INTRODUCTION
Micro-organisms
colonize the gastro-intestinal tract during early post hatch period from a
synergistic relationship with their
poultry host. The components of
the feed and the viscosity of the gut contents
play an important role in the
development of the microbial population
especially in the small intestine.
(Fleming, 2009). Gastrointestinal micro-organisms have a highly significant impact on uptake and utilization of energy (Choct et al.,1996) and other nutrients, and on response of poultry to anti-nutritional factors such as non –strarch polysaccharide, pre and probiotic feed additive and feed enzyme (Bedford and apajalahti, 2001).
Micro-organism can also directly interact with the lining of the gastro intestinal tract (Van Leeuwen et al., 2004) which may alter the physiology of the tract and immunological status of the birds (Klasing et.al, 1999) . Bacteria overgrowth (known as dysbacteriosis ) results in bad bacteria significantly outnumbering the good bacteria in the gut, resulting in the bad bacteria exerting their undesirable effects on the gut lining and the digestion process which may lead to diarrhea and damage to the intestine- ultimately leading to diseased birds and poor performance. Thus, to maintain good health and welfare, growers focus on the integrity of the intestinal system (Fleming, 2009).
(Fleming, 2009). Gastrointestinal micro-organisms have a highly significant impact on uptake and utilization of energy (Choct et al.,1996) and other nutrients, and on response of poultry to anti-nutritional factors such as non –strarch polysaccharide, pre and probiotic feed additive and feed enzyme (Bedford and apajalahti, 2001).
Micro-organism can also directly interact with the lining of the gastro intestinal tract (Van Leeuwen et al., 2004) which may alter the physiology of the tract and immunological status of the birds (Klasing et.al, 1999) . Bacteria overgrowth (known as dysbacteriosis ) results in bad bacteria significantly outnumbering the good bacteria in the gut, resulting in the bad bacteria exerting their undesirable effects on the gut lining and the digestion process which may lead to diarrhea and damage to the intestine- ultimately leading to diseased birds and poor performance. Thus, to maintain good health and welfare, growers focus on the integrity of the intestinal system (Fleming, 2009).
In
livestock farming, infectious agents reduce the yield of farmed food animals.
To control this, the administration of
sub-therapeutic antibiotics and antimicrobial
agent has been shown to be effective (AL-Dobaiba and Mousa, 2009). Supplementing animal
feed with antimicrobial
agents to enhance growth has been common practice for more
than 50 years and is estimated to constitute more than half the total antimicrobial world
wide (Wegner Et Al,
1999) According to the National
Office of Animal Health (2001),
the objective of using antibiotic based growth promoters (AGPs) is
to help growing animals digest their
food more efficiently, get maximum benefits from it and lalow them to develop
into strong and healthy animals. Antibiotic like virginamycin, salinomycin, neomycin,
doxycycline, avilamycin etc, are
few of the commonly used AGPs. However,
the use of these antibiotics in
feed have shown serveal side effects like resistance towards the drug
resideue in the meat and thereby the
user getting resistance to the drug. Hence, several
countries have banned the use of
antibiotics based growth promoters in the feed animal sector and appearance
of resistant strain in human being.
This decision has therefore stimulated to the search for
alternatives array of
substance with beneficial
health related biological properties (Agarwal, 1996).
Garlic
is one of the most traditionally
used plants as a spice and herb . garlic has been
used for a variety of reason which most
of them has been approved
scientifically: antimicrobial,
hypolipidemic, anti hypertension, anti diabetes etc. there are lots of active components in garlic like : ajone, s-allyl cycteine, di
allyl(di/three) sulfide and the most
active one is allicine which possibly
reduce cholesterol in serum and it has
been used for cardiovascular
diseases (Rahmatnejau and Roshanfekr,
2009).
Ginger
(Zingiber Officinale) is a
perennial plant, and may act as a
pro-nutrient because of the vast active ingredient it has been reported to contain (herbs hand healing 2011).
A protein digesting enzyme
(zingibein) found in gineger is believed to improve digestion as well
as kill parasites and their eggs. it
was also reported to enhance antibacterial and anti
inflammatory actions and it is thought
to assist other antibacterial such as
antibiotics, by up to 50%.
the nutrients found in ginger
include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins (herbs and Hand Healing 2011. Ginger
and garlic have been suggested to improve growth performance of broilers collectively or individually (Onibi et al,
2009) and improve
gut microbial population by
reducing the pH of the gut (Dieumou et al., 2009).
OBJECTIVES
The
objectives of this study
are to:
1.
Evaluate the effect of ginger and garlic
on the
growth performance of broiler chickens
2.
Determine
the effect of ginger and garlic on
the gut microbial population of
broiler chickens.
Justification
of study
Feeds
potentially introduce enter
pathogens into the
gut and steps need to be taken
to prevent their
introduction and proliferation.
synthetic antibiotics have been used
to control them and improve growth and productivity. However, it has been
discovered that they are
deposited in the animal l as tissue residues,
and which may
cause resistance of pathogenic microbes. Thus natural alternatives are being sought that
will not have negative effects on the
animal and humans alike. It is
expected that ginger
and garlic can help modulate the
broilers gut and control enteropathogens
that interferes with effective utilization of feed
in broilers. If this is achieved then
growth performance can be
improved by using ginger and
garlic as feed additives for broilers. However
the efficiency of utilization of ginger and garlic will only be
determined by evaluating the
performance of broiler and the gut microbial population of broiler chickens fed with
ginger and garlic.
MATERIALS AND
METHOD
Experimental
site
The experiment will be carried out at the poultry unit of the
teaching and research farm of the department of Animal
Science, Ebonyi State University
Abakaliki.
SOURCE AND PROCESSING OF
GINGER AND GARLIC
The ginger and garlic to be used will be purchased fresh from the market. There rinds
and husks will be peeled off using knife, the peeled ginger
and garlic will be washed and sun
dried. When it is
dried, it will be later ground to
fine powder. Samples of the test ingredients and feed
will be collected and analyzed to
determine their proximate composition.
EXPERIMENTAL
ANIMAL (BIRDS)
80 birds
(day old ) will be obtain from a reputable commercial farm. The
80 birds will be randomly allotted into a treatment
groups (consisting of 20 birds
each) in
a completely randomized design,
each treatment will l be
replicated 4 times
with 5 birds per replicate. The
bird will be raised in deep
litter and brooded for 21
days (3weeks).
EXPERIMENTAL DIETS:
The
starter and finisher feed used in the
experiment will be purchased from a
commercial feed seller. The experimental
diets will be such that T1 will be the control no garlic or ginger in the
diet T2 will be ginger in the feed at 14g/kg
of diet, and T4 will be ginger and garlic mixed
in the feed at 7g each/kg of
diet.
Data collection
Data
will be collected on the following parameters”
FEED INTAKE
Weighed quantity of
feed will be served to the birds
per replicate between 7 and
8am leftover feed will be weighed
the next day. Then feed intake will be
obtained by subtracting the leftover feed from the quantity served as
follows:
Feed
intake= quantity of feed served-quantity of
feed left.
BODY WEIGHT GAIN
Birds
in each replicate/treatment will be
weekly using a weighing scale
before they are served. At the end of the experiment, the total body
weight gain will be determined
by subtracting the initial
body weight from the final body weight. The
initial body weight will be
gotten by weighing the birds on arrival to the poultry house. The daily body weight gain will be
determined by dividing the total
body weight gain by the
number of days of the experiment.
FEED CONVERSION
RATIO
Feed
conversion ratio will be calculated by
dividing the average daily feed intake by
the average daily weight gain.
MICROBIAL
COUNTS
After
the 8th week,
at 57 day fecal samples will be
collected from the ileo-caecum of the
eviscerated birds, and analyzed
for microbial intensity fresh samples from the small intestine will be collected immediately after slaughter
and transported to the laboratory (under the protection of ice blocks) for
microbiology analysis.
Statistics analysis
The
data collected will be subjected to a
one way analysis of variance in a completely
randomized design (crd) . where
significant differences between
means are observed, such means will be
separated using fishers least
significant difference (F-LSD) (Obi 2002). The
Xij=
µ+Ti + Eij
Where:
Xij
= Any
Observation
µ
= Population Mean
Ti
=
Treatment Effect
Eij = Experimental Error
I
= Number
of Treatment
J = Number
of Replicate
REFERENCES
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EFFECT OF GINGER
AND GARLIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND GUT MICROBIAL INTENSITY OF BROILER
CHICKENS
A
PROJECT PROPOSAL
PRESENTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL
SCIENCE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
EBONYI STATE
UNIVERSITY
ABAKALIKI
COURSE CODE: ANS 599
COURSE
TITLE: RESEARCH PROJECT