Global consumption of poultry products especially poultry
meat, has consistently increased over the years. The global demand for poultry
products will be in developing countries and such growth in the poultry
industry is having a profound effect on the demand for feed and raw materials.
The requirements for the four
traditional feed ingredients such as maize, soy bean meal, fish-meal and meat
meal is becoming clear but cannot be met even according to optimistic forecasts.
A wide rage of alternative feedstuffs are available for feeding in the three
poultry production systems and the greatest potential for efficiently utilizing
of these feeds Stuffs will be in tradition poultry systems (scavenging and
backyard) and the semi commercial system.
In the semi – commercial system,
only part of the feed requirement is purchased from commercial compunder, so
there is opportunity for on farm mixing or dilution of purchased feeds with
locally available and alternative feedstuffs.
NON – TRADITIONAL FEED STUFFS
Alternative feedstuffs are often referred
as “non-t-traditional feedstuffs” because they are not normally used in commercial
animal diets. Some feedstuffs may have started as non – tradition, but are now
being used in reasingly in commercial diets example palm kennel meal, which is
a non-traditional feedstuff in western Africa.
It is recognized that in a
developing African and Asian countries, the existing feed resources in many circumstances
are either unutilized and wasted or used in efficiently and these alternative
feedstuffs have obvious potential but their use has been negligible owing to
constraints imposed by Nutritional technical and socio – economic factors.
The major criteria that determines the
regular use of feedstuff in commercial diets are as follows:
-
It must be
available in economic quantities, even if its availability is seasonal
-
The price must be
competitive against the moonfaced stuff
-
Its nutritive
value must be understood, including its nutrient content, existing variation
and nutrient digestibility.
Energy
supplements feed:
It
is advisable to offer small amounts of grains such as millets, maize and
sorghum as energy supplements and damaged tubers and roots of cassava, sweet
potatoes and yams, which are unfit for human consumption are available in many
areas and could be processed into a high energy animal feed.
Residues from the production of fermented
cassava products can also be useful energy supplements and a number of locally
available fruit by products can as well be used to provide energy example
banana peels.
Protein supplements feed:
Green
materials are the cheapest sources of protein available to poultry and a wide
range of materials are available, which include herbs, fodders leaves examples Leucaena,
Calliandra, Sesbania leaves from Cuetivated plants example cassava and aquatic
plants example Azolla, water hyacinth, Duckweed.
The advantage in using green
materials is their high dry matter yields, which can be harvested and fed
directly to poultry in fresh form. The green materials are also rich in
pigments, vitamins and minerals, minerals and vitamin supplements feed:
The scavenging birds haven a great
opportunity to balance their own micronutrient requirements. The minerals and
vitamins are often provided from organic and non-organic materials pecked from
the environment by the birds. Examples include snail shells, insects, fruits
and fresh green material.
Ban of Antibiotics
Antibiotics
as growth promoters have a long side effects on products like microbial
resistance and increase of the blood cholesterol level in the livestock which
lead to the ban of the antibiotics.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has
banned certain uses of cephalosporins in food producing animals like cattle,
pigs, chickens and turkeys. The use of antibiotics in food producing animals,
whether for treatment, disease prevention or growth promoters, allows resistant
bacteria and resistance genes to develop and spread from those animals to
humans through the food chain.
The ban of antibiotics is to protect
health of both humans and animals according to Micheal R. Taylor, the Deputy
commissioner for Food and Drug administration. The food and Drug administration
said that the reason for he ban is to preserve the effectiveness of
cephalosporin drugs for food producing animals that have not been approved for
use in those animals for instance, some cephalosporins are approved only for
treating humans or companion animals and to prevent disease in the food
producing animals.
Thyme and Rosemary:
Thyme (thymus vugaris) a perennial
shrub, which belongs to the labiatae family of shrubs that grows up to 15cm to
30 on in height. Thyme has a dark lilacfflowers and tiny green leaves.
According to aronmatherapy, the
aroma of thyme is pervasive, persistent, strong and has a powerful disinfectant
and bactericidal effects, which are helpful in preventing infections and have
been used as a herbal remedy for many other ailments. Thyme is also called
Banagwain in Hindi. Thyme has been recognized for its miraculous medicinal
benefits in patients suffering from lung disorders. According to Galen, the
Greek physician and philosopher, thyme is use for people suffering from Joint
disorders and he also considered thyme as the most powerful antiseptic.
Rosemary herb (Rosematinus
Officianlis), also known as the herb of love, is a perennial herb mostly grown
as an ornamental plant. Rosemary is well known for its herbal and therapeutic
properties and its oil is now being used for various purposes.
It is one of the most fragrant
herbs, most popularly used as incense. Biologically, rosemary extract improved
feed conversion efficiency of broiler fed diet supplemented with rosemary herb
(Singletar and Rokusek, 1997)
Origin
and important or thyme and Rosemary thyme existence is quiet unknown some
historians believe that it wad Romas who introduced thyme in England and some
say that thyme began from North of Alps between 850 and 1250.
In 16th century, thyme was cultivated
everywhere in the world. Neumann, the German chemist, was the first person who
extracted the essential oil of thyme in year 1725. thyme is stillin use for
various pharmaceutical, cosmetic preparations, natural and alternative medicine.
Rosemary originated from the Mediterranean.
Important of thyme and Rosemary
The essential oil of thyme has
antiseptic and antibacterial properties.
- Inhalation of thyme oil has
expectorant effect, flu of the bronchial origin.
- Thyme essential oil massage tones the
skin
- Thyme essential oil inhalation
stimulates appetite.
- thyme is anti-fungal herb
- Medicinal use of thyme essential oil
helps the body’s immune system.
- Rosemary when in used in teas, meat
substitutes or as a marinade, it add flavor to the food and improves digestive
health, cures disorders related to the digestive system like constipation and
diarrhea.
- rosemary herb is abundant in vitamin
E which helps in fighting against free radicals rosemary herb is known to have
cancer prevention which is an important health benefit and the use of rosemary
leaves in culinary has proven to reduce the risk of the development of cancer
like colon caner and lung cancer.
- Rosemary oil is an important
aromatherapy and have properties that are excellent in relaxing musdes,
relieving stress, tension, anxiety, and in treatment and cure of insomnia if
use as a massage oil for head and back.
- Rosemary oil is beneficial as a hair
oil and can be used to treat hair problems like thinning hair, hair loss and
Dandrug.
- Rosemary is used in treatment of
asthma and other respiratory disorders.
- Rosemary stimulates the central
nervous system and circulation for low blood pressure and sluggishness.
- rosemary oil and rosemary extract
essential oil are used to alleviate the pain of sprains, arthritis, sciatica
and neuralgia and as well a way to stabilize and extend the shelf life of
cosmetics, creams, lotions and other herbal compounds.
Haematology and serum Biochemistry.
Blood samples were randomly samples were randomly
collected from two birds form each treatment on the last day of the experiments
in the morning hour. 2mls was collected into a treated bottle with ethylene Diamine tetre acetic acid
(EDTA) labeled coated for hematological assay.
The Blood samples were analyzed and the following
haematological parameters were determined, packed cell volume (PCV) haemoglobin
content (HB), Red Blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC).
Serum Biochemistry: Serum was separated from the blood samples centrifugation
at 400 RPM for 15 minutes and there after stored at-20oC. An minutes
and there after stored at -20oC. An auto-analyzer was used to
determine the concentration of serum protein, albumin, globulin and urea. All
analysis followed the procedure described by Jerry et al.