PROJECT: EFFECT OF ORGACID AND GRADED LEVELS OF PAPAYA LEAF MEAL ON THE GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILERS


ABSTRACT
The effect of orgacid and graded levels of papaya leaf meal (PLM) was investigated in a 56- day trial. Ninety (90) Anak-2000 day-old broilers were randomly assigned to five treatments and three replicates in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows; T1 (Control; no PLM or orgacid), T2(5% PLM), T3 (10%PLM), T4 (15% PLM) and T5 ( orgacid at the rate of 1.5 kg/ton of feed ). Weekly feacal sample were collected and analyzed.


 On day 56 of the experiment, 15 birds, one from each replicate, were slaughtered and the small intestine and caecum, contents taken for microflora count. The result indicated no significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) on the mean count of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, shigella and Lactobacillus spp in the droppings of the broilers. There was significant difference in the mean count of Staphylococcus, aureas in the droppings of the broilers at week 1 in T2 5% PLM ( 4.9 x 104 cfu/g ) and in T3 10% PLM ( 1.2 x 105 cfu/g ). In conclusion, the result showed that broiler production will benefit from the use of PLM in the treatment of  Staphylococcus aureus at 5% PLM and 10% PLM.

EFFECT OF ORGACID AND GRADED LEVELS OF PAPAYA LEAF MEAL ON THE GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILERS

A  PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE (B. AGRIC) IN ANIMAL SCIENCE

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The percentage composition of the Experimental
             Starter Diets …………………. …………………….     23
Table 2: Finisher Mash………………………………………    24
Table 3: The proximate Analysis of Starter Diets…………….            25
Table 4: The proximate Analysis of Finisher Diets……………26
Table 5: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Escherichia coli in
               Broiler droppings………………….…………………29
Table 6: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Salmonella enteritidis
              In broiler droppings ……………………….…………..30
Table 7: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Shigella in    broiler
    droppings………………………………………………..31
Table 8: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Lactobacillus spp in
              Broiler droppings ……………………………………….32
Table 9: Mean Count  (cfu/g) of Staphylococcus aureus
             in broiler droppings  …………………………………...  33
Table 10: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Lactobacillus spp and
                enteropathogens in the digesta of caecum and
                small intestine at week 8 of age    ……………………. 34
                 
                                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page……………………………………………………                  i
Certification …………………………………………………                ii
Dedication…………………………………………………….               iii
Acknowledgements…………………………………………….            iv
Abstract………………………………………………………..              v
List of Tables………………………………………………….. vi
Table of Contents………………………………………………            vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction    ------------------------------------------------------       1
1.2 Objective of the study ---------------------------------------------      5
1.3 Justification of the study -------------------------------------------    6

CHAPTER TWO             
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------  7
2.2 Origin, Distribution of Morphology of Papaya leaves ----------    8
2.3 Nutritional value of Papaya -----------------------------------------              9
2.4 Medicinal and pharmacological properties -------------------------            11
2.4.1 Medicinal Uses of Papaya plant ------------------------------------           12
2.5 Antimicrobial Properties/ Uses of Papaya ---------------------------           13
2.6 Organic Acid ( orgacid )    -----------------------------------------------14
2.6.1 The Effect of Organic Acid on Gut microflora of Broilers -----15
2.7 Understanding the Gut Microflora Ecology of broilers  ------------          16
2.8 Microbial Diversity Along the Gastrointestinal tracts  --------------18
2.9 The Use of Probiotics in Broilers Production  -----------------------19


CHAPTER THREE
3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental Animals -------------------------------------------------   22
3.2 Experimental Site -------------------------------------------------------  22
3.3 Experimental Diet  ------------------------------------------------------          22
3.4 Experimental Design -----------------------------------------------------   25
3.5 Management of the Animals --------------------------------------------   25
3.6 Sample Collection  --------------------------------------------------------   26
3.7 Materials used in the Culture -------------------------------------------    26
3.8 Stages of the Culture process -------------------------------------------    27
3.9  Small Intestine and Caecum Content Culture -----------------------     28
3.10 Data Analyses  ----------------------------------------------------------     28

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result   ---------------------------------------------------------------     29
4.2       The Mean Count (cfu/g) of Salmonella enteritidis of Broiler
Droppings------------------------------------------------------------            30

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion  ------------------------------------------------------------  36
5.2 Recommendation  -----------------------------------------------------             41
      References  --------------------------------------------------------------    42    
       Appendix   ---------------------------------------------------------------          48

EFFECT OF ORGACID AND GRADED LEVELS OF PAPAYA LEAF MEAL ON THE GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILERS

A  PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE (B. AGRIC) IN ANIMAL SCIENCE



EFFECT OF ORGACID AND GRADED LEVELS OF PAPAYA LEAF MEAL ON GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILERS
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY, ABAKALIKI

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