THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FIBRE SOURCE ON HUMAN INTESTINAL TRANSIT AND STOOL OUTPUT



Investigations assessing the effects of dietary fibre on month to anus transit time in human have often yielded conflicting and, hence, inconclusive results. Only a few of the investigations reported successfully measured digesta passage for those on controlled diets (Cummings, J.H et al, 1978, Stasse Woitheus, M. 1980). Wheat bran has been the main fibre source tested, though oat flakes (Walker, A.R.P. 1975) bagasse, purified cellulose, guar pectin, fruits and or vegetables Cummings, J.H et al, 1978 Walker, A.R.P. 1975, cowgill, G.R. and sullivan A.J. 1933, park T.G 1973).

Were tested in some studies. Bagasse was effective in reducing transit time, whereas the effect of orange fibre was only slight (Walker, A.R.P. 1975). and added cellulose or pectin had no effect, which suggests that different fibre sources exert different effects on intestinal function. Occasionally, marker transit data from subjects with gastrointestinal disterlxances were compared to those obtained from health, normal controls. Types of disorders have varied within experiments and have included spastic colon, proctitis, constipation, diverticular disease, diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome (Harvey, R.F, et al 1973, Paylor, D.K., et al 1975). 
The differential passage of chromic oxide and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) demonstrated in subjects with diverticular disease and cholerrhoeic enteropathy (Findlay, ].M. et al 1974). Suggests that a certain diseases state can affect marker passage more profoundly than any dietary variable. Nearly all studies that allowed self-selected diets did not mention a control or total level of food intake, which has consistently been variable affecting rate of digest a passage in animals (castle, E.J 1956 and Grovum, W.L and WillIams, V.J. 1977). Experiments in humans generally have not been designed to asses the extent that inter subject variability, disease condition and the amount or rates in addition to the presence of bran or other fibre source.
Studies of dietary fibres and their effects on bowel functional have indicated various changes in stool output and composition, not all of which are solely attributable to water binding properties measurable in vitro (Stephen, A.M $ comings, J.H. 1979). Research reports examining the effects of added dietary fibres on stool bulk and composition have been reviewed (Kelsay, IL 1978), and it is generally agreed that fibre addition to an otherwise low fibre diet increases stool volume and improves taxation. Dietary fibre is not a uniform material and varies widely in chemical composition and physical properties with taxonomic class large differences between intact vegetable and cereal fibres and isolated cellulose preparations have been reported for measure volume (Van soest. PJ. and Robertson. JB .1976). 
Variability in physiochemical properties permits speculation that the source, level of intake and the bulk density of dietary fibre consumed would alter and dry matter (DM), the frequency of defecation and the moisture content of the stool. These hypotheses were tested in a human metabolic trial by using health subjects with no history of gastrointestinal disease, An analysis of present methods for mouth-to-anus transit time measurement and compartmental turnover kinetics is presented else where (Wrick, K.L.F 1979).

CONSTRAINTS TO GREATER USE OF LEGUME
The use of legume in the human diet can also be problematic. legume seeds generally contain 20% to 30% protein and are ys rich, complementing the nutritional profiles of cereals and tubers in the diet (Duranti $ Cius, 1997). However, legumes are limited in sulfur amino acids, contain ant nutritional factors including lectins and flatulence factors, and are commonly hard to cook. Preference for particular grain types or seed affects martability.
Forage legume have been the foundation for diary and meat production for centuries (Russelle, 2001). When properly managed, they are rich sources of protein, fibre and energy.
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