INTRODUCTION
Many centuries
ago, countries like Bangladesh peasant farmer are not too worry as their environment. They are indiscriminately using different
types of dangerous and poisonous chemicals in their field for controlling diseases
especial fungal diseases. This fungi are attacked or harbor in the seed during grouting
stage, storing, were after sowing of seeds. Plant metabolites and plant based pesticides
appear to be one of the better alterative as to monaural environmental impact
and to the consumers in contrast to synthetic pesticides. This make me to
screen in vitro large number of plant for antifungal potential against impost
seed funged species such as phomopsis vexan, aspergillus glavus etc.
MATERIAL AND METHODS - PLANT MATERIAL
Fresh diseased
free leave and fruits of twelve plant species were collected from Botanical garden
of (Bangladesh Agricultural University. A specimen of plant image has deposited
in the refrigerator of M.S laboratory act department of plant pathology Bangladesh
Agricultural university EBSU Agricultural science department.
LIST OF PLANT SPECIES TESTED FOR ANTI FUNGI ACTIVITY
|
S/N
|
Local
name
|
English
name
|
Scientific
name
|
Family
|
Plant
parts used
|
|
1
|
Vadmordan
|
Candle
bush
|
Senna
alata
|
Leguminose
|
Leaf
|
|
2
|
bid
mirca
|
Croton
plant
|
Croton
spariftorow
|
Euphorbia-cease
|
Leaf
|
|
3
|
Lantana
|
Lanatana
|
Lantana
camara
|
Verbincease
|
Leaf & seed
|
|
4
|
Paten
Java
|
Paten
Java
|
Pcitranjiva
roxburghii
|
Euphorbiacease
|
Leaf
& seed
|
|
5
|
Givon
|
Givon
|
Trema orientales
|
Ulmaceae
|
leaf
|
Preparation of extract (apueous extracts)
Collect green
leaf and fruit sample from different pland, wash careful with distilled water.
This the plant
parts are ground with conventional grounder called “HAMAN DISTA” which is
available and popular in EBSU famers. The grounded will dipped in 100 me of
distilled water for its hours. Practicing technological troubles for preparing
a plant extracts for using in their field crops.
Test fungi
Farmers’ stored
(Soloanum melongena) seed were collected from the farmers’ house. The tested seeds
were not treated with any seed treating chanical. Then the seed were placed in
blotter method and place in incubation at 22/20c for 10 days platting
of seeds was recorded. Infected seeds are mark and place it in pofato Dextrose
agar (PDA). The inocula of fungi will be growing in the PDA medium. Finally,
the inocula was isolated and set in PDA medium for pure culture. The individual
pathogenic fungi were identify after 5 days of inoculation with the aid of stereomicroscope.
Antifungal activity assay (seed treatments)
A required
amount of seeds were treated in the aqueous botanical extracts for some minutes.
The concentration of the solution was 100% (√/√). For all twelve individual
plant species were separately done. Then, to observe the comparison between
botanical and chemical seed treating material, vitravax 200 was seed to treat
the seed for 30 minutes with recommended
dose (25% of seed lot), and in another plate seed are dipped in distilled water
for some minutes as control treatment.
TESTING POTENTIALITY
After treatment
of seed, the seed will placed in sterilized dishes and four layers of blotting
paper were soaked into distilled water and placed into the petri dishes. Each
dish containing 25 seed and 3 dishes were selected as replica for each extract.
Then, the petri dishes were kept in the incubation chamber at 22 +20c
at light circle 2 hours and data were recorded after 7, 10, days after sowing.
The total seed germination and percent seed infection are counted manually. But
the seed infected by specific fungi will be indentifies and counted by
observation of the petri dishes under sterco Bincular microscope (mathur et
al…, 1994).
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In using
randomized design with four replication and treatments were designed as
follows:- T7 = leaf extract of 5. Alata T4 = leaf extract of C. proecra
T3 = leaf
extract of S. persica
T2 = leaf
extract of P. roxburghii,
T1 = leaf
extract of A. indica etc.
EFFECT OF DIFF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS ON GERMINATION AND
SEEDS INFECTION
|
|
Treatment
|
Greminaiton
%
|
Seed
infections %
|
|
T1
|
Azadirachta
indica
|
78.67
cd
|
4.00f
|
|
T2
|
Putranjiva
roxburghii
|
74.67
cd
|
4.00f
|
|
T3
|
Salvadora
perica
|
77.33cd
|
5.33
cf
|
|
T4
|
Calotropic
procera
|
86.67
ab
|
5.33
ef
|
|
T5
|
Lantana
camara (fruit)
|
70.61e
|
6.61
de
|
|
T6
|
Clerodenclron
SPP
|
82.67
bc
|
6.67
de
|
EFFECT OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS AGAINST INDIVIDUAL SEED
BORNE FUNGI
The extract of
A. indica, P. persica, C. procera, clerodendron spp, L. camara etc. the vitavax
200 showed the highest intubation of P. veans. These selected were completed
inhibited of P. veaan on seed treatments with extracts of M. oleiferas, alata,
C. spasriglorou L. camara, P. roxburghii that showed seed infection at 1.33%, 2
66%, 2.66%, 2.6% and 4% respectively, whereas the control treatment 21.33% seed
infection. For leaf extracts A. indica treated seeds was the lowest infection
of F. oxysporum, which completely eliminated in all inocula of F. oxysporum.
Conclusion
All the plant
extract brinial seeds with leaf extract of M. oleifera showed high percentage
of seeds germination at least (92%). The treated sees with leaf extract of C.
procera, clerodention SSP. S. alata, T. orientales, C. spariflorous, seed
extract P. roxburghii, leaf extract of L. amara and vitavase 200 showed over
80% seed germination of 86.61%, 82.67%, 82.67% respectively the leaf treated
with A. indica, leaf extract of putranjiva Roxburghii, leaf extract of S. persica,
seed extract of 2. Amara, Leaf extract of L. cyhiidirca and T. and T. dioicahae
showed seed germination of 76. 67%, 74.67%, 77.33%, 70.67% 70.67%, 70.67% and
78.67% respectively untreated control seed was 50.67% seed germination.
These result
shows that the treated seed with botarvical extracts gave a very good effect on
germination. It also indicated that increased in seed germination rather
initibited seed germination.
Result of an agreement with finding
The plant
extracts completely inhibited A. flavus as also reported by Howard et al (2002)
who stated that botanical extract of some higher plants can inhibit the growth
of P. vexan. F. oxysporum. Antifungal effect of leaf extract of some medicinal plant
against F. oxysporum causing with desease
of solanwm melogena. L sival, et al 1992
and majid Avijgan et al (2005) found that some antifungal effect of botanical
extracts against C. Lunata, A. niger, pevicillium SPP. P. vexans. A flavus are
manaed by itsing botanical extracts plant DEVI, et al (1999). Exploitation of naturally
available chemicals from plant protection would be a prominent role in
development of future commercial pesticides for crop protection strategies with
the special reference to manage the plant diseases (vauma and Dubey, 1999 Gottileb, et al 2002).
EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT BOTANICAL EXTRACTS ON SEED
INFECTION WITH DIFFERENT FUNGAL SPECIES.
Seed infection (%)
|
No
|
Treatmenta
|
Phomopes
veans
|
Fusgrum
oxysporum
|
Carvulana
linata
|
Asp.
Flavus
|
Asp.
Niger
|
Pensci
SPP
|
|
T1
|
Azadirachta
indica
|
0
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
0
|
|
T2
|
Putanjiva
roxburghii
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.33
|
0
|
|
T3
|
Salvadora
persica
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.33
|
|
T4
|
Calotropic
proceva
|
0
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
2.66
|
0
|
0
|
|
T5
|
Lantana
camara
|
0
|
2.66
|
2.66
|
1.33
|
0
|
0
|
|
T6
|
Clerodendon
SPP
|
0
|
2.66
|
2.66
|
0
|
1.33
|
0
|
|
T7
|
Senna
alata
|
2.66
|
2.66
|
2.66
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
T8
|
Trema
orientales
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2.66
|
0
|
|
T9
|
Luffa
cyudrica
|
0
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
0
|
16
|
0
|
|
T10
|
Moringa
Oleifera
|
1.33
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.33
|
0
|
|
T11
|
Croton
spasriflorous
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
T12
|
Putranjiva
roxburghii
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.33
|
|
T13
|
Trichosanthes
chioca
|
0
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
1.33
|
0
|
|
T14
|
Lantana
camara
|
2.66
|
0
|
0
|
1.33
|
0
|
0
|
|
T15
|
Vitavax
200
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
5.33
|
1.33
|
|
T16
|
Control
|
21.33
|
10.66
|
10.66
|
9.33
|
9.33
|
6.66
|
The present
investigation is important in developing plant pesticides and seed testing
chemicals which are Eco-friendly for the management of the important seed borne
fungi and development of commercial formulation of field trial and
toxicological experiment.
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