CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1.0 THE EFFECT OF BUSH BURNING ON CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF SOIL
4.1.1 Soil pH
The pH of the experimental site revealed that the
burnt area was statistically different from the unburnt area when compared with
each other. The pH of the unburnt and burnt area was 5.97 and 6.15
respectively. The result shows that the burnt area was 5units more acidic than
the unburnt area. This is because during the combustion process, several
previously bound nutrients are released in their elemental or radical form.
Certain
cations are stable at typical combustion temperature and remain onsite after
burning in form of ash. If in the ash form are subsequently leached into the
soil where they exchange with H+ ions, the resulting increase in H+
ions in solution increases the pH of the burnt area and ash deposited after
burning is composed mostly of salts, these salts can effectively increase soil
pH by capturing the salt cations as they leach through the soil profile. The
result shows moderately to slightly acidic in the unburnt are and burnt area
(Ulery et al., 1993)
4.1.2 Total nitrogen
The result of the effect of bush burning on total N of
the soil shows no statistical significance difference when the unburnt and
burnt areas were compared with each other. There was 3% slight increase in
total nitrogen of the unburnt area. The level of nitrogen recorded low to
medium in the unburnt and burnt area. The decrease of nitrogen in burnt area is
as a result of heating which causes decrement and because some are lost through
volatilization (Fisher and Binkly, 2000).
4.1.3 Calcium
The calcium of the experimental site revealed that
there was statistically significant different in calcium level of the unburnt
and burnt area when compared with one another. This result revealed that there
was an increase in calcium content of the unburnt area when compared with the
burnt area. This is because calcium is present in adequate amounts in most
soils; calcium is a component of several primary and secondary minerals in the
soil. It increases in unburnt area because calcium is not considered a leach
able nutrient; however it will move deeper into the soil. Because of this, and
the fact that many soils are derived from limestone bedrock, many soils have
higher level of Ca. The decrease in calcium level of the burnt area may be
caused by environmental factors and it could be removed in particulate form by surface
wind transport during and after burning (Goh and Phillips, 1991). The calcium
in the soil recorded medium to high level (Landon, 1991).
4.1.4 Available phosphorus
The effect of bush burning on available phosphorus
recorded 43.29 and 8.04Cmol/100g for the unburnt and burnt area respectively.
This shows that there was statistically significant in difference phosphorus in
both areas. The increase of phosphorus in unburnt area may be as a result of
phosphate precipitation and dissolution. Phosphate precipitation is a process
in which phosphorus react with another substance to form a solid mineral. Dissolution
of phosphate mineral occurs when the mineral dissolves and releases phosphorus,
the reaction of phosphate with another substance to form a solid mineral aids
the increase of phosphorus in the unburnt area. The increase implies that there
was no available phosphorus in the unburnt, while there is a decrease of
phosphorus in the burnt area due to fire severity which induced losses of
available phosphorus through volatilization. This is in line with the findings
of Cade-Manun et al, (2000). The
result recorded marginal to rich level of phosphorus in critical level for
available phosphorus (Serrasolsas and Khanna, 1995).
4.1.5 Magnesium
The magnesium of the experimental site revealed that
there was statistically significant difference when the unburnt and burnt areas
were compared with one another. The level of magnesium in the unburnt and burnt
area recorded 0.69 and 0.47mg/l respectively. The unburnt area is 22% high than
that of the burnt area. This may be because magnesium is held on the surface of
clay and organic matter particles and the soil pH of the unburnt area is not as
high as that of the burnt area (George et
al., 1994). The magnesium level recorded low level according to its rating
and availability (Simard et al.,
2001).
4.1.6 Potassium
The result of the effect of burning on potassium
content of the soil showed that there was significant difference when the
unburnt and burnt area were compared with one another. The level of potassium
in the unburnt and burnt area of Ali-ogo Ekoli soil was 0.26 and 0.36Cmol/100g
soil. There was 10% more potassium level of the burnt area when compared with
unburnt area. This may be as a result of environmental factors like wind and
rainfall which played a major role in the concentration of potassium after
burning in the burnt area (Ulery et al.,
1993). Generally, the level of potassium is recorded medium classes of
potassium availability in the soil (Wild, 1987).
4.1.7 Sodium
The sodium of the research site showed that there was
no statistical significant from the unburnt and burnt area when compared
together. The sodium of the unburnt and burnt area was 0.15 and 0.10Cmol/100g
soil respectively. The slight reduction in sodium of the burnt area may be as a
result of leaching since sodium is weakly held by the soil colloid (Simard et al., 2001). The level of sodium in
the soil recorded low level according to its classification which is deficient
in the unburnt and burnt soils.
4.1.8 Exchangeable cation
The result of the effect of bush burning on
exchangeable cation of the soil showed that there was statistically difference
when the two areas were compared with one another. There was high increase of
exchangeable cation in the burnt area which was in accordance with the findings
of Parkinson, 1998. The increase may be as a result of ash deposit in the burnt
area that increased the soil pH. This recorded high exchangeable cation value
according to the ranking (Kattering et al.,
2000).
4.1.9 Effective cation exchange capacity
The effect of bush burning on effective cation
exchange capacity revealed the following result 3.49 and 3.88mg/100g in unburnt
and burnt area respectively. From the result, there was 39% increase of
effective cation exchange capacity in the burnt area. The reason of this
increase may be as a result of ash deposit on the burnt area and ash deposited
contains Fe³+, Mg²+ which provide exchange site for ion
interactions to take place. Soils with large amount of cation exchange capacity
are chemically stable (Parkinson, 1998). The effective cation exchange capacity
recorded medium ranking according to its classification (Oswald et al. 1999; Badia and Matni, 2003).
4.1.10 Exchangeable Sodium Percentage
The effect of burning on exchangeable sodium of the
soil showed that there was significant difference when the unburnt and burnt
area was compared with one another. The result of the unburnt and burnt area
was 2.86 and 3.23% respectively. There was 37% more exchangeable sodium in the
burnt area and this increase may be as a result of ash deposit that leads to
cation concentration in the burnt area. This is supported by the findings of Kattering
et al., (2000), and Parkinson,
(1998).
4.1.11 Exchangeable acidity
The exchangeable acidity of the experimental site
showed that there was no statistically significant from the unburnt and burnt
area when compared with one another. The value recorded was 0.47 and
0.47Cmol/100g respectively. The unburnt and burnt area recorded low values in
ranking according to Landon (1991). Badia et
al., (2003).
4.1.12 Base saturation
The result of the effect of bush burning on percentage
base saturation of the soil showed that there was statistically difference when
the unburnt area was compared with the burnt area of Ali-ogo Ekoli. The
percentage base saturation in the unburnt and burnt area was 80.44 and 87.72%
respectively. There was about 728% more base saturation in the burnt area. This
may be as a result of the proportion of the cation exchange in the burnt area
that are occupied by the various cations (H, Ca, Mg, k).The surfaces of soil
mineral and organic matter have negative charged cations. Cations with one
positive charge (H, K, Na) will occupy one negatively charged site and cations
with two positive charges (Ca, Mg) occupied two sites on the burnt area
according to the findings of Serrasolsas and Khanna (1995).
4.1.13 Organic carbon
Organic carbon is the amount of carbon bound in
organic compound. The effect of burning on unburnt and burnt area of Ali-ogo
Ekoli showed that there was significant difference in both the unburnt and
burnt area. The result of the unburnt and burnt area was 12.29 and 6.29% when
compared with one another. There was difference of about 100% more organic
carbon in the unburnt area than that of the burnt area. The reason of high
level of organic carbon in the unburnt area may be as a result of leave drop,
plant and animal decay and excess litter layer on the soil surface of the
unburnt area which are neither disturbed nor altered. The organic carbon
content of the unburnt and burnt area recorded medium to high in the rating of
organic carbon content according to Landon (1991). Also, the decrease in
organic carbon of the burnt area may be as a result of denaturation of organic
carbon present in the soil as supported by the findings of Guinto et al., (1999) who found that fire
induced a reduction in organic carbon ratio of soil.
TABLE 1: EFFECT OF BUSH BURNING ON SOIL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
|
|
pH
H2O
|
EC
(mg/100g)
|
ESP
(%)
|
OC
(%)
|
Total N
(%)
|
Avail P
(Cmol/100g)
|
Ca
(Cmol/100g)
|
Mg
(Mg/L)
|
K
(Cmol/100g)
|
Na
(Cmol/100g)
|
EA
(Cmol/100g)
|
Bs
(%)
|
ECEC
(Mg/100g)
|
|
Unburnt
Area (A)
|
5.97a
|
14.00a
|
2.86a
|
12.29a
|
0.12a
|
43.29a
|
2.88a
|
0.69a
|
0.26a
|
0.15a
|
0.47a
|
80.44a
|
3.49a
|
|
Burnt
Area (B)
|
6.15b
|
17.00b
|
3.23b
|
6.29b
|
0.09a
|
8.04b
|
1.86b
|
0.47b
|
0.36b
|
0.10a
|
0.47a
|
87.72b
|
3.88b
|
|
F-LSD
P
= 0.05
|
0.01
|
0.05
|
0.12
|
2.4
|
NS
|
6.42
|
0.12
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
NS
|
NS
|
2.14
|
0.01
|
Figures
with the same super sample are not statistically significant.
4.2.0 THE EFFECT OF BUSH BURNING ON SOIL SELECTED
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
4.2.1 Bulk density
The effect of burning showed statistically difference
in the unburnt and burnt area of Ali-ogo Ekoli. The result recorded 1.53 and
1.69 in unburnt and burnt area respectively. This result shows that there was
16% increase in bulk density in the burnt area; the reason may be due to high
clay, silt and sand content in the burnt area (Webster and Wilson, 1980). The
bulk density of the unburnt and burnt area recorded low bulk density according
to the rating of Landon, 1991. The slight increase of bulk density of the burnt
area may also be because of collapse of aggregates and clogging of voids by the
ash (Certini, 2005).
4.2.2 Total porosity
The result of the effect of bush burning on total
porosity of the unburnt and burnt area was 40.37 and 36.23%. The reason for
decrease in total porosity of burnt area may be as a result of destruction of
soil structure by fire which also affects pore size distribution in the surface
horizons of the burnt soil (DeBano et al.,
1998). According to Landon 1991, the two values of unburnt and burnt area are
of very high classes in the classification rating.
4.2.3 Hydraulic conductivity
The effect of burning on hydraulic conductivity of
soil showed statistically difference in the unburnt and burnt area when
compared with one another. The result recorded 30.21 and 31.42Cmhr‑¹
respectively for unburnt and burnt area. This shows that there was 121% more
free movement of liquid in the burnt area. This result may be because the size,
shape, and continuity of the pore spaces, structure and the soil texture of the
burnt area was altered and tempered with by fire. According to soil
permeability classification, the result recorded very rapid hydraulic
conductivity according to the classification (Landon, 1991).
4.2.4 Moisture content
The result of the unburnt and burnt area of Ali-ogo
Ekoli recorded 12.0 and 16.0% when compared with one another. There was more
moisture content in the burnt area. The reason may be due to burning of the
organic matter, plant residues that cover the soil surface that may have seal
the soil surface and crusting has been burnt off thereby making the soil to be
moisture absorber. The moisture content of the unburnt and burnt area recorded
high according to the rating of Landon, (1991)
4.2.5 Sand, silt and clay
The percentage sand fraction for the unburnt and burnt
area was 56.4 and 62.4% respectively. There was an increase in sand fraction of
the burnt area due to high temperature that may lead to breakdown of soil
particles causing the soil to be coarse, (Ulery et al., 1993). The fraction of silt and percentage clay fraction
has the following results 32.10 and 20.91% for silt fraction of the unburnt and
burnt area and 11.5% and 16.7% for clay fraction of the unburnt and burnt area
respectively. There was decrease in silt fraction of the burnt area which was
as a result of high temperature fusing the silt fractions hence its reduction, (Kattering
et al., 2000). The increase in
percentage clay of the burnt area shows that the fire severity was high enough
to lead to fusion of clay fraction of the soil, (Imeson et al., 1992; and Kattering et
al., 2000).
The above results showed that the resultant effect of
fire on soil texture could be due to the irregular pattern of fire severities
which leads to different types of textural classes. The textural class of the
unburnt and burnt area is sandy clay loam according to the textural
classification (Imeson et al., 1992;
Martin and Moody, 2001). Soil coarsening at some parts of the burnt area
occurred which was in accordance with the findings of Mermut et al, (1997) who reported that selective
removal of fine fractions could be caused by environmental action of rain
through erosion. Also, exposure of the soils to high temperature results in the
fusion of clay and silt fraction into sand- size particles (Kattering et al., 2000).
TABLE 2: EFFECT OF BUSH BURNING ON SOME SOILS
SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
|
|
TP
(%)
|
BD
(Cm3)
|
HC
(C mhr-1)
|
MC
(%)
|
SAND
(%)
|
CLAY
(%)
|
SILT
(%)
|
TEXTURAL
CLASS
|
|
Unburnt
Area (A)
|
40.37
|
1.53
|
30.21
|
12.0
|
56.4
|
11.5
|
32.1
|
SANDY
CLAY
|
|
Burnt
Area(B)
|
36.23
|
1.60
|
31.42
|
16.0
|
62.4
|
16.7
|
20.91
|
CLAY
LOAM
|
|
F-LSD
P=0.05
|
0.41
|
0.01
|
0.51
|
0.28
|
21.0
|
21.0
|
18.1
|
|
4.3.0 THE EFFECT OF BUSH BURNING ON SOME SOIL
SELECTED HEAVY METALS
4.3.1 Zinc
The result of the effect of bush burning on zinc
content of soil showed that there was statistically difference when the unburnt
and burnt areas were compared with one another. The zinc level in the unburnt
and burnt area of Ali- ogo soil was 0.26 and 0.58Cmol/100g respectively. There
was 32% more zinc in the burnt area than the unburnt area. The reason for
higher level of zinc in the burnt area may be as a result of breaking down of
soil solid particles by fire which help to release the zinc content of the soil
because most zinc stays bound to the solid particles.
Generally, the level of zinc in the burnt and unburnt
areas recorded low to medium classes of zinc sufficiency. This means that
response of zinc application will be high in both unburnt and burnt areas
(White, 1987).
4.3.2 Boron
The boron content of the experimental site revealed
that there was statistically significant difference in the comparison of the
unburnt and burnt areas. Boron level in Ali- ogo Ekoli unburnt and burnt areas
were 34.50 and 28.9Cmol/100g soil respectively. There was an increase in Boron
level in the unburnt area and decrease of boron level in the burnt area. The
reason for the accumulation of boron in the unburnt area may be because boron
is present and accumulates in organic matter and is freely available to plants
in all except alkaline soils. Also, the level of boron in burnt area decreased
as a result of fire severity and volatilization and ash deposition on the burnt
soil which will make the soil to be alkaline. The boron content of the unburnt
and burnt areas recorded low to medium classes of boron sufficiency in the soil
(Ulery, 1993).
4.3.3 Iron
The effect of burning on soil iron content showed that
there was difference in iron level of the unburnt and burnt areas. The two areas
recorded 105.8 and 191.4Cmol/100g for the unburnt and burnt areas respectively.
This showed that there was less than 100% more iron in unburnt area, the reason
of higher iron content of the unburnt area may be as a result of iron been
immobile and its stickiness to soil solid particles (Webster et al., 1980). The level of iron in
unburnt and burnt area recorded medium classes of iron sufficiency and
reduction in iron content of the burnt area may be due to long duration of fire
that leads to high temperature of the burnt area (Kattering et al., 2000).
4.3.4 Molybdenum
The effect of bush burning on molybdenum showed the
following results 56.90 and 35.90Cmol/100g in unburnt and burnt area
respectively. This result showed that there was about 58% more molybdenum content
in the unburnt area. This high level of molybdenum in the unburnt area may be
due to the fact that molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal in
soil, but rather in various oxidation states in minerals. The level of
molybdenum in unburnt and burnt area recorded high classes of molybdenum
excessively and a decrease of molybdenum in burnt area is as a result of fire
severity and high temperature of the burnt soil (Kattering et al, 2000; Ulery, 1993).
TABLE 3:
EFFECT OF BUSH BURNING ON SOIL SELECTED
HEAVY METALS
|
|
Zn
(Cmol/100g)
|
Bo
(Cmol/100g)
|
Fe
(Cmol/100g)
|
Mo
(Cmol/100g)
|
|
Unburnt
Area (A)
|
0.26
|
34.50
|
105.9
|
56.90
|
|
Burn Area (B)
|
0.58
|
28.90
|
101.4
|
35.90
|
|
F-LSD
P=0.05
|
0.02
|
1.21
|
1.2
|
10.1
|
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
The physico –
chemical properties of soils at Ali-ogo Ekoli in Ebonyi state south – east
Nigeria have undergone changes due to annual cycles of bush burning. Results
from this research work suggested that soil properties vary in their response
to burning in the unburnt and burnt area. This work tested three things first,
the effect of fire on soil chemical properties showed that pH was favoured by
fire in the burnt area but at unburnt area, it was not favoured. Percentage
base saturation, exchangeable cation, cation exchange capacity, potassium and
magnesium were favoured by burning in the burnt area; total nitrogen, sodium
and exchangeable acidity are not statistically significant in the unburnt and
burnt area. The effect of bush burning on soil selected heavy metals showed
that zinc was favoured by fire; Boron, Iron, and Molybdenum were not favoured
by bush burning. Also, bulk density, moisture content, sand and clay fractions
were favoured by fire while total porosity and silt fraction were not favoured
by bush burning. Hydraulic conductivity have free movement of liquid in burnt area.
5.2 Conclusion
From the results of my study, the following conclusion
could be drawn. Firstly, that burning can significantly alter the chemical
properties like pH, exchangeable cation, exchangeable sodium, potassium, cation
exchange capacity and percentage base saturation. However, it also alter the
physical properties of the burnt area like bulk density, hydraulic conductivity
and moisture content but only the sand and clay of the burnt area was increased
due to burning while there reduction in silt of the burnt area.
5.3 Recommendation
The use of fire as a management tool in forest
agriculture in Ali-ogo Ekoli in Ebonyi state south – east Nigeria is likely to
continue since it is cheap to implement and reduce their cost of labour.
However, there should be sensitization on the effect of bush burning on forest
soil and environment if not adequately controlled.
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