CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULT
4.0 DATA PRESENTATION
This chapter deals with analyzing the data collected during the field of study, hence, in presenting and analyzing the data collected from respondents, emphasis were places on those questions which were directly linked to the findings.
The main focus of this research work was on pharmaceutical shop, computer business centre and a beauty salon which are drawn from the research population.
A total of 44 questionnaires were distributed, however, 42 questionnaires were collected and 2 questionnaires out of the 42 were not properly shaded. Therefore, a total valid 40 questionnaires were used in the data analysis.
TABLE 4.1: QUESTIONNAIRES DISTRIBUTED AND RETURNED.
USER GROUP
|
NO OF QUESTIONNAIRES
|
NO RETURNED
|
PHARACEUTICAL SHOP
|
18
|
17
|
COMPUTER BUSINESS CNTRE
|
15
|
14
|
BEAUTY SALON
|
11
|
9
|
TOTAL
|
S 44
|
å 40
|
4.2 ANALYSIS OF RESEACH DATA:
TABLE 4.2.1: ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION RESPONDENTS
EDUCATIONAL STATUS
|
NO OF QUESTIONNAIRES
|
NO RETURNED
|
GCE/ SSCE/ NECO
|
15
|
37
|
ND/NCE
|
9
|
23
|
HAND/B.SC
|
12
|
30
|
TOTALOTHERS
|
4
|
10
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: Researcher’s field work.
TABLE 4.2.2: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPODENTS
AGE-BREAK
|
NO OF QUESTIONNAIRES
|
PERCNTAGE
|
20-30
|
6
|
15.0
|
31-40
|
14
|
35.0
|
41-50
|
12
|
30.0
|
51 AND ABOVE
|
8
|
20.0
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: researcher’s field work.
QUESTION 5: WHAT FORM OF BUSINESS DO YOU OPERATE
RESPONSES
|
NO OF QUESTIONNAIRES
|
PERCNTAGE
|
SOLE PROPERIETORSHIP
|
14
|
35
|
LIMITED LIABILITY
|
10
|
25
|
GOVERNMENT OWNED
|
7
|
23
|
PARTNERSHIP
|
9
|
17
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: researcher’s field work.
Form the table above 14 respondents operate sole proprietorship, 10 operate limited liability and 7 operate government owned enterprises while 9 operates partnership business out of the 40 questionnaires collected.
QUESTION 6: IS FINANCING THE BUSINESS A MAJOR PROBLEM?
RESPONESE
|
NO OF RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
YES
|
20
|
50
|
NO
|
14
|
35
|
DON’ST KNOW
|
6
|
15
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: Researcher’s field work.
Form the table above, 20 respondents of 50 percent of the responses representing 20 respondents who agreed that financing the business is a major problem, 35 percent of the responses representing 14 responses disagree that financing the business is not a problem while 15 percent of the response are indifferent.
QUESTION 7:IS SOURCES OF FINANCE YOUR MAJOR PROBLEM?
RESPONSES
|
NO OF RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
YES
|
19
|
47
|
NO
|
15
|
37
|
DON’ST KNOW
|
6
|
15
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: researcher’s field work.
Form the table above, 19 respondents agree that source of finance is a major problem that is 47 percent, 37 percent of responses representing 15 respondents disagrees with the fact; while 6 respondents says the don’t know.
QUESTION 9: IS HIGH RATE OF INTEREST A MAJOR PROBLEM TO THE BUSINESS?
RESPONSES
|
NO OF RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
YES
|
25
|
62
|
NO
|
11
|
28
|
DON’ST KNOW
|
4
|
10
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: researcher’s field work.
Form the above table, 62 percent of responses respondents 25 respondents agrees that high rate of interest is a major problem of small-scale business, and 28 percent of responses disagree with the fact, while 10 percent representing 4 respondents said they don’t know whether high rate of interest is a major problem to small-scale business or not
QUESTION 14: HAVE YOU APPLIED FOR A LOAN FROM ANY BANK?
RESPONSES
|
NO OF RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
YES
|
24
|
60
|
NO
|
12
|
30
|
DON’ST KNOW
|
4
|
10
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: researcher’s field survey.
From the table above, 24 respondents agrees that they have applied for a loan, and 30 percent of the responses say that they have not applied for any loan, while 10 percent of the responses, representing 4 respondents said they don’t know.
QUESTION 10: DID THE LOAN HELP IN INCREASING THE CAPITAL BASE OF THE BUSINESS?
RESPONSES
|
NO OF RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
YES
|
204
|
50
|
NO
|
12
|
45
|
DON’ST KNOW
|
4
|
05
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Sources: researcher’s field work.
From the table above, 50 percent of the responses representing 20 respondents agrees that the loan help in increasing the capital base of the business, 18 respondents disagrees with the fact, while 2 respondents said they don’t know whether the loan help in increasing the capital base of the business or not.
QUESTION 18: DOES YOUR BANK INSIST ON COLLATERAL BEFORE GRANTING A LOAN?
RESPONSES
|
NO OF RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
YES
|
18
|
45
|
NO
|
16
|
40
|
DON’ST KNOW
|
6
|
15
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
SOURCE: Researcher’s field survey.
From the table above, 18 respondent agrees that banks insist on collateral before granting a loan, 16 respondents also disagree that bank do not insist on collateral before granting a loan, which 15 percent of the response representing 6 respondents said they don’t know.
QUESTION 19: IS GOVERNMENT’S FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISES ENOUGH TO KEEP YOUR BUSINESS GOING?
RESPONSES
|
NO OF RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
YES
|
22
|
55
|
NO
|
14
|
35
|
DON’T KNOW
|
4
|
10
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
SOURCE: Researcher’s field work.
From the table above 55 percent of the responses representing 22 respondents agrees that government’s financial assistance to small-scale enterprises is enough to keep their business going, while 14 respondents disagrees with the fact and 10 percent of the responses representing 4 respondents said they don’t know if government financial assistance to small-scale enterprises is enough to keep their business going.
4.3 TEST OF RESEARCH HYPOTHISES
HYPOTHESIS 1
Ho: lack of finance is a problem to small-scale enterprises.
Hl: lack of finance is a problem to small-scale enterprises.
Testing of hypothesis 1, link to question number 6, using the formula for chi-square already stated in chapter three.
X2 = E (oi-ei)
Ei
Where 0i = observed frequency
Ei = expected frequency
Oi – ei = the deviation (difference between observed and expected frequencies)
COMPUTATION OF CHI-SQUARE (X2)
User group
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
Row total
|
Pharmaceutical shop
|
10
|
7
|
0
|
17
|
Computer centre
|
4
|
4
|
6
|
14
|
Beauty salon
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
9
|
Total
|
20
|
14
|
6
|
40
|
X2 =S(oi-ei)2
Ei
Oi
|
ei
|
(Oi-ei)
|
Don’t know
|
Row total
|
7
|
0
|
17
| ||
10
|
6
|
1
| ||
Beauty salon
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
9
|
Total
|
20
|
14
|
6
|
40
|
X2 =S(oi-ei)2
Ei
Where 0i = observed frequency
Ei = expected frequency
Oi – ei = the deviation (difference between observed and expected frequencies)
COMPUTATION OF CHI-SQUARE (X2)
User group
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
Row total
|
Pharmaceutical shop
|
10
|
7
|
0
|
17
|
Computer centre
|
4
|
4
|
6
|
14
|
Beauty salon
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
9
|
Total
|
20
|
14
|
6
|
40
|
X2 =S(oi-ei)2
Ei
Oi
|
Ei
|
(Oi-ei
|
Don’t know
|
Row total
|
10
|
8.5
|
1.5
|
2.25
|
0.264
|
7
|
5.95
|
1.05
|
1.1025
|
0.264
|
0
|
2.55
|
-2.55
|
6.5025
|
2.55
|
4
|
7
|
-3
|
9
|
1.285
|
5
|
4.9
|
-0.9
|
0.81
|
0.165
|
6
|
2.1
|
2.9
|
8.41
|
4.004
|
6
|
4.5
|
4.5
|
20.25
|
4.5
|
2
|
3.15
|
-1.15
|
1.323
|
0.42
|
0
|
1.35
|
-1-35
|
1.823
|
1.350
|
å = 14.753
|
Therefore x2 = (oi – ei)2
Ei
Calculations of degree of freedom (df)
df = (r-1) (c-1)
Where r = number of row
c = number of column
Therefore r = 3 and c = 3
df = (3-1) (3-1)
(2) (2) = 4
DECISION
From chi – square table, x2 at 5 percent level of significant with four (4) degree of freedom, the calculated chi – square is greater than the tabulated chi-square (X2 cal > X2 tab) that is (14.753 > 9.488). Therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis with the conclusion that lack of finance is a problem to small-scale enterprises.
HYPOTHESIS II
Ho: High interest rate charge on loans by banks is not a problem of financing small-scale enterprises.
Hi: High interest rate charge on loans by banks problem of financing small-scale enterprises
Testing of hypothesis II, link to question number 9, using the formula for chi-square
X2 = S (io – ei) 2
Ei
COMPUTATION OF CHI – SQUARE (X2)
USER GROUP
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
Row Total
|
PHARMACEUTICAL SHOP
|
13
|
5
|
0
|
18
|
COMPUTER CENTRE
|
12
|
0
|
4
|
16
|
BEAUTY SALON
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
6
|
TOTAL
|
25
|
11
|
4
|
40
|
X2 = S (io – ei) 2
ei
Oi
|
Ei
|
(io – ei)2
|
(io – ei)2
|
(io – ei)2
Ei
|
13
|
11.25
|
1.75
|
3.063
|
0.272
|
5
|
4.95
|
0.05
|
0.0025
|
0.005
|
0
|
1.8
|
-1.8
|
3.24
|
1.8
|
12
|
10
|
2
|
4
|
1.4
|
0
|
4.4
|
-4.4
|
19.36
|
4.4
|
4
|
1.6
|
-3.75
|
5.76
|
3.6
|
0
|
3.75
|
2.4
|
14.06
|
3.75
|
6
|
1.65
|
4.35
|
18.92
|
11.46
|
0
|
0.6
|
-0.6
|
0.36
|
0.6
|
S = 26.287
|
Therefore X2 = (io – ei)2 = 26.287
ei
Calculations of degree of freedom (df)
df = (r -1) (c-1)
df = (3 – 1) (3 -1)
(2) (2) = 4
DECISION
From chi-square table, X2 at 5 percent level of significance with four (4) degree of freedom, the calculated chi-square is greater than tabulated chi-square (X2 cal > X2 tab), that is (26.287 > 9.488). Therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis with the conclusion that high interest rate on loan is a problem of financing small-scale enterprises.