. (2007) The
principles of Educational technology in educational foundation: Enugu. TMC
Publishers company.
Eya, E. (1999) The
status of construction Material in schools. Journal of curriculum development
organization of Nigeria. Vol.1. page 67-73 publisher limited.
Eya, P.E (2000) The
basic of Educational Technology, Enugu J.Tc Publisher.
Eze, I. (2003) Audio
Visual methods in business Education. Onitsha Generation Publisher Limited.
Eze, K.C. (2006) Lecture Note presented on Teaching
methodology. Abakaliki, Ebonyi State University.
Fadenje, B.O. (2005) The Fundamentals of Education technology in Nigeria: Ondo. Wisdom
Publisher Limited.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004) National Policy on Education (Revised
Edition) Lagos. Federal Ministry of Information printing Division.
Ibitayo, A. (2001). The place of instructional materials in curriculum Development. A Journal of Nigerian Education Research
Council 2 (2) p.103.
Igboke, S.A (2005) Principles
and practice in business Education. Enugu Jones Communication Publishers
limited.
Ijeagwu, C.O. (2000) Production and utilization of Educational technology materials. Education technology in Nigerians Education.
Owerri Landmark Publishing company.
Jones, F.S (1970) Introduction
to business management analysis New York: Wasley publishing company.
Nenje, C.E. (1999) Principles
and methods of business and computer Education. Enugu. Cheatum Agency
Limited.
Nwani, A. (2004) Curriculum
development in education. Abia, Mba Printing and Publishing company
limited.
Obi, C. A.C. (1999) The Teaching of business studies, Unpublished lecture Note, University of
Nigeria Nsukka.
Obi, C.A.
(1999) Curriculum Modification and
standards in Business Education. A paper presented at the annual conference
of NABE. Port-Harcourt.
Ofoefula, M. O (1996) The basic of Educational technology. Enugu ITC publisher.
Okapala, E. (1999) Technology
Utilization in business Education Business Education Journal vol. 3 p 105.
Okorie, E.O. (1998) New Emphasis in curriculum
pre-vocational training. A journal of
Nigeria Education research Association. Vol. 5 p 123
Okoro, P. (2005) Resources
and techniques for enhancing learning in primary schools. Abia peoples
publishing limited.
Okoro, S.A. (2000) The
Business teachers Education curriculum. Business Education Journal vol. 10
pp. 120.
Onwuka, O.C. (1990). Vocational Education in Nigeria A paper presented at the NABE Annual
conference Nsukka. 4- 7 June
Osuala, E.C (2004) Fundamentals
of Business education in Nigeria Owerri. Cape Publishers international
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Osuala, E.C. (1995) Foundation of Vocational Education. Nsukka Faluda Publishing
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Tone. F. (1963) Vocational
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Conference of the Nigeria Teachers Association of Nigeria Nsukka 6-9 July.
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A
(1) Sex: male 1 Female 1
(2) Status: Teacher
1 Students 1
(3) Name of
school--------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Local
Government Area---------------------------------------------------
SECTION B
Please
tick (ü) in any option that
suits your opinions with regard to each of the research question: Very Great
Extent (VGE) Great Extent (GE) Less Extent (LE) Very Less Extent (VLE)
QUESTION 1
Response
on the extent of available instructional materials for teaching business
studies
S/No
|
Item
statement
|
VGE
|
GE
|
LE
|
VLE
|
1
|
There
are more that 20 typewriters used in teaching business studies
|
||||
2
|
Computers
have been used to teach business studies instead of typewriters.
|
||||
3
|
There
is no space for typing lessons
|
||||
4
|
There
is no tape recorder for teaching shorthand
|
||||
5
|
There
is no overhead projector for previewing dictations.
|
Question
II responses on the extent in which teachers make use of the available
instruction materials while teaching.
S/No
|
Item
statement
|
VGE
|
GE
|
LE
|
VLE
|
6
|
The
business studies teachers use inductive approach in teaching
|
||||
7
|
The
teacher dictates interesting outlines during shorthand
|
||||
8
|
the
teachers uses model office plan in teaching office practice
|
||||
9
|
The
business teachers takes us on field trip for learning
|
||||
10
|
Business
studies teachers uses drilling in teaching typewriting
|
Question
III responses on students interest in learning business studies with the
available instructional material
S/No
|
Item
statement
|
VGE
|
GE
|
LE
|
VLE
|
11
|
Students
like to carry out activities in which their personal goals, values, motives
and interest are reflected.
|
||||
12
|
Content
and learning experiences selected in relation to students interest give them
satisfaction
|
||||
13
|
The
more interested a child is in what the teacher is teaching, the more
attention he will pay.
|
||||
14
|
Students
interest and attitude can affect the learning of business studies positively
or negatively
|
||||
15
|
Students
interest is easily captured by the use of instructional materials
|
Question
IV: response on the problems usually encountered by teachers in utilizing the
instructional materials.
S/No
|
Item
statement
|
VGE
|
GE
|
LE
|
VLE
|
16
|
Teachers
do not have enough time to utilize the instructional materials effectively
|
||||
17
|
Some
teachers do not have basic knowledge and skill for effective utilization of
the instructional materials.
|
||||
18
|
Rapid
changes in technology has thrown some teachers out of balance
|
||||
19
|
Poor
funding for the maintenance and acquiring more up-to-date equipment
|
||||
20
|
Teachers
need in-service training to measure up to the new trend.
|
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