EFFECTS OF ALLIUM SATIVUM, AND ALOE BARBADENSIS ETHANOL EXTRACTS ON PARACETAMOL – INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS


ABSTRACT
The influence of ethanol extracts of Allium sativum and Aloe barbadensis on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity were studied in vivo using rat model. A total of 32 rats were used for the study. The rats were grouped into four with four rats in each group. Group A was the control, group B received paracetamol over dose (500mg / kg / ml) without extracts, group C received paracetamol over dose plus extract of A. sativum, at 3 different concentrations of 200, 400 and 800 ug / ml. Group D also received paracetamol over dose plus extract of A. barbadensis at 3 different concentrations for 7 days.
The vivo studies, showed significant changes in biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation products (TBARS, GSH, CAT and SOD), liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) and Hematological parameters (Total protein, albumin and Bilirubin).Observations showed that administration of the ethanol extracts caused a significant reversal (p< 0.05) of these effects in a concentration dependent manner. These were also seen in
the Histological Analysis. This work has demonstrated the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol toxicity and the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extracts of A. sativum and A. barbadensis  

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Title page             ------------------------------------- i
Certification page    ------------------------------------ii
Dedication         -----------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement   ------------------------------------iv
Abstract        --------------------------------------------v
Table of content  ----------------------------------------vi
List of tables  --------------------------------------------ix
List of figures  -------------------------------------------x
List of plates    -------------------------------------------xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 
1.1       Aims and objectives  --------------------------- 2
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of medicinal plants  ------------------------- 3
2.2 Extraction procedures for medicinal plants  ------- 3
2.3 Aloe barbadensis ------------------------------------ 4
2.3.1 Botanical classification  ------------------------------4
2.3.2 Chemicals and nutrients found on A. barbadensis-5
2.3.3 Medicinal uses of A. barbadensis  ---------------  6
2.4 Allium sativum ---------------------------------------7
2.4.1 Botanical classification  --------------------------- 7
2.4.2 Description and distribution of A. sativum  ------7
2.4.3 General uses of A. sativum  -----------------------7
2.4.4 Medicinal uses of A. sativum  ---------------------7
2.4.5 Challenges of A. sativum  --------------------------8
2.5 Paracetamol  --------------------------------------------9
2.5.1 Paracetamol Metabolism ----------------------------9
2.5.2 Paracetamol as an Agent of Oxidative Stress ----11
2.5.3. The roles of liver in drug metabolism -------------11
2.6   Lipid peroxidation   -----------------------------------13
2.6.1 Mechanism of lipid peroxidation --------------------13
2.6.2 Glutathione (GSH) -----------------------------------15
2.6.3 Catalases (CAT) --------------------------------------16
2.6.4 Super oxide Dismutase (SOD) ----------------------17
2.7 Liver Enzymes  -----------------------------------------18
2.7.1 Transaminases  ---------------------------------------18
2.7.2 Alkaline phosphatase ---------------------------------19
2.8 Protein ----------------------------------------------------19
2.9 Bilirubin  --------------------------------------------------21

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1       Materials  -------------------------------------------22
3.1.1    Equipments Used for the Experiment  -----------22
3. 1.2   Chemicals /Reagents  ------------------------------22
3.1.3    Collection of Biological Materials  ----------------23
3.2       Methods  ---------------------------------------------23
3.2.1    Ethanolic Extraction of  Plant Materials ----------23
3.2.2    Preparation of  Extracts  ----------------------------24
3.2.3    Administration of  Paracetamol Overdose  --------24
3.2.4   Administration of  Extracts  --------------------------24
3.3      Biological Analysis  -----------------------------------25
3.3.1    Determination of Aspartate Transaminase (AST)-25
3.3.2    Determination of Alanine Transaminase (ALT) -25
3.3.2    Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) -26
3.3.4    Determination of Total Protein -------------------26
3.3.5    Determination of Serum Albumin ----------------27
3.3.6   Determination of Serum Globulin ------------------27
3.3.7   Determination of Bilirubin --------------------------27
3.4       Determination of Antioxidant Activity   ----------28
3.4.1    Determination of  Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive
             Substances (TBARS)     --------------------------28
3.4.2    Determination of Reduced Glutathione (GSH)  --28
 3.4.3   Determination of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD)--29
3.4.4    Determination of Catalase (CAT)   ---------------29
3.5       Histological Analysis  -------------------------------30
CHAPTER FOUR:  RESULTS
4.1      Extraction yields  ------------------------------------31
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0   Discussion  ----------------------------------------------43
CHAPTER SIX:  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Summary  -------------------------------------------------47
6.2 Conclusions ------------------------------------------------47
6.3 Recommendation -----------------------------------------47
References  ---------------------------------------------------- 48
Appendix A


LIST OF TABLES
 Table 1: Extraction Yield  -----------    31

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS IN SCIENCES DEGREE (M.SC) IN BIOCHEMISTRY.

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