Source of Raw
Material
The selected rice variety IWA I, IWA 2, IWA 3, IWA 6, IWA 7, IWA 8,
FARO 44, FARO 52, Agreement and Argwula rice varieties shall be collected from
the Biotechnology Research centre Ebonyi State University Abakaliki.
3.2 Sample Preparation
The samples shall be cleaned
manually to remove lighter foreign matter such as dust, dirt, chaff, immature
and broken kernels.
3.3 Moisture
Determination
The initial moisture content of the
kernels shall be determined using hot air oven method (Tabatabaeefar, 2003). 100
kernels of the rice shall be weighed using a sensitive electronic balance to an
accuracy of 0.00g and shall be recorded. The weight of an empty washed and
dried petri dish shall be weighed and recorded as W1. The sample and
the petri dish shall be weighed together and recorded as W2. The
sample and the petri dish shall be dried in an oven at a set temperature of 105
0C for 3 hours. The sample shall be brought out after every 3 hours and
re – weighed until a constant weight shall be obtained. The weight shall be recorded as W3.
Moisture content shall be evaluated using equation 1.
% Moisture
Content = W2 – W3 x 100 ……………………. (1)
W2 – W1 1
Where:
W1 =
weight of empty petri dish.
W2 =
weight of petri dish and sample before drying.
W3 = weight of petri dish and sample after drying
3.4 Physical Properties
3.4.1 Size Characteristics
The
physical dimension of the paddy rice and milled rice shall be determined by measuring
the length, width and thickness of 100 kernels using a vernier caliper having
0.01mm accuracy as shown in Figure 3.1. The longest dimension of the seed will
be clipped with a vernier caliper and the reading of the main scale and vernier
scale shall be taken. The two readings shall be added together to obtain the
length value of the seed.
The
side of the seeds shall be clipped with a vernier caliper and the reading shall
be taken to obtain the width of the rice seed.
The
vernier shall be used to clip the dimension that opposes the length and the
width of the seeds. The main and vernier scales shall be summed up to get the
thickness of the rice seeds.
Figure 3.1:
Vernier Caliper
Source: Okeke
and Anyakoha (2000)
3.4.2 Geometric
Mean Dimension (De)
The geometric mean dimension (De)
of the rice kernel shall be found using the relationship (equation 2) given by
Mohsenin (1986) as:
De = (LWT) 1/3 ----------------------------------
(2)
Where:
L = Length
of seed (mm)
W = Width
of seed (mm)
T = Thickness
of seed (mm)
3.4.3 Sphericity and Aspect Ratio
The criteria used to describe the
shape of the seed are the sphericity and aspect ratio. Thus, the sphericity (Ø)
shall be computed using the equation given by Mohsenin (1986) as:
Ø = (LWT)1/3 x 100
----------------------------------
(3)
L 1
Where:
L
= Length (mm)
W =
Width (mm)
T =
Thickness (mm)
The aspect ratio
(Ra) will be calculated using equation 4 according to Maduako and
Faborode (1990) as:
Ra = W/L x 100 --------------------------------------------
(4)
Where:
L
= Length (mm)
W
= Width (mm)
3.4.4 Thousand Grain Weight
This shall be carried out by
counting 100 kernels and weighing them in an electronic balance and then
multiplying by 10 to give the mass of 1000 grains (Gayin, et al., 2009).
3.4.5 Surface Area (sa)
The surface area shall be calculated
using the relationship (equation 5) by McCabe et al. (2005) as:
Sa = pieD2e ----------- (5)
Where:
Pie = 22/7
De = Geometric mean
dimension (mm)
Sa
= surface Area (mm2)
3.4.6 Determination of Bulk Density
The bulk density shall be determined
using a pycnometer bottle. This shall be done by filling a container with a
known volume of water from a height of 150 mm at a constant rate and then, the
content shall be weighed. No separate compaction of seeds shall be done. The
bulk density shall be calculated using equation 6 (Abalone et al., 2004, Kinsley et al.,
2006).
Bulk Density = M/L--------------------------------------
(6)
Where:
M = mass of the seeds (g) V = volume of container (ml)
3.4.6.1 True Density
The
True Density (ρt) is defined as the ratio of mass of seed to the
solid volume occupied (Deshpande et al.,
1993). The seed volume shall be determined using liquid displacement technique.
Toluene shall be used in spite of water so as to prevent the absorption during
measurement and also to get the benefit of low surface tension of selected
solvent (Sitkei, 1986, Ogut, 1998, Singh and Goswami, 1996). True density (ρt)
shall be evaluated using equation 7 (Mohsenin, 1986).
V = Mtd = (Mt
– Mp) – (Mpts – Mps) ----------------7
Pt Pt
ρs = Mps - Mp ------------------------------------------ 8
V
Where:
V =
seed volume (cm3)
Mtd = mass
of displaced toluene (g)
ρt = toluene density (g/cm3)
Mt = mass of pycnometer and toluene (g)
Mp = mass of
empty pycnometer (g)
Mpts = mass of
pycnometer filled with toluene and sample (g)
Mps = mass of
pycnometer and seeds (g)
ρs = seed
density (g/cm3)
3.4.7 Porosity
The porosity (ε) of bulk seed shall be computed from
the values of the true density (ρt) and bulk density (ρb)
using the relationship (equation 9) given by Mohsenin (1986) as.
ε = 1- pb x 100 ----------------------------------------
(9)
pt
Where:
ε =
porosity (%) Pt = True density (g/ml) Pb = bulk density (g/ml)
3.4.8 Angle of Repose
The angle of repose (θ)
considered as the angle in degrees with the horizontal at which the material
will stand forming a heap shall be determined by using an apparatus in (Figure
3.2) consisting of a plywood Box (140*160*35mm) and two plates: fixed and
adjustable .The box shall be filled with the sample and placed on a surface,
and then lifting up the box gradually, allowing the sample to accumulate and
form a conical heap on the surface. Then, the angle of repose shall be
calculated from the ratio of the height to the base radius of the heap formed
(Mohsenin 1986; Serpil and Servant 2006; Kaleemullah, 1992).
Where:
θf =
Angle of repose (deg.)
H = Height (mm)
D = Diameter of
the cone (mm).
3.4.9 Static Coefficient of Friction (μ)
The static coefficient of
friction (μ) shall be determined for three structural materials namely glass,
plywood, and galvanized steel sheet. A plastic cylinder of 50 mm diameter and
60 mm height shall be placed on an adjustable tilting flat plate faced with the
test surface and filled with the sample of about l00g. The cylinder shall be
raised slightly so that it does not touch the surface. The structural surface
with the cylinder resting on it shall be inclined to slide down. This is shown
in Figure 3.3.
The angle of tilt shall be noted and
tangent of the angle shall be reported as coefficient of static friction (Dutta
et al., 1988; Fraser et al., 1978; Shepherd and Bhardwaj, 1986).
3.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
All the data generated shall be
subjected to a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in CRD, and the Duncan’s
Multiple Range test shall be used to
separate the mean using SPSS software
package (Version, 17.0) significance shall be accepted at p <0.05.
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