Male
sexual dysfunction comprised of several problems including erectile
dysfunction, decrease libido, priapism, peyronie disease, and premature
ejaculations. Diabetes mellitus, heart and vascular disease, hormonal imbalance
such as low testosterone level, hypo and hyperthyroidism, kidney and liver
failure, alcoholism, drug abuse, aging and cigarette smoking are known to
affect male sexual functions. In addition, side effect of certain anti depressant
drugs, psychological problems including work related stress and anxiety,
marital or relationship problems, depression, feeling of quilt and the side
effect of past sexual trauma mostly associated with female (Melman and Relman, 1999;
Romeo et al., 2000; Brock et al., 2002; Goldstein et al., 1984
and El- sakka et al.,2004; Nelson, 2005).
The
treatment of erectile dysfunction, present special challenges which include
late presentation, in availability of drugs, high cost and intolerable side
effect of drugs. In response to the above challenges, there has been a renewed
interest in medicinal plants in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, which are
being shown to be both effective and safe. Several medicinal plants have been used
to treat many ailments including sexual dysfunction. Ginseng and other herbal
remedies are used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction include: crushed
seeds of fennel, licorice, pollen, sarsaparilla, asafetida, hops and Spanish
fly (Adimoelja, 2000; Guirguis, 1998). Acacia polyacantha is one of the
medicinal plants that is being used in the tradition treatment of erectile
dysfunction. To the best of our knowledge there is no scientific evidence to
support the use of Acacia polyacantha to enhance sexual performance.
The
(LD50) of the plant extract was calculated to be 3807.9 mg/kg
indicating that the plant extract is relatively safe.
There
was no significant difference in mounting frequency between the Viagra, the
control and the extract treated groups. But at the dose f 150 mg/kg of the
extract treated group present a biphasic action.
The
three groups treated with different doses of aqueous methanolic stem bark
extract of Acacia polyacantha at 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg when compared
with Viagra treated group, did not show a significant difference in sperm count
and sperm motility. However the result of the sperm morphology of the extract
treated groups 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg showed a significant increase
(p<0.05) in normal sperm morphology when compared to that of Viagra 5 mg/kg.
The
three doses of the extract tend to elevate serum testosterone level when
compared with the Viagra treated group.
The
seminiferous tubules, the primary spermatocytes up to the spermatids are well
define in the control. There was an increase in elongated spermatids arising
from the secondary spermatocytes toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
in the Viagra treated group. The elongated spermatid seen towards the lumen is
as a result of increase in spermatogenesis. The groups that were treated with
the doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg of the extract had a reduced number of
primary spermatocytes with increase in the number of spermatids toward the
lumen of the seminiferous tubules as a result of increase in spermatogenesis.
The
effect produced by the plant extract in the aforementioned parameters is
possible due to the presences of flavonoid which according to Harbourne, (1993),
Igile et al.,(1994) and Evans,
(1999) posses anti –oxidant effect. The preliminary Phytochemical studies of
the aqueous methanolic stem bark extract of acacia polyacantha revealed
the presence of other compounds such as tannins,
anthraquinones, steroids, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, saponins and
alkaloids.
A
number of herbal plants such as Securidaca longepeduculata (polygalaceae),
Wrightia natalensis (Apocynaceae), and Rhoicissas tridentate L.F
(wild and R.B Drumm) (vitaceae) are used in treatment of erectile
dysfunction. While plants such as Curcuma longa and Garcia kola enhance sperm motility and decrease
spermatozoa abnormality (Ishihara et
al., 2000), (Farombi et al., 2007), Tribulus terristis (Adimoeja
et al.,1995), Asparagus racemous, Withania senticosus, Andrographis
paniculata and acanthopanax sensticosus (Nantia et al., 2009)
are plants proven to improve
spermatogenesis, sperm mortility and morphology. Many flavonoids containing plants
are know to have anti –oxidant effect, as quoted by Harborne (1993) and Evans
(1999).
CONCLUSION
Based
on the findings of this study, it is concluded that; the stem bark extract
Acacia polyacantha did not significantly affect mounting frequency, sperm
count, sperm motility and serum testosterone level in adult rats. But however,
it significantly raised the number of
normal sperm morphology suggesting a modulatory effect of Acacia
polyacantha which may be caused by the presence of Flavonoids which has an
anti-oxidant property [Harbourne, (1993), Igile et al., (1994), Evans (1999)
.
RECOMMENDATION
These
preliminary results can be seen as the groundwork for further studies which can
be carried out to isolate and identify the active chemical constituent of
Acacia polyacantha and their
possible mechanism of action on isolated cavernous tissue , so that it can be used as an alternative in the treatment of
reproductive related issues. Hence the local
users of this plant could be advised on its usage for local ailments and the
required dose based on the LD50.
REFERENCES
Abicht, J. (1999).Testing the
autonomic system. In: Erectile Dysfunction. Edited by U. Jonas, W. Thoh, C. Steif. Berlin:
SpringerVerlag, pp. 187–194.
Adetayo, F.O.
and Osegbe, D.N. Priapism (1994): Results of surgical treatment in sicklers and
non-sicklers at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Nigerian
Postgraduate Med.J. 1:9-12.
Adeyokunnu, A.
A., Lawani, J.O. and Nkposong, E.O. (1981). Priapism complicating sickle cell
disease in Nigerian children. Annals Tropical Paediat. 1:143-147.
Adimoelja, A., Setiawan, L., and Djojotananjo, T. (1995). Tribulus
terrestris (protodioscin) in the treatment of male infertility with
idiopathic oligoasthenoterato-zoospermia. In: First International
Conference of Medical Plants for Reproductive Medicine in Taipei, China.
Adimoelja, A. (2000). Phytochemicals and the breakthrough of
traditional herbs in the management of sexual dysfunction. International
Journal of Andrology 23,
pp. 82–84.
Agarwal, A. and Saleh,
R. A. (2002). Role of oxidants in male infertility: Rationale, significance,
and treatment. Urol Clin North Am;29:817–827.
Aghaji, A.E.
Priapism in adult Nigerians. Brit. J. Urol. Int. 2000; 85:493-495.
Culley, C., Carson
111, Roger, S. Kirby, and Irwin, Goldstein.
(2009). Text book of erectile dysfunction:edited by 2nd editionInforma HealthCare USA Inc.52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York,NY10017. Pp 421.
American Association of Clinical
Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation
and treatment of male sexual dysfunction: (2003).A couple's problem—update.
Endocr Pract. 9; 77-95.
Andersson, K.E.,
Hedlund, P. and Alm, P. (2000).Sympathetic pathways and adrenergic innervation
of the penis. Int J Impot Res; 12: S5–S12.
Argiolas, A., and Hedlund, H. (2001). The pharmacology and
clinical pharmacokinetics of apomorphine SL. BJU Int;
88. (supple 3):18-21.
Aytal, I.A.,
Mckinley, J.B., and Krane, R.J. (1999). The likely world wide increase in erectile
dysfunction between 1995 and 2005. And some possible policy consequence. BJU
Int. 84: 50-56.
Bancila,
M., Verge, D., Rampin, O., Backstrom, J.R., Snaders-Busch, E., McKenna, K.E.,
Marson, L., Calas, A., and Giuliano, F.(1999). 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors
on spinal neurons controlling penile erection in the rat. Neuroscience 92:
1523-1537.
Barnes, N.M. and Sharp, T. (1999). A review of
central 5-HT receptors and their function. Neuropharmacology 38:
1083-1152.
Benchekroun, A.(2003). A baseline-controlled,
open-label, flexible dose-escalation study to assess the safety and efficacy of
sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) in patients with erectile dysfunction.
Int J Impot Res; 15(Suppl 1):S19–S24.
Berrada, S. Kadri, N.,
Mechakra-Tahiri, S. and Nejjari, C. (2003). Prevalence of erectile dysfunction
and its correlates: a population-based study in Morocco. Int J Impot Res 15(Suppl 1): S3–S7.
Bolza, E.,
Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics
of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research.
Bitran,
D., and Hull, E.M.
(1987). Pharmacological analysis of male rat sexual behavior. Neurosci
Biobehav Rev 11: 365-389.
Brock, G.B., McMahon, C.G. , Chen, K.K.
(2002).Efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: Results of integrated
analyses. J Urol. 168: 1332-1336.
Carey,
M.P. and Johnson, B.T.(1996).
Effectiveness of yohimbe in the
treatment of erectile disorders: four meta- analytic integration. Arch. Sex
Behav.25:441.
Carnini, C., Salvioli,
V., and Scuteri, A. (1999). Urological and sexual evaluation of treatment of
benign prostatic disease using Pygeum africanum at high doses. J Arch Ital Urol
Nefrol Androl; 63:421-345.
Carleton, H. M.
(1967). Carleton’s Histological technique fourth Edition. Oxford
University press New
York / Toronto.
Pp 58.
Carlson
(2001). Physiology of Behavior, 7th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Cartledge,
J.J., Eardley, I., and Morrison, J.F. (2001).
Advanced glycation end-products are responsible for the impairment of corpus
cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation seen in diabetes. BJU Int.;87:402–407.
Cellek, S.,
Rees, R.W., and Kalsi, J. A. (2002).
Rho-kinase inhibitor, soluble guanylate cyclase activator and nitric oxide-releasing PDE5 inhibitor:
novel approaches to erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs.;11:1563.
Chen, K.K, Chan, J.Y, and Chang, L.S. (1999). Dopaminergic
neurotransmission at the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in central
regulation of penile erection in the rat. J Urol. 162: 237–242.
Cherubini, A., Vigna, G., Zuliani, G.,
Ruggiero, C., Senin, U., and Fellin, R. (2005). "Role of antioxidants in
atherosclerosis: epidemiological and clinical update". Curr Pharm Des
11 (16): 2017–32.
Christ,
G.J, Maayani, S., and Valcic, M. (1990). Pharmacological studies of human
erectile tissue: characteristics of spontaneous contractions and alterations in
alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness with age and disease in isolated tissues. Br
J Pharmacol.;101:37.
Clavert, A., Cranz,
C., and Riffaud, J.P. (1986). Effects of an extract of the bark of Pygeum Africanum
(V.1326) on prostatic secretions in the rat and in man.Ann Urol. 20:341–343.
Cowley,
G. (1996). Testosterone and other hormone treatments offer new hope for staying
youthful, sexy and strong. Newsweek,
16:67 -75.
Corona, G., Mannucci, E., and Mansani,
R. (2004) . Aging and pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction. Int J
Impot Res.16:395–402.
DeBusk, R. and Drory, Y. (2000).Goldstein I.
Management of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease:
Recommendations of the Princeton Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol. 86: 175-181.
DeBusk, R.F., Pepine, C.J. and Glasser D.B. (2004). Efficacy and safety of
sildenafil citrate in men with erectile dysfunction and stable coronary artery
disease. Am J Cardiol. 93: 147-153.
Dean,
R. C. and T.F. Lue. (2005). physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology
of erectile dysfunction. Urol. Clin. North. Am.32(4):379-203.
de Groat, W.C.
and Booth, A.M. (1993). Neural control of penile erection, in The Autonomic
Nervous System, Nervous Control of the Urogenital System (Maggi CA ed) vol
6, pp 465-513, Harwood Academic Publishers, London, UK.
De Groat,
W.(1993).Booth A. Neural control of penile erection. London: Harwood, pp. 465–513.
Drewes, S.E., M.M. Horn, O.Q. Munro, J.T.B. Dhlamini, J.J. M.
Meyer and N.C. Rakuambo, (2002).Pyrano-isoflavones with erectile-dysfunction
activity from Eriosema
kraussianum, Phytochemistry 59 pp. 739–747.
Duke,
James, A. (1985). CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, CRC Press, Inc.
Duncan, R.C., Knapp,
R. G., and Miller. M. C.(1997).Test of hypothesis in population means. In:
Introductory Biostastistics for the health sciences. John Wiley and Sons Inc.NY
pp71-96.
Eaton, R.C., Moses,J.,
and Hull,E.M. (19991).
D2 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus regulate genital responses and
copulation in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 39: 177–181.
Eardley, I., and Kirby, R. (1991). Neurogenic Impotence. In:
Impotence: Diagnosis and Management of Male Erectile Dysfunction. Edited by R.
Kirby, C. Carson, G. Webster. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 227–231.
El-Sakka,
A.I., Morsy, A.M, Fagih, B.I. and Nassar, A.H. (2004) .Coronary artery risk
factors in patients with erectile dysfunction. J Urol.172:251–254.
Eugene,
Shippen, M.D. (1998). Testosterone Syndrome: the Cortical Factor for Energy,
Heal, & Sexuality Reversing the Male MEenopause. M. Evans 7 Co; New York.
Evans,
W.C. (1999). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy 13th editions W. B.
Saunders Company Ltd. London UK. Pp 117 -139.
Farombi, E.O., Abarikwu, S.O.,
Adedara, I.A. and Oyeyemi, M.O. (2007). Curcumin and kolaviron ameliorate
di-n-Butylphthalate-induced testicular damage in rats. Basic Clin. Pharmacol.
Toxicol. 100: 43-48.
Feldman,
H. A., Goldstem, I.and Hatzchriston, D.G.(1994). Impotence and its Medicinal and psychosocial correlates:result
of the Massachuseits Male aging study Urol.151- 154.
Fischette, C.T.,
Nock, B. and Renner, K. (1987). Effects
of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on serotonin1 and 2 receptors throughout
the rat central nervous system using quantitative autoradiography. Brain Res
421: 263-279.
Furchgott, R.F.
and Zawadzki, J.V. (1980). The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the
relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetytcholine. Nature:288:373-376.
Galeffi G, E. Federici, J.D. Msonthi,
G.B. Marini-Bettolo and Nicoletti, M. (1990). New
xanthones from Ectiadiopsis
oblongifolia and Securidaca longipendunculata, Fitoterapia
LXI pp. 79–81.
Gerhardt, C.C and Van
Heerikhuizen, H. (1997). Functional characteristics of heterologously expressed
5-HT receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 334: 1-23.
Gerstenberg, T.C,
Metz, P.,
Ottesen, B. and Fahrenkrug, J.(1992).
Intracavernous selfinjection with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and
phentolamine in the management of erectile failure. J Urol;147: l277-1279.
Guirguis, W.R. (1998). Oral
treatment of erectile dysfunction: from herbal remedies to designer drugs, Journal
of Sex and Marital Therapy 24 pp. 69–73.
Giuliano, F.A, Rampin, O., Benoit, G.and Jardin, A.(1995).
Neural control of penile erection. Urol Clin
North Am. 22: 747–766.
Goldstein, I.,
Lue ,T.F. and Padma-Nathan H. (1998).
Oral sildenafil and the treatment of erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 338:;
1397-1404.
Goldstein, I.,
Feldman ,M.I. and Deckers, P.J.( 1984).
Radiation-associated impotence. A clinical study of its mechanism. Jama. .251:903.
Gonzales, G.F.,
Cordova, A. and Vega, K.(2002). Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual
desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult
healthy men. Andrologia.34:367–372.
Graham, C. and Regan, J.(1992). Blinded clinical trial of
testosterone enanthate in impotent men with low-normal serum testosterone
levels. Int J Impot Res. P144.
Harborne,
J.B. (1993). Introduction to ecological biochemistry academic press London UK.
pp 78.
Heaton, J.P.W, Adams, M.A. and Morales, A.(1997). A therapeutic taxonomy
of treatments for erectile dysfunction: an evolutionary imperative. Int J Impot
Res; 9:115-12l.
Heaton, J.P.W.,
Morales, A. and Adams, M.(1995). Johnston B. El-Rashidy R.
Recovery of erectile function by the oral administration of apomorphine. Urology
:45:200-203.
Hellstrom, W.J., Gittelman, M. and
Karlin, G. (2002).Vardenafil for the treatment of men with erectile
dysfunction: Efficacy and safety in a randomized double-blind
placebo-controlled trial. J Androl. 23: 763-771.
Herrera, E. and Barbas, C. (2001). "Vitamin E: action,
metabolism and perspectives". J Physiol Biochem 57 (2): 43 –
56.
Ignarro, L.J., Bush, P.A. and
Buga, G.M.(1990). Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation upon electrical field
stimulation cause relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Biochem
Biophys Res Commun. ;170:843.
Igile, G.O.,
Oleszek, W., Jurzyata, M., Burda,S., Fafunso, M., Fasonmade, A.A., (1994):
Flavonoid from Vernonia amygdalina and their antioxidant activities
J.Agric. food chem. (USA),42,
2445-2448.
Ishihara, M., Itoh, M., Miyamoto,
K., Takeuchi, Y., Takenaka, I.and Jitsunari, F. (2000). Spermatogenic
disturbance induced bi di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is significantly prevented
by treatment with antioxidant vitamins in rat. Int. J. Androl. 23: 85-94.
Jequier, A.M.(2000). Male Infertility: A Guide for the
Clinician, Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 200–225.
Impotence:
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. NIH,
DHHS. December 7-9, 1992; 10(4):1-31. Available at http://odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/cons/091/091_statement.htm. Accessed November 21, 2001.
Johannes, C.B.,
Araujo, A.B., Feldman, H.A., Derby,
C.A, Kleinman, K.P and McKinlay, J.B. (2000). Incidence of erectile dysfunction
in men 40 to 69 years old: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male
Aging Study. Journal of Urology.;163(2):460-463.
Keel B.A. (1990). The semen
Analysis in CRC Hand book of the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of
Infertility “Keel B and Webster B.eds” CRC Press Inc USA 27 – 66P.
Langtry ,H.D. and Markham A. (1999). Sildenafil: A review of
its use in erectile dysfunction. Drugs. 57: 967-989.
Leonard,
M.P., Nickel, C.J. and Morales, A. (1984). Hyperprolactinemia and impotence:
why, when and how to investigate. J Urol.142:992.
Levinson,
I.P., Khalaf, I.M. and Shaeer, K.Z.M. (2003). Smart DO on behalf of the African
Sildenafil Study Group. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®)
for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men in Egypt
and South Africa.
Int J Impot Res; 15(Suppl 1): S25–S29.
Loewy, A.D. and McKellar, S.
(1981). Serotonergic projections from the ventral medulla to the
intermediolateral cell column in the rat. Brain Res 211:
146-152
Lorke,
D.(1983). A New Approach to practical. Acute toxicity testing, Arch. Toxicol,
53:275-287.
Lotito, S.B. and Frei, B. (2006). "Consumption of
flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans:
cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon?". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41
(12): 1727–46.
Lucchetta, G.,
Weill, A. and Becker, N. (1984). Reactivation of the secretion from the
prostatic gland in cases of reduced fertility: Biological study of seminal
fluid modifications. Urol Int.39:222–224.
Lue, T.F.
(1989). Penile venous surgery. Urol Clin North Am..16:607–611.
Lue,
T.F., Takamura, T and Schmidt RA.(1983).
Hemodynamics of erection in the monkey. J Urol. 1983;130:1237.
Malcom
,Corruthers, M.D. (1996). Male menopause: restoring vitalty and virility.Harper
Collins publishing London England. p.132.
Marlier,
L., Teilhac, J.R., Cerruti, C. and Privat, A. (1991). Autoradiographic mapping
of 5-HT1, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2 receptors in the rat spinal cord. Brain
Res 550: 15-23
Marson, L. and McKenna, K.E. (1990). The identification of a
brainstem site controlling spinal sexual reflexes in male rats. Brain Res 1990; 515:
303–308.
Marson, L. and McKenna, K.E. (1992).A role for 5-hydroxytryptamine
in descending inhibition of spinal sexual reflexes. Exp
Brain Res; 88: 313–320.
McKenna,
KE.(1998). Central control of penile erection. Int J Impot
Res. 10(Suppl 1): S25–S34.
Melman, A. and Rehman, J. (1999).
Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. Mol Urol.;3:87–102.
Mehta,
P.H., Jones, A.C. and Josephs, R.A (June 2008). "The social endocrinology of dominance: basal testosterone predicts
cortisol changes and behavior following victory and defeat".
J Pers Soc Psychol 94 (6): 1078–93.
Metz, P., Ebbehoj, J. and Uhrenholdt,
A, and Wagner,G. (1983). Peyronie’s disease and erectile failure. J Urol.;130:1103.
McDonald, M., and
Santucci, R.A. (2004): Successful
Management of Stuttering Priapism Using Home Self-injections of the
alpha-agonist Metaraminol. International Braz J Urol ,
30(2):121-2.
Michal V,
V. R. (1980). Histological changes in the penile artial bed with aging and
diabetes. In: Vasculogenic Impotence: Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Corpus Cavernosum Revascularization. Edited by A. Zorgniotti and
G. Rossi. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, pp. 113–119.
Montague,
D.K., Barada, J.H. and Belker, A.M. (1996). Clinical guidelines panel on
erectile dysfunction: Summary report on the treatment of organic erectile
dysfunction. The American Urological Association. J Urol. 156: 2007-2011.
Monroe, P.J. and Smith
D.J. (1983). Characterization of multiple 5-[3H]hydroxytryptamine
binding sites in the rat spinal cord tissue. J Neurochem 41:
349-355.
Morales, A,
Johnson, B., Heaton, J.P.W. and Clark, A.(1994). Oral androgens in the treatment
of hypogonadal impotent men. 3 Urol :152:1115.
Morgentaler, A. (1999). Male impotence, Lancet 354 pp. 1713–1718.25.
Mulofwa,
J. with S. Simute and B. Tengnas. (1994).Agroforestry: Manual for Extension
Workers in Southern Province,Zambia. Swedish Internation
Development Authority (SIDA), Regional Soil Conservation Unith (RCSU),Nairobi, Kenya.
Tech. Handbook NO.4.Appendix 3.199p.
Nakajima,
H.(1987) .“ Inaugural Address” report of the second meeting of directors of WHO
collaboration center for tradition medicine, Beijing China.16-20 Nov. Geneva
WHO no.4 p 5-7.
Nantia
,E.A., Moundipa, P.F., Monses, T.K. and
Carreau, S.(2009). Medicinal plants as potential male anti – infertility
agent. A review springer- verlaf. Androl 19:148-158.
National
Institutes of Health Consensus State
USA.
(1993).J.AM. Med Assoc 123:23-27.
Nehra,
A. (2009). Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Efficacy and Safety
of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors in Men With Both Conditions. Mayo
Clin Proc. 84: 139-148.
Nelson,Randy, J.(2005).An Introduction to Behavioral
Endocrinology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
ISBN
0-87893-617-3.
Nicolosi,
A., Moreira, E.D. Jr, Shirai, M., Bin Mohd , Tambi, M. I. and Glasser, D.B (2003). Epidemilogy of erectile
dysfunction. In four Countries: cross – nation study of prevalence and
correlation of erectile dysfunction Urology : 61 (1) : 201 – 6.
Osegbe, D.N. (2003). Sildenafil
citrate (Viagra®) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in
Nigerian men. Int J Impot Res; 15(Suppl
1): S15–S18.
Packer, L., Weber, S.U. and Rimbach, G. (2001). "Molecular
aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling". J. Nutr. 131 (2): 369S–73S.
Padayatty ,S., Katz, A., Wang, Y.,
Eck ,P., Kwon, O., Lee, J., Chen, S., Corpe, C., Dutta, A., Dutta, S. and Levine, M. (2003). "Vitamin C as
an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention". J Am Coll Nutr 22 (1): 18 – 35.
Palmer, R.M.,
Ferrige, A.G. and Moncada, S. (1987). Nitric oxide release accounts for the
biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987:327:524-526.
Pautler, S.E.
and Brock, G.B.(2001). Priapism. From Priapus to the present time. Urol Clin
North Am. 28:391-403.
Paredes,
R.G., Contreras, J.L and Agmo, A. (2000). Serotonin and sexual behavior in the
male rabbit. J Neural Transm 107: 767-777.
Pellietier, S.W.(1989). Alkaloids
chemical and biological perspective. Vol. 1-6. Wiley. New York, USA pp 56 -79.
Pharmacy
Benefits Management-Medical Advisory Panel.( 1999).The Primary Care Management
of Erectile Dysfunction (VHA PBM-SHG Publication No. 99–0014). Hines, IL:
Pharmacy Benefits Management Strategic Healthcare Group, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans
Affairs.
Phillip,
J. vogel. (2003). The importance of increasing and maintain testosterone level
in older men. Available at
http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2003/may2003_cover_test_03.html
Accessed May,
2003.
Porst, H.,
Derouet, H., ldzikowski, M., Hess, H., Knispel, H.H, Moll, v.K.G., Netzer, M.,
Six, G., Steif ,C.G., vradelis, V. and Wetterauer, U.(1996). Oral phentolamine (Vasomax)
in erectile dysfunction-results of a German multicenter study in 177 patients. mti
Impo: Res :8:117.
Rajfer, J.,
Rosciszewski, A. and Mehringer, M. (1988). Prevalence of corporeal
venous leakage in impotent men. J Urol;140:69.
Rajfer, J.,
Aronson, Wi., Bush, P.A, Dorey, F.J. and Ignarro, U. (1992). Nitric oxide as a
mediator of relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in response to nonadrenergic.
Noncholinergic neurotransmission. N Engl
3 Med:326:90-94.
Rampin, O. (2001). Mode of action of a new oral treatment for
erectile dysfunction: apomorphine SL. BJU Int. 88.
Richard,
P.(1990). An introduction to the medical history of Ethopia (Tenton; Red sea)
P.97.
Ridet,
J.L, Tamir, H. and Privat, A. (1994). Direct immunocytochemical localization of
5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the adult rat spinal cord: a light and
electron microscopic study using an anti-idiotypic antiserum. J Neurosci Res
38: 109-121.
Romeo,
J. H, Seftel, A.D, Madhun, Z.T. and Aron
,D.C.(2000). Sexual function in
men with diabetes type 2: association with glycemic control. J.Urol;
163(3):788-9.
Rosen, M.P.,
Greenfield, A.J. and Walker, T.G. (1990). Arteriogenic impotence:
findings in 195 impotent men examined with selective internal pudendal
angiography. Young Investigator’s Award. Radiology.;174:1043.
Saenz de
Tejada, I., Goldstein, I. and Azadzoi, K.
(1989). Impaired neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile
smooth muscle from diabetic men with impotence. N Engl J. Med. 320:1025.
Sachs, B., and Meisel,R.L. (1988).The physiology of male sexual behavior.
In: The Physiology of Reproduction. Edited by E. Knobil,
J. Neill, L. Ewing. New York:
Raven Press, pp. 1393–1423.
Salvalti, G.,
Genovesi, G., and Marcellini, L.(1996). Effect of Panax ginseng, CA Meyer
saponins on male fertility. Panminerva Med.38:249–254.
Schmidt,
E., Lötter, M. and McCleland, W. (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger
National Park . Jacana, Johannesburg.
ISBN 1-919777-30.
Seggiano,H.
www.seggiano.co.UK/Products/10 honey.html. retrieved 2008-05-05.
Sembuligam,
P. and Sembulingam, K. (2003): Essentials of Medicnal Physiology. Jaypee
Brother Medical publishers Ltd 3rd ed, pg 343-346.
Singh, R. P., Dhanalakshmi, S., and Rao, A. R. (2000).
Chemomodulatory action of Aloe vera on the profiles of enzymes associated with
carcinogen metabolism and antioxidant status regulation in mice. Phytomedicine;7(3):209-219.
Skagerberg,
G. and Bjorklund, A. (1985). Topographic principles in the spinal projections
of serotonergic and non-serotonergic brainstem neurons in the rat. Neuroscience
15: 445-480
Skagerberg,
G., Bjorklund, A., Lindvall, O. and Schmidt RH (1982). Origin and termination
of the diencephalo-spinal dopamine system in the rat. Brain Res Bull
9: 237-244.
Skagerberg,
G. and Lindvall, O. (1985). Organization of diencephalic dopamine neurons projecting
to the spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res 342: 340-341.
Shigeoka, S., Ishikawa, T., Tamoi, M., Miyagawa, Y., Takeda,
T., Yabuta, Y. and Yoshimura, K. (2002). Regulation
and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes". J Exp Bot 53 (372): 1305 – 19.
Stief ,C.G.,
Wetterauer, U., Schaebsdau, F.H. and Jonas, U. (1991). Calcitonin generelated peptide:
a possible role in human penile erection and its therapeutic application in
impotent patients. J Urol :146:1010-1014.
Stief, C.G., Holmquist,
F., Djamilian, M., Krah, H., Andersson, K.E. and Jonas U.(1992). Preliminary
results with the nitric oxide donor linsidomine chlorhydrate in the treatment
of human erectile dysfunction. J Urol ;148:1437-1440.
Subramoniam, A., Mdhavachandran, R., Rajasekharan,
S. and Push- pangadan, P. (1997). Aphrodisiac property of trichopus
eylanicus extract in male mice.J Ethnopharmacol 57: 21-21.
Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal
plants and traditional medicine in Africa. (2nd
edition) spectrum Books. Ltd Ibadan.
Pp :145 -152.
Steers, W.D.
(1990). Neural control of penile
erection. Semin Urol.8:66.
Steinbusch,
H. (1981). Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous
system of the rat-cell bodies and terminals. Neuroscience 6:
557-618
Szechtman,
H. and Moshe, H. Rabi.(1981). Sexual Behavior Pain Sensitive and Stimulates
Endogenous Opoid in Male rats. Eur (pharmacol) 1981.70:279-285.
Tang,
Y., Rampin, O., Calas, A., Facchinetti, P. and Giuliano, F. (1998).
Oxytocinergic and serotonergic innervation of identified lumbosacral nuclei
controlling penile erection in the male rat. Neuroscience 82:
241-254.
Thor,
K.B., Nickolaus, S. and Helke, C.J. (1993). Autoradiographic localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A,
5-hydroxytryptamine1B and 5-hydroxytryptamine1C/2 binding sites in the rat
spinal cord. Neuroscience 55: 235-252.
Trease,
G.E and Evans, W.C(1983).A text book of pharmacognosy. Bailler Tindal, London, England.
P.24.1.
Valiathan, M.S.
(1998): Healing plants. Current science, 75(10,
11):1122-1126.
Venter, F. and Venter, J.A. (1996). Making the most of indigenous trees. Briza
Publications, Pretoria.
Virag, R.,
Bouilly, P. and Frydman, D. (1985). Is impotence an arterial disorder? A study
of arterial risk factors in 440 impotent men. Lancet.1:181.
Virag, R.,
Hodges, M., Hollingshead, M., Kirkpatrick, J. and Osterloh, I.
(1996). Sildenafil (Viagra) a new oral treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED):
an 8 week double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Int J
Impot Res;8:116(A70).
Wagner,G.,
Mulhall,J.(2001).Pathophysiology and diagnosis of male erectile dysfunction.BJU
Int 88.(suppl 3):3-10.
Wessells, H.,
Hansen, J.G., Fucciarelli, K., Dorr, R. and Levine, N.(1997). Melanotropic peptide for the
treatment of psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double blind placebo controlled
crossover dosing study. J Urol :157:201.
World Health Organization (1980).
Second report of the WHO expert committee on diabetes mellitus. Technical report
series,646:66.
WHO
(1987). IN Environmental and Health criteria,70 principles for safety and
assessment of food additive and contaminants in food. 1:89.
Wilke, T.J. et Utley, D. J. (1987) – Clin.
Chem., 33, 1372 -1375.
Yagi, A., Kabash, A., Mizuno, K.,
Moustafa, S. M., Khalifa, T. I., and Tsuji, H. (2003). Radical Scavenging
Glycoprotein Inhibiting Cyclooxygenase-2 and Thromboxane A2
Synthase from Aloe vera Gel. Planta Med.69(3):269-271.
Yamagishi, S., Takeuchi, M., Inagaki, Y., Nakamura, K. and Imaizumi, T. (2003).
Role of
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) in the
pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 23:129–134.
Yagi, A., Kabash, A., Okamura, N.,
Haraguchi, H., Moustafa, S. M., and Khalifa, T. I. (2002). Antioxidant, free
radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe
vera. Planta Med;68(11):957-960.
Yassin,
A. A. and Saad, F. (2008). Testosterone and Erectile Dysfunction. J Androl
29: 593-604