ABSTRACT
The effect of orgacid and graded levels
of papaya leaf meal (PLM) was investigated in a 56- day trial. Ninety (90)
Anak-2000 day-old broilers were randomly assigned to five treatments and three
replicates in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows;
T1 (Control; no PLM or orgacid), T2(5% PLM), T3 (10%PLM),
T4 (15% PLM) and T5 ( orgacid at the rate of 1.5 kg/ton of feed ).
Weekly feacal sample were collected and analyzed.
On day 56 of the experiment,
15 birds, one from each replicate, were slaughtered and the small intestine and
caecum, contents taken for microflora count. The result indicated no
significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) on the mean count of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis,
shigella and Lactobacillus spp in the droppings of the broilers. There was significant
difference in the mean count of Staphylococcus,
aureas in the droppings of the broilers at week 1 in T2 5% PLM (
4.9 x 104 cfu/g ) and in T3 10% PLM ( 1.2 x 105
cfu/g ). In conclusion, the result showed that broiler production will benefit
from the use of PLM in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus at 5% PLM and 10%
PLM.
EFFECT OF ORGACID
AND GRADED LEVELS OF PAPAYA LEAF MEAL ON THE GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILERS
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL
SCIENCE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE (B.
AGRIC) IN ANIMAL SCIENCE
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The percentage composition of
the Experimental
Starter Diets …………………. ……………………. 23
Table 2: Finisher Mash……………………………………… 24
Table 3: The proximate Analysis of
Starter Diets……………. 25
Table 4: The proximate Analysis of Finisher
Diets……………26
Table 5: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Escherichia coli in
Broiler droppings………………….…………………29
Table 6: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Salmonella enteritidis
In broiler droppings ……………………….…………..30
Table 7: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Shigella in broiler
droppings………………………………………………..31
Table 8: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Lactobacillus spp in
Broiler droppings ……………………………………….32
Table 9: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Staphylococcus aureus
in broiler droppings …………………………………... 33
Table 10: Mean Count (cfu/g) of Lactobacillus spp and
enteropathogens in the digesta
of caecum and
small
intestine at week 8 of age ……………………. 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………… i
Certification ………………………………………………… ii
Dedication……………………………………………………. iii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………. iv
Abstract……………………………………………………….. v
List of Tables………………………………………………….. vi
Table of Contents……………………………………………… vii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------
1
1.2 Objective of the study --------------------------------------------- 5
1.3 Justification of the study ------------------------------------------- 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
----------------------------------------------------------- 7
2.2 Origin, Distribution of Morphology
of Papaya leaves ---------- 8
2.3 Nutritional value of Papaya
-----------------------------------------
9
2.4 Medicinal and pharmacological
properties ------------------------- 11
2.4.1 Medicinal Uses of Papaya plant
------------------------------------ 12
2.5 Antimicrobial Properties/ Uses of
Papaya --------------------------- 13
2.6 Organic Acid ( orgacid ) -----------------------------------------------14
2.6.1 The Effect of Organic Acid on Gut
microflora of Broilers -----15
2.7 Understanding the Gut Microflora
Ecology of broilers ------------ 16
2.8 Microbial Diversity Along the Gastrointestinal
tracts --------------18
2.9 The Use of Probiotics in Broilers
Production -----------------------19
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental Animals
------------------------------------------------- 22
3.2 Experimental Site
------------------------------------------------------- 22
3.3 Experimental Diet ------------------------------------------------------
22
3.4 Experimental Design ----------------------------------------------------- 25
3.5 Management of the Animals
--------------------------------------------
25
3.6 Sample Collection -------------------------------------------------------- 26
3.7 Materials used in the Culture ------------------------------------------- 26
3.8 Stages of the Culture process
-------------------------------------------
27
3.9
Small Intestine and Caecum Content Culture ----------------------- 28
3.10 Data Analyses ---------------------------------------------------------- 28
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Result --------------------------------------------------------------- 29
4.2 The
Mean Count (cfu/g) of Salmonella
enteritidis of Broiler
Droppings------------------------------------------------------------ 30
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------ 36
5.2 Recommendation -----------------------------------------------------
41
References
-------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Appendix
--------------------------------------------------------------- 48
EFFECT OF ORGACID
AND GRADED LEVELS OF PAPAYA LEAF MEAL ON THE GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILERS
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL
SCIENCE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE (B.
AGRIC) IN ANIMAL SCIENCE
EFFECT OF ORGACID AND GRADED LEVELS OF PAPAYA LEAF
MEAL ON GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILERS
DEPARTMENT OF
ANIMAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT