TOPIC: THE
HUMAN RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING
THE MANAGEMENT AND USE TO THE GROWTH OF THE ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter is an account of the methods and
procedures adopted in this research work on the management of organizational
politics in public organizations. Specifically, this chapter explains the
rational for the design adopted, the population and sample of the study, source
of as well as the instruments and techniques for data collection and analysis.
3.2 Research
Design
The research design tells the reader
how the research was carried out. In this study, the descriptive method of
analysis is adopted. This entails the description of phenomenon and
characteristics associated with the subject population, descriptive studies can
be carried out on small and `large scale, they involve a systematic collection
and presentation of data with hope that good picture of a particular
situational will emerge.
3.3 Population
of the study
The population size for the study
comprised of management, staff and employees (skilled and unskilled) of
Nigerian Breweries PLC Enugu. The population of the study is made up of Junior
Staff 400, supervisors 120 and management staff 30. The total population size
is therefore 550.
3.4 Sample
size
The
sample size was determined using the Yaro Yamen formula
n = N (e)2
1 + N
When
n = sample size
N = population size
e =. level of significance
I = constant
Substituting
for the above formular, we have
N= 550 (0.005)2
1+550
N= 550 (0.0025)
1+550
N= 550
1+1.375
550
2.375 = 231
3.5 Research
Instrumentation
A self-completion questionnaire was
used for the purpose of obtaining data from the respondents. The questionnaire
was grouped into two. The first one bothers on the issue of demographic characteristics
of the company such as Age, sex and academic qualifications while the second
one concentrated on obtaining data concerned with the phenomenon under study.
3.6 Validity
and Reliability of Research instruments
The questionnaire was subjected to
initial tests for validity and consistency before it was finally adopted. Validity is the extent to which an instrument
measures what it is expected to measure while reliability tests the consistency
of an instrument.
The questionnaire was designed to achieve
the validity and reliability measures. Copies of the questionnaire were given
to lecturers in the department of business management, Ebonyi State University
and Staff of realms communications ltd, at different times, for validity and
reliability test.
3.7 Sources
of Data
Both the qualitative and
quantitative data for the study were obtained from primary sources. Primary
sources provide data in their raw and unused forms, with the questionnaire and
interview serving as the major instruments and technique of data collection.
3.8
Analytical methods and techniques
Here, descriptive mode of analysis is made use of.
Responses of the respondents are presented in matrix tables with a calculation
of their corresponding;
Frequencies,
Percentages,
and a cross tabulation of the responses where
necessary.
3.9 Decision
Rule
Adopting the chi-square formula as
developed by Karl Pearson and cited by pertorius (1995), the decision rule is,
if x2 calculated > x2 table – value, we reject Ho and
accept H1, otherwise, we accept Ho and reject Hi.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Presentation
and Analysis of Data
4.1 Presentation
of Data
In data presentation, the research made use of relevant
data collected through questionnaire distributed to the staff of Nigerian
Breweries plc, Enugu. 231 questionnaires were distributed and 225 collected
were used for the study
The relevant data collected for the study were recorded
and presented as follows;
SA – Strongly Agree
A – Agree
D – Disagree
SD – Strongly disagreed
TR Total Response
%PR Percentage of Positive Response
%NR Percentage Negative Response
Table 4.1
Question 8
Power and politics are seen as a harmful behaviour by
the managers of Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu.
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agreed
|
70
|
31
|
|
Agree
|
100
|
44
|
|
Disagree
|
33
|
15
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
22
|
10
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
From
the table above, 170 respondents or 75% agreed that power and politics is seen
as a harmful behaviour by the managers of Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu whereas
55 respondents or 25% disagreed with the view.
Table 4.2
Question 9
Politics
plays an important role in the behaviour of managers when decisions are to be
made in your organization
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agree
|
73
|
32
|
|
Agree
|
97
|
43
|
|
Disagree
|
34
|
16
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
21
|
9
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
`From
the table above, 170 respondents or 75% are of the view that politics plays an
important role in the behaviour of managers when decisions are to be made in
Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu , but 55 respondents or 25% disagreed.
Table 4.3
Question 10
Perception and management of organizational
politics by managers have impact on quality decision making
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agree
|
82
|
36
|
|
Agree
|
85
|
38
|
|
Disagree
|
31
|
14
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
27
|
12
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
The table above shows that
167 respondents or 74% support the view that managers’ perception and
management of organizational politics have impact on quality decision making
while 58 respondents or 26% did not support the view.
Table 4.4
Question 11
Politics is
perceived as the pursuit of personal goal of employees by managers of Nigerian Breweries
PLC, Enugu.
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agree
|
70
|
31
|
|
Agree
|
100
|
44
|
|
Disagree
|
35
|
16
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
20
|
9
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
From the table above, 170
respondents or 75% are of the view that politics is perceived as the pursuit of
personal goal of employees by managers of Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu but 55 respondents or 25%
disagreed.
Table 4.5
Question 12
Politics
and power have influence on productivity in Nigerian Breweries PLC Enugu
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agree
|
70
|
31
|
|
Agree
|
77
|
34
|
|
Disagree
|
45
|
20
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
33
|
15
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
Table
4.5 above shows that 147 respondents or 65% agreed that politics and power have
influence on productivity in Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu while 78 respondents
or 35% disagreed.
Table 4.6
Question 13
Efficient
use of politics in your organization improves the employees’ performances and
organizational growth?
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agree
|
80
|
36
|
|
Agree
|
95
|
42
|
|
Disagree
|
30
|
13
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
20
|
9
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
Table
4.6 above shows that 175 respondents or 78% agreed that efficient use of
politics improves employees’ performance and organizational growth while 50
respondents or 22% disagreed.
Table 4.7
Question 14
Appraisal
depends on the impression the manager has about an employee in your
organization
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agree
|
72
|
32
|
|
Agree
|
98
|
43
|
|
Disagree
|
34
|
16
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
21
|
9
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
From table 4.7 above, 170 or 75% agreed that
their managers appraise them based on the impression they have about them while
54 respondent or 25% disagreed that they are appraised based on the impression
their managers have about them.
Table 4.8
Question 15 – Employee with
political inclination easily get promoted in your organization?
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly agree
|
73
|
32
|
|
Agree
|
97
|
43
|
|
Disagree
|
34
|
16
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
21
|
9
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
From the table above, 170 respondents or 75% are of
the view that employees with political inclination easily get promoted in
Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu, but 55 respondents or 25% disagreed.
Table 4.9
Question 16
Power and politics are employed based on
manager’s concepts
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Agree
|
81
|
36
|
|
Strongly Agree
|
94
|
42
|
|
Disagree
|
29
|
13
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
21
|
9
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
Table
4.8 shows that 175 respondents or 73% agreed that politics and power employed
based on managers concepts while 50 respondents or 27 disagreed with that.
Table 4.10
Question 17: There are measures employed
by managers to improve the management of politics to avoid a negative influence
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Agree
|
70
|
31
|
|
Strongly Agree
|
70
|
31
|
|
Disagree
|
45
|
22
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
40
|
18
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
Equally
on table 4.10 above, 140 or 62% of the respondents agreed that there are
measures taken by the management of Nigeria Breweries PLC, Enugu to improve on
politics and power to avoid negative influence whereas 85 respondent 38%
disagreed.
Table 4.11
Question 18: Do managers
instigate politics in Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu?
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Agree
|
75
|
33
|
|
Strongly Agree
|
70
|
31
|
|
Disagree
|
54
|
24
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
24
|
12
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
In
a Similar vein, table 4.11 above shows that 145 respondents or 64% agreed that
managers instigate politics in Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu while 80 responded
or 36 disagreed with that.
Table 4.12
Question 19:
The
act of instigating politics by managers influence employee performances in the
organization
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Agree
|
80
|
36
|
|
Strongly Agree
|
90
|
40
|
|
Disagree
|
30
|
13
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
25
|
11
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
Table
4.9 above shows that 170 respondents or 76% agreed that the act of instigating
politics by managers influence employee performances in the organization while
55 respondents or 24% disagreed
4.2 Test
of hypotheses (i)
In view of the available and
relevant data for this study provided by the field work, the researcher decided
to test the hypothesis in chapter one.
Null hypothesis (Ho):
Perception and management of
organizational politics by managers and employees have no impact on quality
decision making in Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu.
Alternative hypothesis (Hi)
Perception
and management of organizational politics by manager and employees have an
impact on quality decision making in Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu.
Decision rule
Reject
Ho, if calculated X2 > tabulated X2
Accept
Ho, if calculated X2 < tabulated X2
Accept
Hi, if calculated X2 > tabulated X2
Reject
Hi, if calculated X2 < tabulated X2
The
statistical test used is
X2 = S(0 – E)2
E,
Where
X2 = chi-square
Q = observed frequency
E = Expected frequency
Level
of significance used is 5% i.e Degree
of freedom is given by (K-1) i.e df =
(k -1)
Where
K =
number of rows or columns
:.
4-1 = 3
Critical
value is given as X2 = 2.3534 computation of the test statistic
using table 4.3 in the research question above.
X2
S (0-EJ)2
E
E = 225 = 56-25
4
Table 4 .13
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Agree
|
82
|
56.25
|
|
Strongly Agree
|
86
|
56.25
|
|
Disagree
|
31
|
56.25
|
|
Strongly disagree
|
27
|
56.25
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
100
|
Decision Rule:
Since
the calculated value of 52.7 is greater than the critical value of 2.3534, the
null hypothesis should be rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted.
Hence we conclude by saying that
perception and management of organizational politics by managers and employees
have an impact on quality decision making in Nigerian Breweris PLC, Enugu.
Test Hypothesis (II)
RE-STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
Null
Hypothesis (Ho)
Politics does not have positive
effect on the performance of employees in Nigerian Breweries PLC Enugu.
Reject
Ho, if calculated X2 > tabulated X2
Accept
Ho, if calculated X2 < tabulated X2
Accept
Hi, if calculated X2 > tabulated X2
Reject
Hi, if calculated X2 < tabulated X2
The
statistical test used is
X2 = S(01 – E,)2
E,
X2 = chi-square
Q1 = observed
frequency
E, = Expected
frequency
Level
of significant used is 5% degree of freedom is given by (K -1) i.e df = (K – 1)
Where
K is number of rows or columns
4
– 1 = 3
Critical
value is giver as X2 = 2.3534 computation of the test statistic
using table 4.5 in the research question above.
X2 = S(01 – Ej)2
E,
E = 225 = 56.25
4
Table 4 .14
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Agreed
|
70
|
56.25
|
|
Strongly Agreed
|
77
|
56.25
|
|
Disagreed
|
45
|
56.25
|
|
Strongly disagreed
|
33
|
56.25
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
225
|
Decision Rule
Since the calculated value of 22.9
is greater than the critical value of 2.3534, the null hypothesis should be
rejected and alternative hypothesis accepted.
Hence,
we conclude by saying that politics has a positive effect on the employee’s
performance in Nigerian Breweries PLC, Enugu.
TEST HYPOTHESIS III
RE- STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There are no measures to improve the
management of politics in NB PLC, Enugu
Alternative hypothesis (Hi)
There measures by management to
improve the management of politics in NB, PLC, Enugu.
Reject
Ho, if calculated X2 > tabulated X2
Accept
Ho, if calculated X2 < tabulated X2
Accept
Hi, if calculated X2 > tabulated X2
Reject
Hi, if calculated X2 < tabulated X2
The
statistical test used is
X2 = S(0 – E)2
E,
X2 = chi-square
O = observed
frequency
E = Expected
frequency
Level
of significant used is 5% degree of freedom is given by (K -1) i.e df = (K – 1)
Where
K is number of rows or columns
4
– 1 = 3
Critical
value is giver as X2 = 2.3534 computation of the test statistic
using table 4.10 in the research question above.
X2 = S(0 – E)2
E
E = 225 = 56.25
4
Table 4 .15
|
Alternative responses
|
No
|
Percentage
|
|
Agreed
|
70
|
56.25
|
|
Strongly Agreed
|
70
|
56.25
|
|
Disagreed
|
45
|
56.25
|
|
Strongly disagreed
|
40
|
56.25
|
|
Total response
|
225
|
225
|
X2
= (O-E)2
E
(70-56.25)2 (70-56.25)2 (45-56.25)2
(40-56.25)2
56.25 56.25 56.25 56.25
=
13.67
Decision Rule
Since the calculated value of 13.67
is greater than the critical value of 2.3534, the null hypothesis should be
rejected and alternative hypothesis accepted.
We
therefore, conclude that there are measures taken by management and employees
of Nigerian Breweries PLC Enugu to improve in the management of politics in the
company.