EFFECT OF GINGER AND GARLIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND GUT MICROBIAL INTENSITY OF BROILER CHICKENS

INTRODUCTION
Micro-organisms colonize the gastro-intestinal tract during early post hatch period from a synergistic relationship with their  poultry host.  The components of the feed and the viscosity of the gut contents  play an  important role in the development of the microbial  population especially in the small  intestine.


(Fleming, 2009). Gastrointestinal micro-organisms have a highly significant impact on  uptake and utilization of energy (Choct et al.,1996) and  other nutrients, and on response of poultry to anti-nutritional factors  such as  non –strarch polysaccharide, pre and probiotic feed additive and feed enzyme (Bedford and  apajalahti, 2001).

Micro-organism can also directly interact with the lining of the gastro  intestinal  tract (Van Leeuwen et al.,  2004)  which may alter the physiology of the tract  and  immunological status of  the birds (Klasing et.al, 1999)  . Bacteria overgrowth (known  as dysbacteriosis )  results  in bad  bacteria significantly outnumbering the good  bacteria in the gut,  resulting  in the bad bacteria  exerting their undesirable effects on the gut lining  and  the digestion process which may lead to diarrhea and damage to the intestine-  ultimately  leading   to diseased birds  and poor performance. Thus,  to maintain  good  health and welfare, growers  focus on  the integrity  of the intestinal  system (Fleming, 2009).

In livestock farming, infectious agents reduce the yield of farmed food animals. To  control this, the administration of sub-therapeutic antibiotics  and antimicrobial agent has been shown to be effective (AL-Dobaiba and Mousa,  2009). Supplementing  animal  feed with  antimicrobial agents  to enhance  growth has been common practice for more than  50 years and   is estimated to constitute   more than half the total antimicrobial world wide  (Wegner Et  Al,  1999)  According to  the National  Office of  Animal Health  (2001),  the  objective of using  antibiotic based growth promoters (AGPs) is to help growing animals  digest their food more  efficiently, get maximum  benefits from it and lalow them to develop into strong and healthy  animals.  Antibiotic like   virginamycin, salinomycin, neomycin, doxycycline, avilamycin  etc,  are   few of the commonly used AGPs. However,  the use of these  antibiotics in feed have  shown serveal side  effects like resistance towards the drug resideue in the meat and thereby  the user  getting  resistance to the drug. Hence, several countries have banned the use of  antibiotics based growth promoters in the feed animal sector and appearance of resistant   strain in human being. This  decision has  therefore stimulated to the search for alternatives  array  of  substance with  beneficial health   related biological   properties (Agarwal,  1996).

Garlic is  one of the most traditionally used  plants  as a spice and herb . garlic has been used  for a variety of reason which most of them  has been  approved  scientifically:  antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, anti hypertension, anti diabetes etc. there  are lots of active  components in garlic like :  ajone, s-allyl cycteine, di allyl(di/three)  sulfide and the most active one  is allicine which possibly reduce cholesterol in serum and it has  been used for  cardiovascular diseases (Rahmatnejau and  Roshanfekr, 2009). 

Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)  is a  perennial plant, and may act as a  pro-nutrient because of the vast active ingredient it has  been reported to contain  (herbs hand healing  2011).  A  protein digesting enzyme (zingibein) found in gineger   is  believed to improve digestion as  well  as kill parasites and their eggs. it  was  also reported  to enhance antibacterial and anti inflammatory actions and it is  thought to assist other antibacterial  such as antibiotics, by up  to  50%.  the  nutrients found in ginger include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and  vitamins (herbs and Hand Healing 2011. Ginger and garlic have been suggested to improve growth performance of broilers  collectively or individually  (Onibi et al,  2009)  and  improve  gut microbial population by  reducing the pH  of the gut  (Dieumou et al.,  2009).

OBJECTIVES
The objectives  of this  study  are to:
1.        Evaluate the effect of ginger and garlic on  the  growth performance of  broiler  chickens
2.      Determine the effect of ginger  and  garlic on  the gut microbial population of  broiler  chickens.
  Justification of  study
Feeds potentially  introduce enter pathogens  into  the  gut and steps need to be taken  to  prevent    their  introduction and  proliferation. synthetic  antibiotics have  been used  to control  them and  improve growth and productivity. However, it  has been  discovered  that they are deposited  in  the animal l as tissue  residues,  and  which  may  cause resistance of pathogenic microbes. Thus  natural alternatives are being sought that will not  have negative effects on the animal and humans alike. It  is expected   that  ginger  and  garlic can help modulate the broilers gut  and control enteropathogens that interferes    with  effective utilization  of  feed in broilers. If  this is achieved  then  growth performance can be  improved by using  ginger and garlic as feed additives  for  broilers. However the efficiency of utilization of ginger and garlic will only  be  determined by  evaluating the performance of  broiler and the gut  microbial population of broiler chickens  fed with  ginger  and garlic. 

MATERIALS AND METHOD
Experimental site
The  experiment will be carried  out at the poultry  unit of the  teaching  and  research farm of the department of  Animal  Science, Ebonyi State University  Abakaliki.  

SOURCE AND  PROCESSING OF  GINGER AND GARLIC
The  ginger and garlic to be used  will be purchased fresh  from the market. There  rinds  and husks will be peeled off using knife, the peeled  ginger  and garlic will be washed and sun  dried.   When  it is  dried, it  will be later ground to fine  powder. Samples  of the test ingredients  and feed  will be collected and analyzed  to  determine their  proximate composition.

EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL  (BIRDS) 
80  birds  (day old )  will be  obtain from a reputable commercial farm.  The  80  birds  will be randomly allotted into a  treatment  groups (consisting of  20 birds each)  in  a completely  randomized design, each  treatment  will l be  replicated  4   times  with  5  birds per replicate.  The  bird will  be raised in  deep  litter and brooded  for  21  days  (3weeks). 

EXPERIMENTAL  DIETS:
The starter and finisher feed  used in the experiment will be  purchased from a commercial feed seller. The  experimental diets  will be such that  T1 will be the control  no garlic or ginger  in the  diet T2 will be ginger in the feed at  14g/kg  of diet,  and  T4 will be ginger and garlic mixed in the feed at  7g  each/kg of  diet.
 Data collection
Data will be collected on the  following  parameters”

FEED INTAKE
Weighed  quantity of  feed will be served to the  birds per replicate between  7  and  8am  leftover feed will be weighed the next day. Then feed intake  will be obtained by subtracting  the leftover  feed from the quantity served as follows: 
Feed intake= quantity of feed served-quantity of  feed  left.

BODY WEIGHT GAIN
Birds in each replicate/treatment will be  weekly using a weighing scale  before they are  served. At  the end of the experiment, the  total body  weight gain will be determined  by  subtracting the initial body   weight  from the final body weight.  The  initial body   weight will be gotten  by  weighing the birds on arrival  to the poultry house.  The daily body weight  gain will be  determined  by dividing  the total  body weight  gain  by  the number of days  of the experiment.

FEED CONVERSION RATIO
Feed conversion ratio will be calculated  by dividing the average daily feed intake by  the  average daily weight gain. 

MICROBIAL COUNTS
After the  8th  week,  at  57 day fecal samples will be collected from the ileo-caecum of the  eviscerated birds, and  analyzed for microbial  intensity  fresh samples from the small intestine  will be collected immediately after slaughter and transported to the laboratory (under the protection of ice blocks)  for  microbiology analysis.
Statistics  analysis
The data collected  will be subjected to a one way analysis  of variance in a  completely  randomized design (crd) . where  significant differences  between means are observed, such  means will be separated using  fishers least significant difference (F-LSD) (Obi 2002). The 
Xij= µ+Ti + Eij
Where:
Xij       =          Any Observation
µ          =          Population Mean
Ti        =          Treatment  Effect
Eij       =          Experimental Error
I           =          Number of  Treatment
J          =          Number of Replicate

REFERENCES

Agarwal, K.C (1996).  Therapeutic Action  of Garlic Constituents. Med. Res. Rev, 16.111-114 
Alder, A.J, Holub,  (1997)  Am J Clin Nutr,  65;445-450

Al-dobaib, s.n and  mousa, h.m  (1009) . effect of  antibiotics in animals. Journal food  agric. 
Environment, vol  7

Bagar, I (1998)  consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial   resistance
in bacteria from food  animals, food and human in Denmark, dansk,  Copenhagen, zoonocenter, Denmark
Brugalli,  1 (2003) Alimentaca Alternative:  Utilizacaode Fitoterapicos Ou  Nutaceticoscomo 
Moduladores Da Imunidade E desempho animal. Anais  do simposio Sobre manejo e  Nutricao  de aves e suinos;  Compains sa o Paulo –brasil. Campinas: CBNA; PP 167-181

Bedford,  M.R.  and apajalahti, j  (2011)  enzyme in farm animal nutrition, eds Mr. Bedford  g.g.
partridge cab publishing  walling ford

Dieumou,  f.e,  teguia, a.,  kuiate, j.r  tamokou, N b, fonge, n.b  and dongmo, m.c  (2009.  Effects
of ginger (ZINGIBER OFFINALE) AND GARLIC (allium sativum)  essential oils on 
growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler  chickens   livestock   research  for rural development   21(8)  2009.

Dorman, H.J.D  and Deans S.G  (2002) . antimicrobial agents from plants:  antibacterial  activity
of plant volatile oils, journal of applied microbiology  88:308-316

Fleming, b., (1009 ). Broiler gut health. Farmers weekly  http://ad.doubleclic,.
Net/n6381/jump/farmers weekly  interactive/academy. Monday I June 2009

Hebs hand healing ltd 1011.  Traditional western herbal product. Ginger.  Extracts from a 
nutshell ginger by jill rosenry davis wwwherbs hand healing co.uk. retrieved July 11 
2011
Klasing, k.c.johnstone, b kand benson, b.n (1999).  Recent development in poultry   nutrition

Obi, I.u (100)  statically methods of  detecting difference between treatment means and 
research methodology issues in laboratory and field experiments pp  39-40

Onibi, g.e.  adebisi, o.e. faeisin, n.a  and adetunji a.v  (1009) .  response of broiler 
supplementation. African journal  of agricultural research vol,  4 (5)  pp  511 -517 

Rahmatnejau e and  rosehanfekr, h  (2009) journal of animal and  veterinary advances  9:  175 –
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Wiley-interscience publication; cap  6,p.145-153 
 
EFFECT OF GINGER AND GARLIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND GUT MICROBIAL INTENSITY OF BROILER CHICKENS

A
PROJECT PROPOSAL
PRESENTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY
ABAKALIKI
COURSE CODE:   ANS 599
COURSE TITLE:  RESEARCH PROJECT  
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