TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Dedication i
Acknowledge ii
Table
of content iii
CHAPTER ONE Introduction
CHAPTER TWO Poultry unit
3.0 Introduction
3.1 What is poultry?
3.2 Uses of poultry
3.3 Management of broiler
3.4 Diseases encountered in Abec farm and
their symptoms
3.5 Feeding of birds
CHAPTER THREE Rabbitary unit
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Gestation period
4.2 Weaning
4.3 Feeding and watering
4.4 Health care management
CHAPTER FOUR piggery unit
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Feeding of pigs
5.2 Marketing of pigs
5.2 Weaning
5.2 Health care management
CHAPTER FIVESmall Ruminants
(Goat)
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Breed found in Abec farm
6.2 Observation
6.3 Housing for goat
6.4 Feeding
6.5 Health care Management
CHAPTER SIX Feed mill
operation
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Identification of feed ingredient and Ration
formulation
7.2 Types of equipment
CHAPTER SEVEN Dog
unit
8.1 Breeds of dog
8.2 Feeding of dog
8.3
Health management
CHAPTER EIGHT Fishery
unit
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Fish species
9.2 Feeding rate
CHAPTER NINE Vertinary unit
10.1
Identification of drugs and vaccine
10.1 Treatment of sick animals
CHAPTER TEN Recommendation
11.1 Recommendation
11.2 Conclusion
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
The
SIWES program established by federal government of Nigeria which aimed at exposing
students to real practical scheme (work) skills expected of them has seriously
impacted positively to my knowledge.
This
scheme has exposed me to all manner of practical skills in animal production
and health which include; poultry production, fishing farming, small ruminant animal
production, micro livestock farming, drugs administration and vaccination etc.
I was also exposed to entrepreneurship skills on how to market and distribute
animal drugs, feeds and farm equipment like battery cage and its installation.
The
Archdeacon Brown Education Centre School farm (ABEC FARM) was established by
wife of the former governor of Rivers State Dr (Mrs.) Christie Toby the year
2000.
The ultimate goal of the farm is to ensure self-sufficiency
in food and industrial raw materials production within a very short time. The
multiplier effect of this is to improve the nutritional status of the students
in the school since they are not with their parents.
The target is to help the students appreciates
the impact of agriculture for them not to be sole dependent on the “Oil Saga”
that has blinded the eyes of Rivers citizens not to see opportunity within
their surroundings .
The farm has three sections namely;
1.
The crop section ABEC/CU/001
2.
The livestock section: ABEC/ LU/002
3.
The laboratory section ABEC/LA/003
The crop section includes various crops plots which
are;
1.
Manihot
spp cassava plant, water leaf plant, musa parodissacal musa sapieratum
banana/ plantain, amarantus cadatus
plants, abelmoschus esclentus okra
plant commonly known lady fingers
2.
Arachie
hypogeal groundnut plant, fluted pumpkins Telfara occidentalis maize plants Zea
mays
The Livestock section includes;
Poultry unit; this is the
unit where some of the Avian species of animal are reared they include Isa
Brown, Black Nera, Cockerel(black and white) Broilers, Turkey (local breed and
foreign breed) etc. This unit is managed by five attendants including an Animal
Health personnel including one I T student
Piggery unit; this unit is
responsible for production of pigs. The unit managed by four(4) livestock
attendance. The daily management is carried out by those attendants on the
basis of shift. Attached to the unit is the IT student while the health
management is carried by the Animal health personnel who manage the health
aspect of the animal. The building is partitioned into pens for easier
management each pen has a drinker, feeder and wallowing trough for wallowing.
The system is intensive.
The Micro Livestock Unit
This
unit is responsible for the production of micro livestock animal such as
rabbit.
Rabbitary unit: this
is concern with the production of rabbit the daily management of the unit is
carried by One (1) livestock attendant. Attach to the unit are the I.T
students.
Commercial Unit: this
is the unit where products from different unit i.e. poultry, piggery, micro
livestock and ruminants are sold. The product could be sold live (unprocessed)
or processed products like chicken, pork meat, egg, vegetable.
This
unit is regarded as the revenue source of the farm
Small ruminants: This
unit takes care of the goats. The attendant and the IT students on duty manages
the day to day activities of the unit which include cleaning the pens and
cutting of grasses for them. The management system is intensive.
Dog unit: This unit has
the sole mandate of producing security dogs, this unit is managed by one
attendant. Attached to the unit is I.T students. The health aspect of the dogs
is managed by a Vertinary doctor.
RELEVANCE OF INDUSTRIAL TRANING TO MY AREA OF STUDY
1.
It gave me the practical
knowledge on how to handle farm animal (Restraining).
2.
It gave me the practical
knowledge of how the productivities of the farm can be improved through proper
management of the farm
3.
It exposed me on different breeds
of farm animal
4.
It gave me the practical
knowledge about housing different type of various livestock
5.
It gave me the practical
knowledge of drug administration in farm animals
CHAPTER TWO
POULTRY UNIT
INTRODUCTION
The
poultry industry has many branches. The two main branches are egg and meat
production. The other branches include the production of chicks, point of lay
pullets or ready to lay bird and of poultry feed. The installation of poultry
equipment, the processing and marketing of poultry products. The relationship
of these branches to one another is represented in this figure.
The
relationship between the main branches of the poultry industry egg and poultry
meat are produced primarily for food
eggs are also used in various food industries like the manufacturing of
confectionery.
WHAT IS POULTRY:
Poultry is any bird reared or hunted for a useful purpose . Most of these birds
are domesticated and are managed on the same basic principles as the domestic
fowl. BREED FOUND IN ABEC FARM include Anak Broiler, Black near, Isa brown, Turkey
(local breed and foreign breed), Black cockerel (Haco)
USES OF POULTRY
1.
For meat production
2.
Generally of income
3.
Employment of opportunity
4.
It produced manures of crop
individual
5.
For egg production
MAJOR ACTIVITY CARRIED OUT IN THE
POULTRY UNIT
Brooding
of day old chick
Inspection
of the birds
Sanitation
Feeding
of birds and regular supply of drinking water
Regular
vaccination of birds
Record
keeping.
BOOKING AND BROODING
During
the course of the practical I was exposed on how to book day-old chicks at Summed
Livestock Services Port Harcourt where we booked one thousand (1000) day old broiler
chicks, one hundred(100) day old cockerel, and fifty (50) day old turkey.
On
the arrived day, the birds were account is fifty one (51) per cartons. The
birds were transported using a farm van, before the arrival of the birds the brooding
house were put in place by using newspaper to cover the cemented floor this is
to prevent the birds from coming in contact with the cold cemented floor, the
stove were put on, together with lantern.
The stoves were to generate heat for day old chicks while the lantern to
get light for the birds to see. The rooms were warmed before arrival of day-old
chicks.
Prior
to the following, the brooding house was disinfected 7 days before arrival of the
chicks. The brooding house was disinfected using the following disinfectant, izaal,
dyforce, kartodum, Dettol etc.
Material Needed For Brooding
Weighing
balance
Polythene
(nylon)
Feed
Clean
water
Old
newspapers
Feed
trough
Water
trough
Writing
material for record keeping
On
arrival to farm the birds were re-counted again, the weak once were removed,
vet glucose and multivitamin (Introvit A) were administered in 10 liters of water
to reduce stress on the birds. Feeds were equally given to the birds. The
broilers and pullets were brooded separately in different brooding house.
FEEDING OF THE BIRDS
Feeding
as the act of giving feed to animal is very important in poultry rearing, reason is because what you give to them
determines what they will produce. Some of the feeds giving to birds are;
chicks mash, broiler starter, broiler finisher, grower mash, layers mash
Chicks Mash:
This is the feed giving to young pullet (cockerel) from day old to 6weeks of
age. The feed should contain about 20%crudeprotein and energy of about 2500kcal
ME/kg. The feed are served in shallow container so that it will be easy for the
birds to eat them. Also good quality water is supplied constantly. The feed I
gave them is produced by LIVESTOCK FEEDS below is there Aliment Croissance
analysis
PROTEIN 19.0%min
FATS 5.0%max
FIBRE 5.0%min
CALCIUM 1.0%min
AV.PHOUSPHOROUS 0.45%min
MET.ENERGY 2500KCAL/kg min
Chick
mash contains all or some of these ingredients
Maize
Sorghum
Cassava
Groundnut
cake
Soya
cake
Fish
meal
Bone
meal
Oyster
shell
Lysine
Methionine
Salt
Premix
Grower mash:
This is the feed giving to pullet from 6-8weeksto 12-14 weeks of age. The
protein content is between 14-16% while the energy is between 2400-2600kcal
ME/kg, it has higher fiber content than chicks mash, it also contain some or
all of above ingredients. Below is the Ailment Croissance Analysis for Grower`s
Mash
PROTEIN 15%min
FATS 5.0%max
CALCIUM 1.0%
FIBRE 6.5%max
AV
PHOSPHOURUS 0.4%min
MET.ENERGY
2400KCAL/kg
BROILER FINISHER MASH:
This is the feed giving to cockerel from 14weeks till they are sold. The energy
content is up to 2900KCAL ME/kg while the protein content is about 16%, the
feeding trough is deeper compared to previous ones. Below is Aliment Croissance
Analyses
PROTEIN 16.0%min
FAT 6.0%max
FIBRE 6.0%max
CALCIUM 1.0%min
AV.PHOSPHORUS 0.45%min
MET.
ENERGY 2900%Kcal/Kg min
Quantity
of feed to be offered is dependent on the age of the bird. The quantity of feed
given to birds at finisher phase is higher compared to that of Grower and
Brooding phase, to determine the kilogram of feed that birds will consume were
also taught to us.
MEDICATION/VACCINATION SCHEDULE
|
DAY
|
WEEK
|
MEDICATION
|
VACCINATION
|
VACCINE
|
ROUTE
|
|
1
|
1
|
Vet
Glucose
|
|
|
|
|
2-6
|
1
|
Gendox+Vit
|
|
|
Oral
|
|
7
|
1
|
|
LaSota
Ist
|
NCDVL
|
Oral
|
|
8-11
|
2
|
Coccidiostat
|
|
|
Oral
|
|
14
|
2
|
|
Gumboro
Ist
|
IBDV
|
Oral
|
|
18
|
3
|
|
Mareks
|
MDV
|
SC
|
|
21
|
3
|
|
Lasota
2nd
|
NCDVL
|
Oral
|
|
22-25
|
3
|
Anticox
|
|
|
|
|
28
|
4
|
|
Gumboro
2nd
|
IBDV
|
Oral
|
|
35
|
5
|
|
Lasota
3rd
|
NCDVL
|
Oral
|
|
37-38
|
5
|
Dicox
|
|
|
|
|
42
|
6
|
|
Gumboro
3rd
|
IBDV
|
Oral
|
|
46
|
6
|
|
Fowl
pox
|
WWJ
|
|
|
49
|
6
|
|
Fowl
Typhoid
|
FTV
|
SC
|
|
56
|
8
|
|
Newcastle
|
NCDVK
|
IM
|
|
63
|
9
|
Deworm
|
|
|
Oral
|
|
70
|
10
|
|
E.coli
|
ECV
|
SC
|
|
77
|
11
|
Vitamin
|
|
|
Oral
|
|
84
|
12
|
Debeak
|
|
|
|
|
98
|
14
|
|
Fowl
Typhoid
|
FTV
|
SC
|
|
112
|
16
|
Newcastle
(Oil
base)
|
ND+EDS+IB
|
IM
|
|
|
119
|
17
|
Deworm
|
|
|
Oral
|
DISEASE ENCOUNTER IN ABEC FARM
1.
New castle disease
2.
Fowl pox disease
3.
Coccidiosis disease
4.
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro)
5.
Fowl typhoid
6.
Mareks disease
7.
Fowl cholera
The
above diseases are classified into the following:
1.
New castle disease, Infectious bursal
disease, Mareks disease, and fowl pox are all viral disease.
2.
While fowl cholera, fowl typhoid
are bacterial disease.
3.
Coccidiosisis under protozoa
SYMPTOMS OF NEW CASTLE DISEASE
1.
Depression
2.
Dripping wings and loss of
appetite
3.
Twisting of neck
4.
Paralysis of legs
5.
Reduction in egg production
6.
Prevention and control of new
castle disease vaccinate at week1, week3, week 5, for pullets but in broiler
week 1 and week 3.
New
castle disease (NDVK) should administered at week 8 (water base) repeated at
week 16 with 3 in 1 (ND+ IB + EDS) 0.5 ml per birds, i/m,
TREATMENT
No
treatment because it is a viral disease.
SYMPTOM OF FOWL TYPHOID
1.
Substantial losses
2.
Persist of farms
3.
Sometimes leading to their
closure.
SYMPTOM OF FOWL CHOLERA
4.
Green diarrhea
Treatment
Broad
spectrum antibiotic such as tetracycline
SYMPTOM OF FOWL POX
Fowl
pox, it is a viral disease of poultry; it is caused by pox virus from the
family poxviridae. Some of the symptoms are proliferative scabs on unfettered
skin e.g. combs, eyes. The disease is of two types’ Dry pox and Wet pox.
Treatment
No
suitable drug
To
prevent secondary bacterial infection give coliquin, Doctril
After
giving antibiotic to improve chickens condition give Aminovit
For
early and mild infection, vaccinate healthy chickens with fowl pox to prevent
spread
SYMPTOMS OF MARCKS DISEASE
It
is widespread, highly contagious viral diseases of chicken, some of the
symptoms are paralyzes of the wings, legs and neck, loss of body weight, labored
respiration and diarrhea. It often causes severe death loss in pullet. To
prevent this disease Marex Vaccine is given at day 18 i.e. 3weeks of age. Below
is a picture that illustrates that.
SYMPTOM OF INFECTION BURSAL
DISEASE
5.
Ruffled feathers
6.
Slight tremor at onset
7.
Loss of appetite and dehydrated
8.
Whitish diarrhea frequently
develops.
9.
SANITATION
The
daily routine activities carried out to prevent harboring of pathogens include
washing feed trough and water trough, removing the old foot dip and replacing
it with fresh chemical.
Bio-security measures include;
-Feeding
of birds should start from the young birds to the aged ones
-Fresh
feed and clean water must be provided
-Attendants
must put on the farm overalls when attending to the birds
-Sick
birds are culled from the healthy ones
-Old
and wet wood shavings are always removed so as to prevent the bird not to
contact Coccidiosis and worm infestation
-Visitors
are not allowed to enter in the pens they stay at the visitor’s room.
-The
store where feeds are packed must be free from rodents e.g. rat
-Avoid
overcrowding of birds
-Post
mortem examination must be carried out far away from the pens
-All
mortalities should be burnt or buried immediately far away from the farm reason
is to prevent the spread of disease to other birds
SOME SPECIAL OPERATION CARRIED
OUT
Debeaking:
This is also known as beak trimming,
it is the partial removal of the beak of poultry, especially chicken and
turkey. In debeaking we can use manual debeaker or electric debeaker, anyone
used will also achieve the same purpose. In cockerels, the length of the upper
beak distal from the nostrils which remains following trimming should be 2 to
3mm,only have or less of the beak is removed. This is done to prevent cannibalism,
it also lessens mash feed wastage.
Culling
This
is the removal of bird from a pen as result of disease. Removing the inferior
or weak birds reduces cost of production, reduces the risk of others being
affected, it also increases the available space for the birds. It is most
economical to remove these birds as from the flock immediately they are
noticed. This will eliminate feeding birds with poor production.
CHAPTER
THREE
RABBITY
UNIT
Rabbit
is a four footed animal reared in a cage or floor, it is a source of food and
wool for industries. It can be feed with forages, household waste with little
concentrate. Management practice of rabbit is simple, it can also be reared in
backyard. Rabbit has two erect ears and a short tail, with bright eyes and
possess hind limb and fore limbs. Rabbit is classified as Pseudo-ruminant
because of its ability to digest forages and fiber like sheep, goat and cattle
regardless that it does not poses four chamber stomachs (Rumen Reticulum Omasum
and Abomasum). Rabbit is a neat animal, the fur colour varies from different
breeds. It can be reared by old people and children.
BREEDS OF RABBIT
In
the world there are four recognized breeds of rabbits and they varies in size,
colour, weight, type of fur coat, ear, and eye etc. Some of the breeds are
New
Zealand
Chinchilla
White
California
Flemish
giant etc.
In
ABEC FARM the type of rabbit reared is a crossbreed between chinchilla and New
Zealand. It varies in colour and size
HOUSING
The
housing system of rabbit in ABEC FARM is Cage System. The cage is built of iron.
The door of the cage is at the side.
FEEDING
Feed
is very important factor of production; the performance of rabbit depends
mainly on quality of feed and other management practices. Feed accounts 60-70%
of the total cost of production. The basal diet for rabbit is forage supplement
with concentrates to improve the performance of rabbits. Some green leaves feed
to rabbit include
1.
Sweet potato leave
2.
Cocoyam leaf
3.
Plantain leaf
4.
Pawpaw leaf
5.
Garbage
6.
Green leaf
Water
is very important constitutes of rabbit, water helps in Osmo-regulation,
Digestion and utilization of feed. Water was given them using the watering
trough. However, the water intake of rabbit depends on several factors these
include;
1.
Age of rabbit
2.
Type of feed given
3.
Health status of the rabbit
4.
Season
SEXUAL MATURITY
The
maturity of the male is around nine (9) month while that of female is 7-8
months. When the doe show signs of heat, it should be taken to the buck for
servicing, if the mating was successful the doe will fall. After mating the doe
should be returned to her hutch.
GESTATION
Gestation
in doe takes 30-32days. A nest should be prepared for her to kindle.
The
hutch should be inspected immediately after kindling remove deformed or dead
rabbit.
RECORD KEEPING
Keep
adequate record of the procurement, stock identification, stock performance,
financial and transaction expenses.
COMMON DISEASEOF RABBIT
SKIN MANGE:
This
is a disease that is caused by mites. It is characterized by itching at the
affected part loss of fur, loss of appetite, reduction in weight etc.
Prevention and control
The
affected rabbit should be isolated from the healthy ones; the hutch should be
cleaned with disinfectant. Ivermetine injection should be given at the
subcutaneous region.
PNEUMONIA
It
is a respiratory disease that affect mostly the young ones (kitten), it is
characterize by cough, difficulty in breathing; this disease is mostly caused
by cold weather.
Prevention and control
Isolate
the sick one from the healthy ones, affected rabbits should be given
Antibiotics. Good management practice reduces the incidence of the disease
occurance.
CHAPTER
FOUR
PIGGERY UNIT
Pigs
belong to the phylum chordate (vertebrates), they are monogastrics reared
primarily for pock, bacon, sausages, lard, (pig fat) etc. Among domestic animal
pig are the most prolific, 6-12 piglets in every litter, and they are all fast
growing, attain a weight of about 61kg in about 6-8 months’ time when they are slauthered.
(Shortest generation interval among meat producing livestock).
STRUCTURES FOUND IN THE PIGGERY
UNIT
Water trough:
Is a part from the pen, which is constructed for the provision of drinking
water.
Feeding trough:
this is a place where food are being kept
Wallow system:
It is a place where water is being kept always, this is to reduce the body
temperature of the pigs.
Grower’s pen:
This is a portion where newly weaned pigs are kept.
Breeding pen:
Is a portion of the pen where breeders are kept for breeding purpose
Isolation pen:
Is a portion where sick pigs are kept.
ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN THE
PIGGERY UNIT
1.
Regular provision of water and
feeds
2.
Sanitation
3.
Medication
4.
Record keeping
Regular provision of water and
feeds: this is a daily routine activities
carried out in the piggery unit, formulated feeds and also left over food from ABEC
school are poured in their feeding trough, while water is provided both in
water troughs and wallow system
Sanitation:
It is a daily routine activity where sweeping and packing of pig dung’s and
washing of the water trough, wallow system is carried out.
Medication:
This is a practiced carried out to ensure that pigs are healthy, some of them
include:
1.
Deworming the sows three weeks
before farrowing
2.
Keep close watch on sows during
farrowing without disturbing them
3.
To protect piglets from
pernicious anemia iron injection is given at the first week of age
Record keeping:
This is a practice which ensure that accurate recording of all the practices in
the piggery unit are carried out, it also help in the smooth running of the
piggery unit without much confusion. Below is an example of breeding record
|
|
SOW
1
|
SOW
2
|
SOW
3
|
REMARKS
|
|
Boar
Used
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date
of matting
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date
of farrowing
|
|
|
|
|
|
Litter
number
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average
weight(piglets)
|
|
|
|
|
CHAPTER
FIVE
SMALL RUMINANT UNIT
GOAT UNIT
Goat
belong to the genus Capra, It is a
ruminant animal. The stomachs are as
follows; Rumen, Reticulum Omasum and Abomasum. They are reared for the
production of meat, milk, fiber, and also manure for crop propagation.
MAJOR
ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN GOAT UNIT
1.
Cutting of grass
2.
Feeding and regular supply of
water
3.
Sanitation
CUTTING OF GRASS
Early
in the morning around 7:30pm we go out to cut grass for them, some of the
grasses cut include Elephant grass, Spear grass, gmelina leave etc.
FEEDING AND REGULAR SUPPLY OF WATER
The
goats are feed with Elephant grass in the morning and in the evening, the young
goats are feed with concentrates in the afternoon, we make sure that there is
constant water supplied to the in their water trough.
SIGNS OF HEAT IN GOAT
includes;
1.
Restlessness
2.
Bleating
3.
Riding other goat
4.
Tail shaking
5.
Swollen and reddened vulva
HOUSING FOR GOAT
The
types of housing for goat in Abec farm is building with corrugated zinc sheet
with dwarf walls.
Wire-gauze
is used in covering the remaining parts, there is adequate ventilation, the
floor is made of mould, and this is to allow easy absorption of urine.
HEALTHCARE
Goat
are regularly dewormed using Ivermetine and administered subcutaneously,
multivitamin (B-complex) are equally administered intra-muscular.
SANITATION
Sanitation
such as sweeping the floor and packing of the goat dungs was one of the daily
activities carried out.
CHAPTER
SIX
FEED MILL OPERATION
Feed
meal is a building that houses different kinds of machine and device, for
grinding grains into finished products.
IMPORTANCE
It
is necessary to have a feed meal within a farm because of the following
reasons;
1.
Feed accessibility
2.
Low cost of production
3.
The exact nutrient quality and
quantity in the feed is known.
FACTORS CONSIDERED BEFORE FORMULATING RATION
The
following factors are considered;
1.
Age of animal
2.
Breed
3.
Physiological makeup of the
animal
4.
Availability of raw material
5.
Environment.
MAJORACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN THE FEEDMEAL UNIT
1.
Crushing and grinding of grains e.g.
maize, soya etc
2.
Weighing of the crushed materials
3.
Maintenance of the processing
machines
4.
Preservation of feeds
PROCEDURES
Grinding
Grinding
it is the reduction in size of grains or other feed materials into smaller
particles for proper feed formulation
MATERIALS IN THEGRINDING UNIT
1.
Grinding machine (electric and
generator powered)
2.
Bags
3.
Packer
4.
Broom etc.
The
grinding machine is switch on and allowed to run for few seconds to check if
there is fault. The grains and other feed materials were deposited or poured
into the hopper of the machine. Bag was tied via the discharging position of
the machine, it is located at the under, where the grinded materials was
collected
Weighing of feed materials
The
grounded feed materials was weighed using a weighing balance and bagged, these
procedure is also done when transported feed materials were discharged to the
preserving house, also during the formulation and during bagging for selling
There
are weighing balances of different sizes
Mixing
There
are different types of mixers used but the one in our farm is the horizontal
mixer. The work of this machine is to mix all the feed material required in a
giving type of feed together for homogeneity
Bagging
It
is the putting of all the mixed feed ingredients in a bag and closing it, we
use 25kg bag, the picture below
MAINTENANCE OF MACHINES
Cleaning
of various parts of the machines and changing the damaged parts
PRECAUTIONS
The
following precaution were carried out in the feed meal
1.
Care is taken on the operating
key panels
2.
Ensure of accurate weighing of
feed materials before formulation
3.
The floor was thoroughly swept
after production
4.
Care was taken when loosing the
extruder part of the machine to avoid injury
CHAPTER
SEVEN
DOG
UNIT
The
dog (Canis familaries) is a domestic
animal which is of great importance to humans. A strong relationship that
developed between humans and dog made someone commented that “God saw the frailty
or weakness of man and gave him the dog”. Dog is described as human’s best
friend.
BREEDS OF DOG
There
are different breeds of dogs, some of them are; Basenji, German shepherd
Rottweiler, Caucasian, but in ABEC the one we have is a Cross Breed. The
picture below shows one of the dogs
MAJOR ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN THE DOG UNIT
Sanitation
Feeding
Vaccination
Sanitation
Some
of the daily activities carried out include sweeping of the floor and packing
of the dungs. We also make sure that the floor of the Kennels is dry.
Feeding
Dogs
are naturally carnivorous animal, they eat household feeds, in ABEC we fed the
dogs leftover foods gotten from the school kitchen. In feeding the puppies
special feed are being giving to them, they are canned feed e.g. MY LORD
puppies, Dog pedigree etc., the amount giving to them are intensified at 6weeks
when they are ready for weaning.
Vaccination and Medication
Vaccination
programs have being designed for dogs especially against distemper and rabies.
Rabies is one of the most dreaded diseases of dogs reason is because it is a Zoonotic
disease, to prevent this we gave them Anti rabies which is giving
intramuscular. Distemper is another disease that mostly affects our Exotic
breeds to prevent this we gave them; Distemper vaccine which is also giving
Intramuscular.
Tick
infestation is one of the most troublesome parasites of dogs to prevent this we
gave them Ivermetine which is giving subcutaneous
CHAPTER
EIGHT
FISHERY UNIT
What
is fish farming? Fish farming is the principal form of agriculture. It involves
raising fish commercially in pounds or enclosures usually for food. Fish
species raised in ABEC farm include catfish and tilapia.
In
other, however the potential has not yet been fully realized.
An
alternative low cost approach of fish farming is appropriate for many people
relying on existing water bodies and natural vegetation and house hold waste.
Supplemented with animal protein in the form of maggots or worms and house made
supplements for fish feed
Fish
species
1.
The tilapia families
2.
Tilapia
nilotica
3.
Tilapia
aurea
Male
grow bigger than females, the major problem in tilapia culturing is their
ability to quickly over populate aquatic system. The most widely used technique
to eliminate undesirable reproduction is to produce mono-sex population.
There
are four techniques to be used to make them convert their energy to feed
instead of using it to reproduce. These include:
1.
Manual sexing of fingerlings and
separation of the sexes after two months. It must be noted that this method is
not very effective.
2.
Hybridization: This is the
crossing of two species within the same family with the aim of producing a
superior pro or offspring e.g. clarias species crossed with Heterbranchus species.
The
progeny of this crossing is called Heteroclarais
breed and it is sterile.
3.
Sex reversal by hormones
treatment this hormone treatment is the process of administering hormones into
the fish that render them sterile e.g (omega sign) methyl testosterone.
4.
Chromosome manipulation: a normal
being has two Ns (genes) this can be increased to three NS which is sterile
through biotechnology.
Claridae (cat fish)
1.
Clarias
gariepinus clarias lazera
and clarias longifiles
2.
Heterobranchus
bidorsalis stocking density
3.
Extensive system to fingerling
1m2
4.
Semi- intensive 3-5 fingerling
1m2
5.
Intensive system 2 fingerling 1m2
PH
The
acidic or alkaline content of pound water is 6.5 to 9 are okay.
FEEDING RATE
The
quantity of feed to be given to a pound or a cage each day were normally based
on a percentage of the biomass percent (total weight of animal)
Thus,
if a pound contains 10,000 fish weighing 10g on average and the recommended
feeding rate is 7% per day.
The
amount of feed to be given daily is
10,000x
10gx7 =
7,000g (7kg) per day
The
percentage of biomass to be feed is not fixed amount. It should decrease as
animal grow to reflect their decreasing metabolic rate.
DAILY POUND MANAGEMENT
The
first thing I did every morning is to observe the pound. The reason for doing
this is to check if there is any mortality, check the water if it is due for removal.
After careful observance I feed them.
CAUSES OF OXYGEN DEPLETION
1.
Phytoplankton or algae: This is
because during the day they undergo
PHOTOSYNTHESIS,
releasing oxygen into the water, thereby increasing the oxygen content of the
water during the day. However, in the night they absorb oxygen content in the
water.
2.
ORGANIC MATTER: This include
organic manure, leftover feed and faces of fish etc., during decomposition,
they make use of dissolved oxygen.
3.
MICRO ORGANISMS: This also make
use of dissolved oxygen because of this, there is oxygen depletion in the
morning. However as soon as the sun comes up there will not be much problem in
the water. It is because of this that you see fish come up to the surface of
the pound to breathe because it is lacking oxygen at the bottom.
CHAPTER
NINE
VERTINARY
UNIT
IDENTIFICATION
OF ANIMAL DRUGS
I
was equally posted to sumed livestock services in Port- Harcourt were I was introduced
on how to handle animal vaccine and drugs.
The
vaccine includes
NCDVL:
Newcastle disease vaccine LaSota
IBDV:
Infections bursal disease vaccine
FPV:
Fowl pox vaccine
FTV:
Fowl typhoid vaccine
ND+
IB+ EDS: Trivalent vaccine
Bivalent
vaccine
ND+IB:
Newcastles & infection brondi immucox vaccine Coccidiosis.
The
picture below shows some of the vaccines
They
were preserved in refrigerator
The
drugs were classified into the following;
Coccidiosistat
For treatment of coccdiosis eg
1.
Amprocox
2.
Dicox
3.
Pantacox
4.
Keprocox etc
Antibiotics
for the treatment of bacterial infection include;
1.
Gentamycin
2.
Tetracycline
3.
Gendox
CHAPTER
TEN
Recommendation
To federal government Nigeria
I
recommend that this Sure p that is subsidy re-investment and empowerment
program embarked upon by the federal government of Nigeria under His Excellency
President should invest massively in agriculture to accommodate the learning
population of graduates of agriculture because that is the only way to ensure
“food security” in Nigeria and self-dependency among the graduate that are
unemployed before.
SIWES
ALLOWANCE should be given to student during the period of attachment rather
than after the program, if implemented, it will help to solve the student’
minor needs such as feeding and transportation fare.
I wholeheartedly recommend ABEC FARM to any
animal science internship student
CONCLUSION
My
industrial attachment which lasted for a period of 6 months has been able to
help me differentiate between theoretical work and practical. During this
period I fully participated in poultry production, swine, rabbit, fish and
small ruminant, dogs, feed milling, animal health services. Entrepreneurship in
animal sciences where also carried out in poultry production these include
transporting of day-old chicks, installation of battery cages, house design.
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