Abstract
The
effect of solid waste disposal on the soil in Abakaliki metropolis was carried
out in this study chemical property of the soil sample taken from 3 selected
point of the control site located in CAS campus and the dumpsite located at
water works and Abakaliki/Enugu express way respectively, was analyzed. Profile
pit was dug at the non-dumpsite and dumpsite soil and the samples were
collected form the depths of (0-15, 15-30 and 30-45cm).
The result of the study showed that total percent Nitrogen was highest in the top soil of the dumpsite soil. The observed values were 0.28%, 0.140% and 0.0128% at the depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45cm respectively, in contrast with the values obtained at the non-dumpsite soils which were 0.15, 0.084 and 0.056 at the depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45cm respectively. Similarly the total percent organic matter was higher in the municipal waste dumpsite than in the non dumpsite. The observed values for the dumpsite were 4.24%, 4.03% and 3.06% at the depths of 0-15, 15-20 and 30-45cm.The study showed that municipal waste dump, has more influence on soil chemical properties compared to the non-dumpsite soil.
The result of the study showed that total percent Nitrogen was highest in the top soil of the dumpsite soil. The observed values were 0.28%, 0.140% and 0.0128% at the depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45cm respectively, in contrast with the values obtained at the non-dumpsite soils which were 0.15, 0.084 and 0.056 at the depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45cm respectively. Similarly the total percent organic matter was higher in the municipal waste dumpsite than in the non dumpsite. The observed values for the dumpsite were 4.24%, 4.03% and 3.06% at the depths of 0-15, 15-20 and 30-45cm.The study showed that municipal waste dump, has more influence on soil chemical properties compared to the non-dumpsite soil.
INTRODUCTION
What does waste mean? Waste is
anything that discarded by a an individual, a household or an organization. A combination
of different substances, some of which are hazardous to health, and can amount
to build up of waste over time (Odukoya et
al 2006). Waste can however, be classified into two groups namely;
controlled (household, commercial and construction waste) which amounts to
municipal waste. Olayemi et al 2005).
And the uncontrolled waste which includes: (wastes generated from agricultural,
mining and quarry activities) which can be called industrial waste. Waste
management can be said to be the control in production, storage, collection,
transportation, processing and final disposal of waste (Olayemi et al 2005).
Waste collection and disposal is a
serious problem in Abakaliki metropolis, which leads to the indiscriminate
disposal which is evident today. Furthermore, disposal sites may contain paper,
food waste, metal, concrete, ceramics and ashes. The soil has traditionally
been an important medium of organic waste disposal (Marshall et al, 1999), and the soil is primary
recipient of solid waste (Myles and Ray, 1999). These wastes end up interacting
with the soil system thereby changing the physical and chemical properties
(Piccolo and Mbakwu 1997). According to Anikwe (2000), solid waste amended soil
has a high content of organic matter.
Soil organic matter increases the
degree of aggregation and aggregate stability (Mbagwu and Piccolo, 1990).
According to Anikwe and Nwobodo (2001) municipal waste, increases nitrogen, pH,
caution exchange capacity, percentage base saturation and organic matter.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The
objective of this study was to determine the actual effect of dumping solid
waste on the soil in Abakaliki metropolis.
THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
To
determine and compare the chemical properties of dumpsite soil and non-dumpsite
soil.
To
determine and compare the cat ion exchange capacity and the percentage base
saturation of non-dumpsite and dumpsite soil.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY AREA
The
research was carried out at dumpsite soils located at waterworks and Enugu
Abakaliki express way, and non-dumpsite soil located in CAS all in Ebonyi state
(060 04´ N and 080 65´E) south east of the
derived savanna zone of Nigeria. It lies at the intersect of Enugu, Afikpo and
Ogoja. The climate of Abakaliki is tropical, with the average temperature range
of 27-310 C. the annual rainfall pattern in bi-modal. Relative
humidity range form 60-80% throughout the year. The city is still a developing
one and hosts quite a number of factories (Cement, rice, quarrying etc). It
also has a golf course an amusement park and luxurious hotels (world Gazette,
2007).
MATERIALS
The
materials used for the collection of soil samples included, shovel, differ,
cutlass nose mask hand gloves measuring tape/ruler, sample bags, a pen and a
jotting pad.
As
survey of the research site was carried out and then the soil sample was
collected, all in Abakaliki. At each location a pit was dug and soil sample was
collected at varying depths of.
0 - 15cm
15
– 30cm
30
– 45cm.
In
each pit dug, a cutlass and a hoe was used to scrap the soil in each depth at
different locations. The soil after been collected was air dried for about 2
weeks, and was sieved using a 2 mm sieve. It was stored in preparation for
laboratory analysis which took place at the S.E.M laboratory Ebonyi State
University.
Laboratory determination/analysis
This
soil sample was analyzed based of different chemical properties of the soil
which included C, pH, P(mg/kg) %N, %OC, %OM, Ca, Mg, K, Na, EA, ECEC and % Bs.
- Total
percent nitrogen was determine by macro Kjaledual method as described by
Bremmer and Breigtenbech (1983).
- Total
percent organic carbon and carbon was determined by walker black method.
- C, Mg,
K and Na were determined using the method described by walker-black (1934).
- Available
phosphorus was determined through extraction by Bray Ii method as described by
jack son (1962).
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data obtained was analyzed using mean
concentration, standard deviation and the coefficient of variance.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result of the soil analysis done, showed the
variation that exists between dumpsite soil and non-dumpsite soil. The content
of the selected parameter varied in the different samples, which helps to
determine the actual effect of dumping municipal waste or refuse on the soil.
TABLE 1: SELECTED CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
THE SOIL DUMPSITE 1
Soil Depth
|
Na
|
K
|
Mg
|
Ca
|
ECEC
|
BS
|
EA
|
||
(cm)
|
Cmol.kg-1
|
Cmolkg-1
|
Cmol.kg
-1
|
Cmol.kg
-1
|
Cmolkg-1
|
(%)
|
Cmolkg-1
|
||
0-15
|
0.148
|
0.133
|
9.40
|
16.80
|
27.12
|
2.36
|
0.64
|
||
15-30
|
0.071
|
0.102
|
4.80
|
8.40
|
14.17
|
5.65
|
0.80
|
||
30-45
|
0.089
|
0.077
|
2.80
|
4.00
|
7.85
|
11.21
|
0.88
|
||
Mean(conc)
|
0.103
|
0.104
|
5.67
|
9.73
|
16.41
|
6.41
|
0.77
|
||
CV%
|
39.11
|
26.97
|
59.69
|
67.01
|
59.86
|
624.34
|
16.25
|
||
DUMPSITE 2
|
|||||||||
Soil Depth
|
Na
|
K
|
Mg
|
Ca
|
ECEC
|
BS
|
EA
|
||
(cm)
|
Cmol.kg-1
|
Cmolkg-1
|
Cmol.kg
-1
|
Cmol.kg
-1
|
Cmolkg-1
|
(%)
|
Cmolkg-1
|
||
15-30
|
0.078
|
0.118
|
2.40
|
5.60
|
9.56
|
14.23
|
1.36
|
||
30-45
|
0.052
|
0.051
|
2.40
|
4.80
|
10.34
|
29.40
|
3.04
|
||
Mean
(conc)
|
0.072
|
0.087
|
2.47
|
6.00
|
10.11
|
16.25
|
1.65
|
||
CV%
|
25.25
|
39.08
|
4.86
|
24.04
|
4.77
|
75.51
|
76.97
|
||
NON-DUMPSITE
(CONTROL SITE)
Soil Depth
|
Na
|
K
|
Mg
|
Ca
|
ECEC
|
BS
|
EA
|
(cm)
|
Cmol.kg-1
|
Cmol.kg1
|
Cmol.kg
-1
|
Cmol.kg-1
|
Cmol.kg-1
|
(%)
|
Cmol.kg-1
|
0-15
|
0.097
|
0108
|
3.80
|
10.00
|
15.84
|
6.06
|
0.96
|
15-30
|
0.88
|
0.092
|
2.40
|
4.00
|
10.42
|
36.85
|
3.84
|
30-45
|
0.062
|
0.087
|
1.60
|
3.20
|
12.87
|
61.54
|
7.92
|
Mean
(conc)
|
0.082
|
0.096
|
2.60
|
5.73
|
13.04
|
34.82
|
4.24
|
CV%
|
24.38
|
11.46
|
42.69
|
64.92
|
20.81
|
71.81
|
82.55
|
Sodium
It was observed that the sodium content in dumpsite
soil was the highest at the depth of 0-15cm, the range of sodium in soils
(tables 1) ranged between 0.052 at 30-45cm to 0.148 at 0-15cm in dumpsite
soils. The highest value obtained at 0-15cm dumpsites soil 1, and was 52.02%
and 39.86% higher than at 15-30cm and 30-45cm respectively, while the highest
value obtained at non-dumpsite soil was 45.4% higher than at 15-30 and 30-45cm
respectively.
Potassium
The potassium content of the
dumpsite soils recorded in table 1 showed that potassium value ranged between
0.051-0.133 at dumpsite I and 2 respectively. With the highest value of 0.133
observed at the depth of 0-15cm, which was 84.96% higher than at 15-30 and
30-45cm respectively. Similarly at the non-dumpsite soil potassium content
ranged between 0.087 to 0.108 with the highest value observed at the depth of
0.-15cm.
Magnesium
At
0-15 cm of the dumpsite soils, the magnesium content varied significantly with
the dumpsite soil 1 recording a 9.40 and dumpsite soil 2 recording 2.60 at
0-15cm depths. The range of magnesium in soils (table 1) ranged between 9.40 to
2.40 dumpsite soil 1 and 2 respectively. While in the non-dumpsite soil
magnesium ranged between 3.80 to 1.60.
Calcium
The result of the study shown in
table 1 revealed that the highest calcium value was obtained at the depth of
0-15cm in the dumpsite soil. Calcium content range of the dumpsite soils was
between 4.00-16.80. The highest value observed at 0-15cm, and was 50% and 76.2%
higher than at 15-30 and 30-45cm respectively. Also the range of calcium in the
non-dumpsite soil ranged between 10.00 to 3.20, with the highest value of 10.00
obtained at 0-15cm depth and was 60% and 68%, higher than at 15-30cm and
30-45cm respectively.
EA (Exchangeable Acid)
At 30-45cm depth, the exchangeable acidity was lower
at the dumpsite soils than in the non-dumpsite. The range of exchangeable acid
(tables 1) ranged between 0.56 to 7.92 with the highest value obtained at the
depth of 30.45cm in the non dumpsite soil.
ECEC
The mean range cation exchange capacity (table 1)
ranged between 7.85 at dumpsite soil 1 at the depth of 30-45cm to 27.12 also at
the dumpsite soil 2 at the depth 7.0-05cm. High ECEC favour displacement of
other ions. Soils above 5mg/100g are easily exchangeable and this may result in
acidity and alkalinity at this level, and lead to heavy metal concentration in
the soil (Kumar, 1987).
Base Saturation
The total range of base saturation
(table 1) range between 2.36% in dumpsite soil 1 at the depth of 0-15cm to 61.54%
in then on-dumpsite soil at the depth of 30-45 cm. base saturation greater than
80% may give rise to dispersion which increases micro-nutrient solubility,
mobility and leaching Ekundayo (2003).
pH
The pH of the soil ranges from 5.29
to 8.43. Weiss (1974) recognized that strongly acidic and strongly alkaline
soil are unsuitable for waste dump site. Te soil pH range of 5.29 is not very
acidic, but the ph range of 8.43 is quite alkaline.. soils below 3.34, 3.64 and
3.96 are extremely acidic. At such pH levels, they tend to be an increased
micro nutrient solubility and mobility, as well as heavy metals concentration
in the soil. (Kumar, 1987).
Percent organic carbon
A high level of organic carbon
(>2%) (table 2) in dump site 2 was found to be conducive for heavy metal
chelate formation, increase exchange capacities as well as increased
infiltration of surface water to avoid surface flooding (E.Kundayo an fagbami,
1996). Hence the soil at dumpsite 1 is very high in organic carbon. However
dumpsite 2 and the non dumpsite recorded 1.98 and 1.74 at 0-15cm depth
respectively.
Percent organic matter
The range of percent organic
matter (table 2) ranged from 4.24 at the depth of 0-15cm in dumpsite soil 1 to
1.81 at the dept of 30-45cm in the non-dumpsite, organic matter above (3.5%) is
quite high and will favour micro-nutrient solubility and mobility, thus would
also favour efficient plant growth.
TABLE 2: mean concentration of selected chemical properties
Dumpsite 1
|
|||||||
Soil
depth (cm)
|
pH
|
%OC
|
%OM
|
P
mg/kg
|
%N
|
C
|
|
0-15
|
7.85
|
2.46
|
4.24
|
73.90
|
0.28
|
8.51
|
|
15-30
|
6.73
|
2.34
|
4.03
|
30.40
|
0.140
|
1.44
|
|
30-45
|
6.48
|
1.78
|
3.06
|
8.70
|
0.02
|
0.41
|
|
Mean
(Conc)
|
7.02
|
2.19
|
3.78
|
37.7
|
0.15
|
1.79
|
|
CV%
|
14.46
|
16.57
|
16.67
|
681.2
|
86.7
|
88.3
|
|
Dumpsite 2
Soil
depth (cm)
|
pH
|
%
OC
|
%
OM
|
P
mg/kg
|
%
N
|
C
|
0-15
|
8.43
|
1.98
|
3.47
|
29.80
|
0.077
|
0.92
|
15.30
|
5.3-
|
1.25
|
2.60
|
12.90
|
0.042
|
0.80
|
30-45
|
5.29
|
1.17
|
2.00
|
6.40
|
0.042
|
0.45
|
Mean
(Conc)
|
6.35
|
1.47
|
2.72
|
16.4
|
0.054
|
0.72
|
CV%
|
28.37
|
30.25
|
25.37
|
73.8
|
37.43
|
33.92
|
Non- Dumpsite (Control Site)
Soil
depth (cm)
|
pH
|
%
OC
|
%OM
|
P
mg/kg
|
%
N
|
C
|
0-15
|
6.43
|
1.74
|
2.99
|
34.60
|
0.154
|
1.64
|
15-30
|
5.83
|
1.45
|
2.49
|
23.90
|
0.84
|
1.31
|
30-45
|
5.65
|
1.05
|
1.81
|
10.40
|
0.056
|
0.48
|
Mean
(Conc)
|
5.97
|
1.41
|
2.43
|
22.97
|
0.098
|
1.15
|
CV%
|
6.87
|
24.82
|
20.29
|
52.80
|
51.51
|
52.2
|
Phosphorus
The
range of phosphorus in soils (tables) ranged between 6.40 in dumpsite soil 2
and 73.90 in dumpsite soil I respectively. High phosphorus as shown in dumpsite
1 favour high plant root penetration and the formation of a complex chemical
compound that forms in strongly acids solution (Tel and Hagarty, 1984).
Percent Nitrogen
The
mean total percent nitrogen ranged between 0.054% in dumpsite 2 and 0.15% in
dumpsite 1 however, the highest value of percent nitrogen was obtained at the
depth of 0-15cm at the non-dumpsite soil. Nitrogen above 0.4% in the soil is
not suitable for refuse dumpsite because it will lead to leaching excess
nitrogen into the ground water.
Carbon
The range of carbon in soils (table
3) ranged between 0.41 at the depth of 30-45cm in dumpsite soil 1 to 3.51 at
the depth of 0.15 also at dumpsite soil 1. In the non dumpsite it was observed
that carbon ranged between 0.49-1.64 at varying depths.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
For many years now, different method and approach have
been introduced to increase soil fertility. The most widely used among these is
the use of inorganic fertilizers.
In view of the high cost of inorganic fertilizers and
significantly low income of farmers in rural area, there is the need to pioneer
a new era of agragrain revolution, it has become so important to optimize the
use of locally available resources that can reach poor formers within and outside
their locality. From the general result of this experiment the incorporation of
refuse dump may increases soil fertility.
Municipal wastes have been found to increase the
quantity of both macro and micro-elements of the dumpsite relative to the
non-dumpsite. Soil from dumpsites has been observed to improve productivity.
Recommendation
Base on observed high %OM and available phosphorus in
dumpsite soil, it is recommended that farmer in the area should source dumpsite
of municipal waste since it tends to improve soil productivity. However, farmer
should take note of the health hazards associated with the venture of utilizing
such resources.
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