(A STUDY OF FEDERAL TEACHING HOSPITAL
ABAKALIKI)
PG/Ph.D/2013/..........
BEING FIRST SEMINAR PAPER PRESENTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES,
EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY ABAKALIKI
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) DEGREE IN BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT
ABSTRACT
Building information
modeling (BIM) is transforming the roles of professional service firm and how
people work together bringing remarkable new capabilities that can improve the
speed and efficiency of projects, creating
new challenges and potential liabilities in Architectural engineering and
construction. The paper attempts to define what BIM is an begin to analyze the
need to implement BIM in healthcare facility management for better enhancement.
The main objective of this study is to establish whether there is relationship
between BIM adoption and facility management performance in healthcare
delivery. The researcher reviewed some related publications from a number of
project team and facility managers that have used BIM and shared their
experiences with industry publications for this study to arive at conclusion
and recommendation that organizations should embrace the adoption of BIM and
invest in education and training for effective implementation.
TABLE OF CONTENT
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Table of content page
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ii
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List of figure page
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iii
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Abstract page
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iii
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CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
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1.1
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Background of the study
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1
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1.2
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Statement of the
problem
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2
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1.3
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Objective of the study
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2
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1.4
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Research questions
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2
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1.5
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Statement of the hypothesis
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3
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1.6
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Significance of the study
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3
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1.7
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Limitation /Scope of the
study
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3
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1.8
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Delimitation of the study
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CHAPTER TWO:
Literature Review
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2.1
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Introduction
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4
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2.2
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Empirical Review
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4
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2.3
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Theoretical Review
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5
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2.4
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Theoretical framework of
analysis
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5
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2.5
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Characteristics of BIM
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6
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2.6
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BIM in Practice
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7
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2.7
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BIM in Construction
Management
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8
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2.8
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BIM in facility management
delivery
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8
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2.9
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Anticipated Future
Potential
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8
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2.10
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BIM Scope
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9
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2.11
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Benefit of BIM
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10
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2.12
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Cost
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11
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CHAPTER THREE:
Discussion
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3.1
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Introduction
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11
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3.2
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Discussion of strategies
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11
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3.3
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Discussion of theoretical
framework on strengths and weakness as it applies to the study
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11
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3.4
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Discussions of the reviewed
literature, soundness of methodology results and identification of gap in
knowledge
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12
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References
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13
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study
Today’s business environment is very dynamic and
undergoes rapid changes as a result of technology innovation increase awareness
and demands from customers. Business organizations especially the construction
industry of the 21st century operates in a complex and competitive
environment characterized by these
changing conditions and highly unpredictable economic climate. Building
information modeling (BIM) is at the centre of this global change.
Building information modeling (BIM)
is a significant new technology that is revolutionizing the Architecture
Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry BIM is transforming the roles of professional
services, firms, and how people work together bringing remarkable new
capabilities that can improve the speed and efficiency of projects, creating
new challenges and potential liabilities. Ted Sive (2007)
As production or project manager and
strategists, it is our job to ensure understanding, to foster communication and
to enable strategic thought and action both within our own discipline and in
broader academics. To support this goal, the researcher attempts to define what
BIM is from a high level stand point, discus how different disciplines view BIM
technology and processes and beginning to analyze BIM as a tool for more
efficient healthcare facility management in Nigeria using Federal Teaching Hospital
Abakaliki as a focal point of study. As at November 2011, Federal Teaching
Hospital Abakaliki was known as Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital
Abakaliki before it was taken over by the Federal Government in December 2011.
The hospital is located in Abakaliki
Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. The hospital is headed by the Chief
Medical Director/Chief Executive Officer (CMD) and assisted by the Chairman
Medical Advisory Committee. The hospital has many functional department and
units for the purpose of this study-enhancing facility management in Healthcare
Delivery though building information modeling. The researcher shall limit the
studying area to the works department of the teaching hospital.
The purpose of health faculty
management is to provide evidence for policy planning and management of health
system development with particular focus in the area of physical assets within
the health sector.
This
provides information on
1.
Availability and
condition of physical infrastructure, health facility building, utility,
communication and transportation.
2.
Availability and
condition of equipment
3.
Availability of
health services.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Material waste in the construction industry has been
studied by the construction industry institute and lean construction institute
in 2008. They fund out that waste accounts for 57% of money lost in the
construction industry and 26% in the manufacturing sector. This data also shows
that there was a $400 billion aggregate loss resulting from such factors as
miscommunication among project partners and informational inaccuracies which
BIM can prevent.
Many
researchers have tried to link BIM to firm performance. The big question
here has remained why many construction organization and facility management outfit in Nigeria
have not made the adoption of BIM necessary in their organization to improve
service delivery efficiency, waste reduction and save money? Does the cost of
BIM adoption prudently justify the cost of acquisition? The research seeks to
find out the truth about the acclaimed success of BIM in enhancing facility
management in health care delivery.
1.3 Objective
of the Study
The general objective of this study
is to establish whether there is a relationship between BIM adoption and healthcare
facility management’s performance in Nigeria. To achieve this general objective
the researcher shall also be concerned with following specific objectives.
1.
To determine if
BIM adoption enhances the quality of service delivery in facility management
health care industries.
2.
Does BIM’s
adoption justified the cost of acquisition?
3.
To ascertain if
and how BIM adoption enhances performance in health care delivery
1.4 Research
Questions
The following research questions
have been developed for the study:-
1.
To what extent
does the adoption of BIM enhances quality of service delivery in facility
management in healthcare industry?
2.
How does BIM’s
adoption reduces the cost in healthcare delivery facility management?
3.
How does BIM’s
adoption enhances performance in health care facility management?
1.5 Statement
of Hypothesis
In this research, the following
hypotheses have been formulated for validation.
H01: There is no significant relationship between
building information modeling and
quality of service delivery.
HA1: There is a significant relationship between
building information modeling and
quality of service delivery.
H02: There
is no significant relationship between BIM’s adoption and cost reduction in
facility management.
HA2: There
is a significant relationship between BIM and cost resolution in facility
management.
H03: There
is no significant relationship between BIM and performance enhancement.
HA3: There
is a significant relationship between BIM and performance enhancement.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The findings, recommendations and conclusion drawn
from this research work shall be beneficial to the following.
The research will be significant to business
enterprise and other organizations as it will help in pointing to the appropriate
techniques for use by management.
Finally, the studying is expected to contribute
usefully to the existing body of knowledge on the subject of building
information modeling especially as its conclusion will be based on empirical
findings.
1.7 Limitation/scope
of the Study
The researcher took time to organize
collate, and explain data for this research. There is ample time and resources
saved to carryout this research. Hence there is no limitation to the study.
1.8 Delimitation
of the study
The
study will be delimited by the topic enhancing facility management in
healthcare delivery through building information modeling. A study of Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Building information modeling (BIM)
is a life cycle analysis tool. Bim focuses on a digital representation of a
building physical and functional characteristics in order to calculate
information about the facility. Such information can be used to help make a
vital design and also operational building decisions. BIM make it easier to
estimate qualities of materials needed for a project which reduces waste and
save money.
According to Lorenz (2006), BIM is a
tool for more efficient facility management. In addition to Bim’s use for macro
process, such as understanding and maintaining HVAC systems, it has proven
useful for even fairly routine purposes. How many times does the square footage
get measured in the life a building? Asked Deke Smith of National Institute of Building
Sciences, “every time you renovate, every time you clean the carpet possibly”.
An accurate BIM model provides the information updated to reflect additions and
or modernization instantaneously.
2.2 Empirical
Review
A number of project teams and
facility manager have used BIM and shared their experiences with industry
publications following are some of the publication reviewed for this study.
(a) Richard Dallam and Ted Buchanan (2006) conducted
a study at Swedish hospital in Seattle on build a better building with 3D
models. The study was prompted by the need to reduce interdisciplinary coordination
errors and changes. Hundreds of hours
were saved during design using BIM. A collusion-detection programme was ran daily
and often. The team essentially “prebuild the project” allowing problems to be
resolved as they were found throughout the design.
Jim, Bedrick (2005) conducted a
study in Webcor on “Bim and process improvement” as publisher architecture,
engineering and construction (AEC) bytes, December 13th 2005. He
found out that BIM was a great advantage to a cost and a thermal performance
analysis of exterior skin options by Anselem + Allen Lawrence Berkeley national
laboratory (LBNL) and Webcor.
According to Bedrick tradition
energy analysis required 2D drawings and 14 days while also going through that
process, LBNL used BIM model and a simulation programme to produce the save
analysis in one day. After moving to another skin option, LDNL profound a fill
energy consumption analysis in two days. Hence BIM is akin to further
sustainability goals with a robust platform for analysis.
2.3 Theoretical
Review
Perhaps the best way to define BIM as opened by Ted
Sive (2007) is to go back in history, designers and builders (the second oldest
professional) have long worked in two main phases. First the designer imagines
the project and design the details, completing work with a drawing and written
road map (the contract documents and specification).
This process changed incrementally over
the century until over two decades ago when CAD (computer aided drafting)
generally entered the main stream. (CAD software has grown into a robust tool
for Achitecture engineering construction AEC firm with an impressive amount of
coordination, efficiency and work flow improvement, but CAD is still an
enhancement of what is been done for century: drawn lines to represent object
in buildings. The lines themselves doubt have further meaning.
BIM is much more of a change for the
industry than CAD. It reorganize the sequence, timing and duration of the
design process, ushers in a new model of constant, detailed, communication, put
a geometrically larger amount of information into one place. At its highest
level according to Ted Sive, a BIM model is an intelligent digital
representation of physical and fundamental characteristics about a capital
facility”.
To implement BIM, data is entered
into a model so that it can be analyzed and the facility can be modified as
necessary. BIM help building stakeholders make decision while taking into
account important life cycle cost determinations. The basic principle of
BIM is to create and enhance
interoperability since BIM is a flexible and adaptive system, changes to the
input model can be made so that project managers can asses the possible effect on the output.
BIM technology enable developer to
use 3D computers model of a facility to help with the deigns, construction,
maintenance and operation of a building, combing graphical information such as
plans and elevations and non graphical information, such as cost specification
schedules and maintenance requirements into a BIM model result in a single
source of information. A model should access all graphic and non graphic
information about a facility and help eliminate, re-gathering or reformatting
of facility information.
2.4 Theoretical
Framework
Most complex projects in the
architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industries involve
multidisciplinary collaboration and the exchange of large building data set.
Traditionally, the collaboration effort across the discipline have been based
on the frequent exchange of 2D drawings and documents. However during the past
decade, the wide spread adoption of object- oriented computer –aided design CAD
tools have generated more interest in BIM. A number of BIM –compliant
applications such as analysis tools, model checkers and facility management
application have been developed.
2.5 Characteristics
of BIM
Building information modeling has
the following characteristics:
1. A BIM model is a parametric, relational
database that ties together multiple layers of information about specify
objects-every objects in the building.
“Clicking” on a door in a BIM model
reveals not only on doors material, color fire rating cost and
manufacture. The model also provide parallel
detailed information about every items it touches such as the door frame and
hardware. The model can also stone information far beyond design and construction
details and become the owners central building operations and maintenance data
source. For example it can indicate maintenance and replacement information for
these door or any piece of the building. Clicking on a door in BIM model and
you are not clicking on a line that delineates the edges you are clicking on a
graphic representation of a living three dimensional object with access to a
rich supporting date base of specifics about the object.
2. A
BIM Models is “Smart” A change to a
component is reflected in all the component it relates to for example, an interior
wall might be lightened so too will the structure behind that wall and the
quantity of studs, sheet reek and so on. Though you might see only the longer wall
in the view you are taking, all views and analysis that use that object will
change (or flagged for change by their owner) as well. By making the change,
not only the new changes but also the information n the database which drives
the model, and those views and analysis all use the some database.
3. A
BIM Model Offers a Constant 3D Representation of
the building
Because all the information in a BIM
model is three dimensional, a 3D view of the building, from any angle, at any
section (or slice through the building) can be generated at any time during the
design process and in the said programme the designers and express and already
working in data dies not need to see exported to a rendering programme and colored
up.
4. A BIM
model is an Intelligent tool that can be used for
Study and Analysis Across Multiple
Disciples.
Because these elements are smart, the walls and
glazing contain information about thermal conductivity, the mechanical equipment
relating to energy use etc the BIM model can be used to simulate a buildings
behaviour and be the bases of numerous analysis, such as energy calculation for
another example, an acoustical engineer, with information about geometry and
surface materials can use BIM to model acoustic performance.
5. A
BIM Model is a Permanent lining Documents
Before BIM, the owner of a new building would receive
a set of as-built drawings and a shelf of operation binders, all of which would
often gather dust until needed. With Bim, all the information is not only in
one place, but can be an active management tool and adopt with the building.
The model com contain the same information about a new data cabling system installed
in 2027 (and all of its relationship) as it does for the data cabling
originally installed in 2007.
2.6 BIM
in Practice
According to
Ted Sive (2007) strategic understanding and application of BIM requires
understanding the differing ways in which the technology is viewed, utilized, feared
and enjoyed. This is because the BIM model is shared and dependent upon by all
participants in the continuum of building planning, design, construction
management and so on.
This is unlike CAD in which
documents are intricately coordinated but data remain singularly owned.
The shared ownership of BIM data is
a core reason for the recent development of the first universal standard from
BIM. Version 1.0 of the National building information modeling standard (NBIMS)
was released on March 13th, 2007 by the National Institute of
building sciences (NIST). Ted Sive (2007).
Acknowledging the prove of BIM to
speak across the entire life cycle of a building from conception of project to
decade of use the NBIMS address the need to create standards so that technology
can be applied horizontally across the facility life cycle and not just separately
with vertically integrated business functions -BBIM standard.
2.7 BIM
in Construction Management
Participants in building process and
constantly challenged to deliver successful projects despite tight budget,
limited man power accelerated schedules, and limited or conflicting information
the BIM concept envisages virtual construction of a facility prior to its
actual physical construction in order to reduce uncertainly improve safety,
work out problems, and simulate and analyze potential impacts. Sub-contractors
from every trade can impute critical information into the model before
beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-fabricate or pre assemble
some systems off-site. Waste can be minimized on-site and product delivered an
a just in time basis rather than being stock flied on-site.
2.8 BIM
in Facility Management Delivery
BIM can bridge the information loss
associated with handing a project from design team to construction team and to
building owner/operator, allowing each group to add to and reference back to
all information they acquire during their period of contribution to the BIM
model. This can yield benefit to the facility owner or operator.
For example, a building owner may find
evidence of a leak in his building. Rather than exploring the physical l
building he may turn to the model and see that a water valve is located in the
suspect location. He could also have in
the model the specific valve size, manufacturer part number and any other
information ever researched in the past, pending adequate computing power. Such
problems were initially addressed by Leite et al (2009) when developing a
vulnerability representation of a facility constraint and threats for
supporting the identification of vulnerability in building emergencies.
2.9 Anticipated
Future Potential
BIM is a relatively new technology in an industry, typically
show to adopt change yet may early adopters are confident that BIM will grow to
play an even more crucial role in building documentations.
Proponents claim that BIM offers:-
1.
Improved
visualization
2.
Improved
productivity due to easy retrieval of information
3.
Increase
coordination of construction documents
4.
Embedding and
linking of vital information such as vendors for specific materials, location
of details and quantities required for estimation and tendering
5.
Increase speed of
delivery
6.
Reduced
costs
2.10 BIM Scope
BIM overall scope is board and can be described within
the relationship of three categorization of BIM viz:
1. BIM as product or intelligent digital representation
of data about a capital facility BIM authorizing tools are used to create and
aggregate information, which before BIM, had been developed as separate tasks
with non machine interpretable information in a paper centre process.
2. BIM as a collaborative process which covers business
drivers, automated process capabilities and open information standard used for
information sustainability and fidelity.
BIM as a facility life cycle management tool a well
understood information exchanges, workflows and procedures which team use as a
repeatable, veritable, transparent and sustainable information based environment used throughout the building life cycle.
Source NBIM standard definition (product, process supporting
collaboration nationals institute of building sciences (2007) .
Note:
IFC = Industry foundation classes
IDM = information delivery
manual
MBIMS = North America part of
BIM standard
2.11 Benefit
of BIM
·
Increase speed of
project delivery improved coordination decreased cost greater productivity
higher quality work on-line collaboration
·
New Revenue and
business opportunities in operations and functions
·
Rapid iteration
of simulations of building performance and construction sequencing
·
Reduction of
field problem and material waste during construction
·
Reduction of on-site
material staying, creating a less crowded and safer site.
Facilitation
of off site fabrication for some building component and assemblies increasing their
quality and longevity.
2.12 Costs
The cost implementing BIM for a project varies widely,
depending on the knowledge of the professional undertaking the BIM, the
complexity of the project being modeled and other design process.
According to Stanford University
Center for integrated facility engineering (2007) the cost of BIM might be
expected to be between three hundred of one percent to one half of one percent
of total project cost. Cost are
dependent on labour hours invested in BIM essentially what it cost to hirer the
building cost estimator, scheduler etc
and carryout the modeling process.
CHAPTER THREE
DISCUSSION
3.1 Introduction
This section is concerned with the strategies, if
taken could result in the accomplishment of the stated specific objectives and
discussion of views against theoretical framework and findings from the review
of literature.
3.2 Discussion
of Strategies
For the purpose of accomplishment of establishing the
relationship between BIM adoption and enhancement of facility management
performance in health care delivery, the following strategies should be taken.
Ensure better coordination between design, construction and operations. Determine
cost savings derived by implementing BIM. Invest in education and training or
hiring outside help. Accept available standard such as CAD standard, Ominclass
e.t.c Building data is entered into a model so threat it can be analyzed and
the facility can be modified as necessary. BIM whom properly used help
stakeholders make decision and allows or takes into account impotent life cycle
cost determination.
3.3 Discussion
of Theoretical Framework on Strength and Weakness as it Applies to the Study
BIM involves representing a design as combination of
objects–vague and undefined, generic or product specifics, solid shapes or
void-space oriented (like the shape of a room) that carry their geometry,
relation and attributes. BIM design tools allow for extracting different views
from a building model for drawing, production and other uses. These different
views are automatically consistent being based on a single definition of each object
instance. BIM’s software also defines objects parametrically, that is the
object are defined as parameters and relation to other object, so that if a
related object is amended, dependent ones will automatically also change. Each
model element can carry attributes for selecting and ordering them
automatically, providing cost estimate and as well as material tracking and
ordering.
For the professionals involved in a
project, BIM enables a virtual information model to be handed from the design
team (architects, surveyors, civil, structural and building service engineers)
to the main contactors, and subcontractors and then an to the owner/operator.
Each professional add discipline –specific knowledge to the single shared
model. This reduces information losses that traditionally occurred when a new
team takes ownership of the project and provides more extensive information to
owners of complex structure Liu,xuesong and Akinci, Bincu (2009).
The weakness as it applies to this
studying is the difficulty in hiring trained staff and training hours required.
In view of this most engineers, contractors and owners are not using BIM
software yet in Nigeria.
3.4 Discussion
of the Reviewed Literature, Soundness of Methodology, Result and
Identification of gap in Knowledge
With the resent economic down turn, many firm have
been hesitant to change their business structure and strategies and spend time
and resources to transition to BIM. The learning curve can be relatively steep
when this transaction is made, but the effort may result in producing higher
quality deliverable, extending the services offering of the business and
increasing business opportunities. A host of global organization are
championing the development of interoperability standards and the advancement
of BIM on both public and private projects. The adoption of Industry Foundation
Classes (IFC) and other studies such as Cobie are greatly enhancing the
capabilities of BIM and its inherent collaborative process.
BIM software and processes have involve
to allow new way of collaboration, work sharing, and virtual design
capabilities owners and add visibility to the overall design and construction
process. With this added visibility and up front understanding of a projects
detained characteristics building owners and operators are realizing that the
life cycle cost of a building can be significantly reduced.
It is recommend that organization in
building industries and facility management should invest in education and
training for effective man power development in the area of building
information modeling.
REFERENCES
1. Azhar,
Salman; Michael, Hein; and Blake Sketo, “BIM, Benefits, Risk and Challenges”
hittp/ascpro.ascweb.org/archives/cd/ 2008paper/CPGT 182002008 pdf (assessed
December. 2010).
2. Brandon,
Lorenz (2006) “The case for Data inter Operability” Building Operating
Management Magazine May 2006.
3. Brain
and Kunz, John (2007) Significant Value, Dramatic Growth and apparent Business
Opportunity Stanford University Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering
hittp//cifestanford.edu/online Publication/ TR 17/.pdf
4. Garrison, Paul, Jeffery, Galmore, and
Joe Steele (2009) The Impact of Design
Build and BIM on Sustainable Design and Construction
Journal of Building green no.6 May
2009.
5. Graham
Condit of Sellem “Complex Project Calls for virtual Construction” Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce
November 16 2006.
6. Jim,
Bedirc AIA of Webcor “BIM and Process Improvement” AEC bytes, Dec. 13,
2005.
7. John,
Kunz, and Brain Gilligen “CIFE/CURT Survey of BDC/BIM use” Stanford University
centre for Integrated Facility Engineering, 2006.
8. Leita,
Ternanda; Akinci, Buncu. Garretta, James, Akin, Omar. (2009) “Representation of
Facility contents and threats for supporting identification of vulnerabilities
in building emergencies” computing in civil engineering pp 58 ISBN.
9. Liu, Xuesong, Akinci, Boncu 2009,
Requirement and Evaluation of standards
for Integration of sensor Data with Building Information Models Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering
pp 10
10. National Institute of Building Sciences –WBDG http//www.wdbg.org/bim/bimphp.2010
11. National
Institution of Building Sciences (2007) NBIM Standard Definition (Product,
Process, Computing Collaboration.
12. Richard
Dalam and Ted Buchanau of (NBBB) “Model a Better Building with 3D Modeling” Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce November 16, 2006.
13. Smith,
Deke (2007) “An Introduction to building information Modeling (BIM)” Journal of Building Information Modeling.