CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION OF SIWES
In an attempt to bridge the gap existing between
theory and practice of agriculture, medical, engineering and technology, sciences
and other professional educational programmes in the Nigeria tertiary
institution, the student industrial work experience [SIWES] which is an
accepted skills training programme, that forms part of the approved minimum
academic standard in the various degree programme for all the Nigerian tertiary
institution was established.
It is aimed at exposing students to machines and
equipment, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas
and workers in industries and other orgernization. Its minimum duration is
normally 24 weeks, except for engineering and technology programmes where the
minimum duration is 40 weeks.
Objectives of SWISS 1-provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities
to acquire industrial skill and experience in their course of study. 2-prepare
students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
3-expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in the universities.4-practice students
with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work
situation, there by bridging the gap between university work and actual
practices.
HISTORY OF ROYAL FARMS INVESTMENT
NIGERIA LTD.
Royal Farms Investment Nigeria Limited was established
in the year 2002, by a famous Nigerian Citizen, in the person of Mr. Sunday
Nwatarali, a native of Olo, in Ezeagu Local Government Area, in Enugu State,
Nigeria.
The farm has Two 2 Major departments, Namely livestock
department which consist of poultry, goat/sheep piggery, snailing, fishery,
while the second one is crop department which consist of pineapple orchard,
plantain/banana plantation, Orange orchard.
Likewise, it has a feed mill processing unit and large
hectares of lands for other crop production and animal grazing. The Farm Site
Was Located at Emmanuel Town, Ugwuomu, Emene, Nike, Along Upperroom, Road,
Enugu State.
The main objectives for establishing the
farm are;
(a) To
promote and solve the problem of unemployment in Enugu state and in Nigeria at
large.
(b) To
boost the Economic revenue of the state and otherwise.
(c) To
Train and Educate young graduates and under-graduates in the state and Nigeria
at large. i.e As a training centre.
(d) To
provide excess Agricultural products for the general public.
(e) TO
reduce food scarcity in the state and Nigeria at large.
(f) To promote food security for the general
populace.
From the organisation and already
established protocol initially, works start by 7.00 am and the break time is
11.00am. by 12.00 pm afternoon section starts and ends by 2.00 – 2.30pm, while
the evening section starts and ends at 5.00-5.30pm.
All these are achieve through the
help of the supervisors,farm manager and outstanding rules and regulation.
To these end, the farm has be ABLE
to achieve some of it objectives.
ORGANIGRAM
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF ROYAL FARM
NIG. LTD
CHAPTER TWO
VERSATILITY OF EXPERIENCES CLASSLESS OF
LIVESTOCK’S
The
classes of livestock are
a. Poultry
b. Piggery
c. Rabbitry
d. Pets (dogs)
POULTRY UNIT
Poultry are group of farm animals of avian species.
They are warm blooded animals, peatheres, viviparous (viviparity), which has a
hollow and keel bones, they wings are used for flight and limbs for locomotion
(movement). This group of domestic birds are raised primarily for eggs and meat
production, for family usage and marketing poultry includes chicken (domestic
fow(i.e. broiler or layers). Turkey, ducks, pigeon, guinea fowl, greese ducks
e.t.c some of these birds are with comb and wattle, poultry do not urinate
except the ostrich which is the biggest poultry species. They excretes are
called droppings which combine uric acid and feaces poultry are simple stomach
animals i.e monogastril animals.
Poultry management
Birds
are managed under three 3 major management units.
1. Intensive system
2. Semi-intensive system
3. Extensive system
Intensive system
These is the system by which the
birds are totally confirmed in a particular housing unit. They movement are
restricted to a limited. But all the necessary essential requirement are
provided for effectiveness.
These is done to avoid card wastage
and promote proper planning and management.
These system is divided into two
forms
(a) The battery cage system
(b) Deep litter system
Battery cage system
These is a system in which birds are kept in a
particular cage within a large controlled environment, where feed and water are
available.
They dropping fall either in the below floor (belt) or
on the floor. These excretes are removed manually or automatically depending
which ever. They eggs that are land roll scopes gently into the cradle, for
collection. These system is mostly for egg production.
Advantages
1. Wastage of feed is restricted
2. Birds consume feeds they for lipid
growth and development.
3. It
gives room for adequate and accurate record keeping.
4. Unproductive, sick birds are easily identified
and culled.
5. Easy management
6. Labour can be conserved
7. The exhibition of vice habits to
greatly reduced.
Disadvantages
1. It is capital intensive
2. It’s not suitable for broiler
production
3. They
may be incidence of cage fatigue, due to continues restricted movement.
Deep litter system
This is a system where by birds are housed in a single
large building with litter materials such as wood shaving, saw dust etc three
floor with contains the litter material provides protection for the birds form
cold and excessive heat, because of it insulating property. However, the
litters are usually change occasionally depending on the nature, so as to
prevent disease outbreak and pest.
Advantages
1. It’s suitable for all stages and
classes of poultry.
2. They are free movement of the birds
3. It is most suitable of r broiler
production and breeding.
4. The
litter material acts as a source of animal protein factor (APF), which enhances
growth.
5. It is less capital intensive than
buttery cage.
Disadvantages
1. They is rapid increase of vice outbreak
2. Difficulty in culling productive sick
birds, vis via sa.
3. Feed wastage is witnessed
4. Disease outbreak is very important.
5. Litter management is poor that will
lead to disease out
break
SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM
This system involves the combination of intensive and
extensive system in marriage merit of birds. They are provided with housing, it
is suitable force areas where land supply is limited and it requires some forms
of pasture management.
EXTENSIVE SYSTEM
This is referred to as the
traditional or free-range system it involves free ranging during the day and
sheltering during the night, egg incubation is naturally and they output
production is low. The poultry unit in Royal farms investment Nigeria limited
investment Nigeria limited is under intensive system, which is basely on deep
litter system.
The poultry unit of the farm
comprises five 5 different poultry farms and each contains three 3 different
pens houses and brooder house.
HOUSING
Poultry Housing are constructed so
as to meet the environmental condition of the birds. The body tempt of birds
vary form 40. 60C-41.80c, when this is alter altered, it
will lead to mortality of some border. A good housing system is provided for
the birds for maximum output.
(a) The house
is made up of concrete, roof of asbestores, floor of concrete.
b. The
housing should be on a flat land to avoid erosion and excess sunlight.
c. The birds should be in pens
d. The
walls are about 3-4 ft on the sides for easy ventilation and the remaining
covered with expanded metals, nets which prevent the interest of insects rat,
lizards etc.
e. They are
nylon at side of the walls and door for control measure during brooding.
f. They are
also a functioning food deep and wash hand basin at the wall side which
contained disinfectant at the entrance of each pen house.
The
dropping are regularly cleaned due to needs.
Feeding
1. They are fed daily
2. Their Feeds and waters are served in
the feeders and
drinkers respectively
3. They were fed with marsh.
For broilers
(a) day 1 -
5 weeks = super starter
(b) 5 Week - 8 wks = finisher(broiler
For pullets
(a) Week 1 - 8 wks = chicks master (super starter
(b) Weeks 8 - 18 weeks = Growers
(Mash)
(c) Week 18 - above = layers mash
VACCINATION
Each
farm designs it’s own vaccination program based on the prevalent environmental
condition of the area in particular.
The vaccination program of royal
farms investment Nigeria limited is united below.
Vaccination
programme for broiler production
|
s/no
|
Days
|
Vaccines/routes
|
|
1
|
Day
1
|
Lasota
(i/o)intraocular - MULTIVITAMIN + glucomol
in H2o
|
|
2
|
Day
1-11 day
|
(multivitamin + Antibiotics) in water
|
|
3
|
Day
12-13 day
|
Free
water
|
|
4
|
Day
14
|
gumboro
|
|
5
|
Day
15-16
|
Free
water
|
|
6
|
Day
17-18
|
H2o
(multivitamin min + Antibiotics) in water
|
|
7
|
Day
19-20
|
Free
water
|
|
8
|
21
day
|
lasota
in H2O
|
|
9
|
22-23
|
Free
|
|
10
|
24
day
|
H2o
multivitamin in water
|
|
11
|
Ends
of week 4
|
Coccidiostat
|
|
12
|
Week
5
|
multivitamin
min + Antibiotics
|
|
13
|
Week
6
|
Lasota
in H2O
|
|
14
|
Week7
|
Multivitamin
+ antibiotic in water.
|
|
15
|
Week8
|
Free
water.
|
VACCINATION PROGRAMME FOR PULLETS
|
s/no
|
ages
|
Vaccines
|
Routes
|
|
1
|
Wk1,
Day 1
|
Lasota
(i/0), glucose, multi vitamin for 4-6 hours before feeding
|
Intra
occulu
|
|
2
|
Day
2-8
|
Antibiotics
and multivitamin
|
Orally
in water
|
|
3
|
Day
9-13
|
Fresh
H2O + multivitx
|
Orally
in water
|
|
4
|
Week
2
|
|
|
|
5
|
Day
14
|
Gambaro
vaccine (1st shot)
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
6
|
Day
15
|
fresh
water
|
|
|
7
|
Day
16-19
|
Coccidiostat
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
8
|
Day
20
|
Fresh
water
|
|
|
9
|
Week
3
|
|
|
|
10
|
Day
21
|
Lasota
vaccine
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
11
|
“
22
|
Fresh
water
|
|
|
12
|
Day
23-27
|
Antibiotics
+ multination
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
13
|
Week
4
|
|
|
|
14
|
Day
28
|
Fresh
water
|
|
|
15
|
29
|
Gumboro
vaccine (2nd short)
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
16
|
30
|
Fresh
water
|
|
|
17
|
31-34
|
Coccidiostat/2nd
short
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
18
|
Week
5
|
|
|
|
19
|
Week
6
|
Fresh
water
|
|
|
20
|
Day
42
|
Lasota
vaccine
|
|
|
21
|
43-44
|
Fresh
water
|
|
|
22
|
Week
7
|
Fowl
pox vaccine
|
Wing
web
|
|
23
|
Week
8
|
1st
Deworming
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
24
|
Week
9
|
Kumorov
vaccine
|
Intra-mashu
1.m
|
|
25
|
Week
10
|
Multivitx
for 5 days
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
26
|
Week
11
|
Antibiotics
+ multivitamin for 5 day
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
27
|
Week
12-13
|
Debeaking
|
|
|
28
|
Week
14
|
Salmonella
vaccine
|
|
|
29
|
Week
15
|
2nd
deworming and delousing
|
Orally
in H2O
|
|
30
|
Week
16-18
|
Egg
drop syndrone and Lasota oil
|
1.m
|
Note; Vaccinate lasota every 3-4 weeks as a follow up.
EGG COLLECTION
Eggs
are been collected in the morning hours after feeding the birds and in the
afternoon/ evening after the second feeding.
SORTING/GRADING
The
eggs collected are be sorted, the crack and small size are kept separate in
different create while the normal size are don’t have crack and kept separate
on different create for proper identification based on market purposes and
specification.
MAJOR DAILY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ON
POULTRY
a. Picking out the dead chicks and conducting
post-
mortem test.
b. Proper farm record keeping.
c. Provision of feeds and water to the
feeders and
drinkers respectively
d. Washing of the drinker and cleaning the
feeders.
e. General observation of the birds,
screening and
isolation. Cleaning
of litter material if need arises.
PREPARATION OF BROODER HOUSE
1. Remove
all equipment feeders, drinks etc and allow them to be in the sum for few days
2. Remove old litres and manure
3. Remove cobweb and dust on the sides of
the wall and
roof.
4. Wash the house thoroughly
5. Cover the house with jute bag or cement
bag or nylon
6. Spread dry wood shaving on the floor
with thickness or
about 5 cm
7. Disinfect with strong disinterment and
fumigate.
Receiving day old chicks
1. The
brooder house should be pre-heated to a tempt of about 300C most
especially in cold weather
2. The
drinkers filled with water containing glucose properly positioned.
3. On
arrival, birds should be allowed, counted for accurate recording, and placed
near the source of water.
4. The
birds should be allowed to drink water for at least 2 hours before feeding.
Monitoring starts, if the chick distributes evenly when best is sufficient, if
is they run off the heater, if means it too high, but if they curdle around the
source of heat, it mean insufficient heat. Heat is provided until they get
feathered.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
DISEASES: These is partial or total departure from a normal
state of health. Which can be caused by microbiological organism like,
bacteria, virus, protozoa, e.t.c. parasitic (external and internal) fungi,
nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition’s.
Poultry disease may include;
New castle decease
Causal organism - virus
That is survives in litter and dead birds for months
Transmission
ND virus can be found in feaces and respiratory
discharges. It is transmitted between farms by contaminated equipment, peoples,
air, infected wild birds, improperly cleaned house and dead birds are potent of
ND virus.
AGES AND SPECIES AFFECTED
All age group are susceptible. It affects chickens and
turkeys predominantly but peafowl’s, guinea fowls, quails, pigeons, ducks,
geese, Ostrich and wild and caged birds are also susceptible.
Clinical signs
Mortality is very high, there is depression, anorexia,
prostration respiratory signs e.g laboured breathing, coughing and gasping and
nervous signs such as in-coordination, paralysis, of legs and wings, circling,
backward movement., twisting of neck, stargazing and somersaulting in layers,
reduce in egg production or completely crease
eggs laid may be soft shelled, rough, deformed or off colour.
GROSS LESIONS
Haemorrhages
on the grandular surface of proventriculus
CONTROLS
Vaccination,
maintenance of good hygiene, proper dispose of the dead birds, fumigation of
poultry houses.
AVIAN POX
Causal
organism- Fowl pox virus
Transmission
Infections
occurs through wounds in the mouth, comb, wattles or sink, it introduced and
disseminated by contact with infected bird pox virus can be transmitted in fowl
ticks, lice.
AGES AND SPECIES AFFECTED
All ages are susceptible but it is
seen mostly in birds or 5-12 months of age. It is been reported in chicken,
turkeys and pigeons.
CLINICAL
SIGNS
The
onset is gradual and it spreads slowly and outbreak may last many weeks
The
disease occurs in dry (skin) and wet (mucous members membranes) form
DRY FORM: Presence of pox on unfeathered skin, comb, wattles,
ear cubes, eye birds, corners of beaks, nostrils, neck and sometimes on the
feet, les, vein, and under wings.
The
lesions seen are papules (white modules) vesicles, pustules, scabs or papiloma
like lesion, (grayish brown) when lesson are removed. They leave a raw surface
mortality is low in uncomplicated cases.
WET FORM: Raised white to yellow patches (plaques) in the
mouth, sinuses, nasal cavity, conjunctiva, pharynx, trachea, sides of tongue,
roof of palates and esophagus. Lesions may prevent feeding or occlude the
larynx causing suffocation,. Mortality is higher in this form of pox, up to 50%
GROSS LESIONS
Small
papules on the conjunetiva, Oesophagus, nostril’s, largnx and tracheae, seollen
kidney. With millary nodules.
Controls
Vaccination.
Isolation of the diseased birds for treatment
COCCIDIOSIS
Causal Organism: ProtozoA called eimiria spp.
(Coccidia).
Transmission
Feaces
and litter continuous speculated coccidian oocysts oocysts are the main source
of infection.
AGE AND SPECIES AFFECTED
Clinical sings
Decreased
feed consumption, as egg production. Bloody diarrhea, ruffled leathers,
weaknes, depression, listlessness Hurdling, los of weight, paleness of comb,
shanks, beaks and skin. Mortality is up to 50% in birds.
Control
Use
of drugs like emprolium.etc.
PIGGERY UNIT
Pig
belongs to the
Kingdom - AnimeLia
Phylum - Chordata
Lass - Mammalian
Order - Artiadactyla
Family - Suidae
Genus - Sus
CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGS
Pigs are more prolific among the domestic animals, the
they can produce 6-18 piglets in every litters. The piglet are fast growing
depending on the feeding and quality of feed given, attaining slaughtering
weigh of about 68kg within 6-8 months.
Pig produces meat that is different
form the flesh of all other farm animals in texture flavour and certain
nutritive properties, as well as having a very thick layer of which has found
some flavour in human diet part from that of the daily cattle.
Pigs are efficient utilizes of
concentrate feeds, converting them into human food (meat) the capacity of pig
to convert large quantities of concentrate feeds and some other waste products
form the household into edible human food (meat) which has brought them into
prominence in many parts of the world, particularly in the corn-belt of the united
states and other parts of the world where excess grains are producers they are
poor utilizes of roughages, due to they small digestive tract.
Pigs are highly susceptible to
diseases resulting form parasitic organism, bacteria, virus e.tc. Which may
cause heavy losses. Precaution measures must be taken, to come to an aid.
Breeds
of pigs in royal farms
- Large white
- Land race
- Cross breeds.
PIG FEEDS
1. Palm kernel cake PKC
2. Brewers dry grain.
3. Cassava tuber meal
4. Cassava peel meal
5. Soya beans meal
6. blood meal
7. Bone meal- mature adult male pig
8. Potatoes leaves
9. Paw-paw leaves
10. Bambra nut
11. Salt
PIG MANAGEMENT
Pig
is kind of animal that needs
- Pig needs monitoring for
effectiveness and efficiency. It routine method of feed drug must be maintain
to avoid vices and weight loss. If it is fed 2 time or once per day, that
method must be maintained and followed accordingly.
A newly farrow sow, use to be
aggressive and care be applied in handling her before the bring out the piglet
outside for treatment, you must drop feed for the sow to be feeding (eating)
for her to have a relax mind. They is kind of peering by touching the ear, back
and becoming whistle for it to relax and be friendly.
HANDLING PIGLETS
The
piglets are handled with absolute care, to avoid injury during vaccination at
the early state
MATTING
Male pigs between 10-12 months of
age when sow or (gilts) show sings of heat period,(oestrus) which areas every
21 days the sow will be brough out from it pen. Put into the boards pen for
service, but not the other way round. The service usually last for 5-7 day
depending.
After the servicing into her own pen
for the gestation period. It is usually done early in the morning or evening.
Do not use too heavy boar on light gilts.
PREGNANCY DETERMINATION
After
the service by the boar, the sow will show some changes physiologically, the
abdomen will start increasing in size and the skin out look will be grossy and
shiny and increase in weight gain. the feeding pattern changes.
It draws for attention the feeding
and water for calling must be maintained regularly green vegetable should be
given for energy. When signs of parturition (farrowing) is noticed, the
farrowing pen is prepared and get ready before them for he pregnant sow. For
the safety of the sow and it piglets. The gestation period is (115day) or 333).
WEANING OF PIGLETS
These
is the process of separating the piglets from the sow or sow from the piglet.
It is done either of the way.
(a) Bring out the sow form the pen and leant
the piglets.
(b) Brining
out the piglet and left the sow in the pen weaning is usually done 8 weeks
depending on the weight and size and health condition.
Daily
routine activities on piggery
1. sanitation an disinfection of the pens
2. scrapping off the feaces and tiding of
the pen, for
3. general
screaning and observation of the pigs, piglets and growers (monitoring)
4. Mixing of the feeds and serving them.
5. Provision of water, in the water bath.
6. Treatment of sick pigs
7. Isolation of disease/weak pigs
8. Record keeping
9. Weaning and services.
CARING FOR THE SOW AND PIGLETS BEFORE
AND AFTER FARROWING
1. Proper feeding of the sow
2. Sanitation of the sows pen and general
body
3. Cleaning and disinfection o f the
farrowing pen
4. Do not disturb the sow during
parturition.
5. Creep feeding
6. Castration: It is between 2-4 week of age depending.
7. Weaning; it is between 6- 8 weeks old,
defending
8. Fattening
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
1. Manage
- speeding of manage is by direct
contact
- It affects pigs of all age
- It causes rough skin
Signs
- Redness of skin, with irritation and
scratching
- Disease also affects the inside of
the ears.
Terminologies in piggery management
SOW - Adult
female pig that has given birth
BOAR - An
Adult male pig
A/N
HUG - Castrated male pig
GILT - A
matured female pig that has
GILT - A
young female pig of 3-10 months of age
that is not yet mated.
In-PIG-SOW - Pregnant
sow
Castration - The
surgical removal of the testicles
Farrowing - the birth of a litter process of giving
birth)
Litter - Piglets
farrowed together by one sow
Gestation - the time from service to giving birth
(pregnancy period)
Heat
Period - The
period of estrus when the sow or
gilt will sow desire to be mated.
Service - the Act of mating
Pure
breed pigs- Sow and boar of the same
breed,
crossed to produce pure piglets. Landrace + landrace
Cross
Breeding - The
mating of two pigs of different
breed together to obtain a better offspring e.g
largwhite + landrace.
PORK - Fresh pig meat
BACON - Salted pig meat
PEN - Closed housing where pigs are kept
LARD - Fat from pigs that is used in cooking
LAIR
AGE - The pens where pigs are kept before
slaughtering.
PIG CASTRATION
Castration: this is the surgical removal of a BOAR Testicle,
depending on the breeder intention, for the growth of his farms.
Steps
1. Washing the area (testicle) with
disinfectant Water
2. Sheaving
the hairs on the testicle and surrounding region.
3. Injection
of Anesthesia on the Testis and around the TESTIS (NB massage follows allow for
some minutes to distribute)
4. Making
incision on the testicle sac (when the testicle ball is out, you will SCRUB the
testicle tube to control bleeding.
5. Knotting
with the chromic catcut the on the tube below the testicle ball two times(2x).
6. Proper
cutting of the testicle ball, below the two knot Tie on the tube
7. Washing the scrotum sac with the
disinfectant water
8. Injection of antibiotics
9. Wound dressing with potassium solution
Castration kits
(a) surgical blade (2) forceP (3) chromic cat
cut
RABBITRY UNIT
Scientific classification
Kingdom - animals
Super
phyhum - chordate
Phyhum - vertebrate
Class - mammaliam
Order
- lagomorpha
Family - laproidae
Genera - pentalagus, bunolagus, Nrsolagus,
branchylagus, syloilagus, orcytolagus, poelagus
Rabbits
are small mammals and non-ruminate that exit a unique feature called coprophagy
which is the act or consuming fecal-like pallet produced in the caecum. It is a
normal behavioral pattern for rabbits. They excrete two types so feaces, the
hard feaces or day feces, which are produced in the large intestine are the
feacal pallets normal seen.
The faecal/feaces that are consumes through COPRO coprophgy
are the sort or night feaces, which is produced in the caecum they are consumed
directly form the anus. They are excreted in grapelike clusters, surrounded by
a gelatinous membrane.
TERMINOLOGIES IN RABBIT MANAGEMENT
DUCK - Adult
male
DOE - Adult female
Kitten
- young rabbit
Litter - Female
with young ones or all the young
ones produced at the same time by one doe.
Hutches: - Hones
of rabbits or pen in which rabbit lives.
TERMINOLOGIES
SUCKLINGS - Feeding
of young ones on the mothers
breast milk
DAM - the mother of a set of young rabbit
SIRE - The father of a set of rabbits
FOSTERING - Act
of using a doe other than the dam to
nurse and develop young ones.
Kindling - Act of giving birth
EQUIPMENT USED IN THE RABBITRY
Nest
box - For
kindling
Feeding
trough- for feeding
Water
trough -for drinking water
Weight
scale
Breeds
of rabbits
CALIFORNIAN
Characteristic
a. originated form united state
b. the furs are purely white
c. It hers an lilac or blue, red eyes
d. Its black patches on the tails, nose,
leg, ear.
Chinchilla
Characteristic
a. the furs are purely blAck
RABBIT MANAGEMENT
Rabbits are been handle with care
and caution, they vary, in temperament and responds kindly to a special
treatment (Petting)
Some of them when behave strange
(foreign) you were to lead meaning into that. Like a doe that is fairly
aggressive for a few days before kindling shows that she is ever ready and
alert to protect her kitten that is yet to be kindling.
When entering the rabitery, you have
to shot the quietly, to avoid frightening the animal and not to inflect injury
on the them.
HANDLING RABBITS
They
are a special to handle these animals
* They
are lofted by grasping the loin gently but firmly with the heel of hand toward
the toil of the rabbit.
Matting
During mating, the doe was taken into the bucks hutch
for mating but not the other way round or vis via sia.
If the doe is on heat (Oestrus)
(Oestrus) and for service and the buck is active, definitely mating occurs
immediately. When mating is completed by the buck, the buck might fall over on
his side or give a paint cry.
PREGNANCY DETERMINATION OF RABBIT
After mating a doe, an increase in
the weight after 2 weeks of mating signifies pregnancy but is not the end of
the story or the factor to base efficacy, after two weeks of mating, palpation
of the abdomen or feeling the development of the young one sin the uterus with
the thumb world for fingers is the accurate and quick method for determination
or pregnancy.
The doe was seen pulling her furs,
in the preparation for her kindling, the gestation period of rabbit is 28 days.
at kindling she needs no disturbing, the due likes and nurses it after kindling
and pull more furs to protect them kittens.
Weaning of Rabbit
- These is a process of separating the
doe form it’s kittens for developing, it is usually done between 4-8 weeks
after kindling depending on they weights.
DAIRY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ON RABBITRY
1. Providing of foods on feeding
2. Supplying the water on the drinkers
3. General screening and observation
4. Cleaning of the rabbit pen and their
tough
5. Drugs administration
6. Weighting of the rabbits and records
RABBIT FEEDS
1. Potatoes leaves
2. Elephant grass
3. Centros
4. Pellated Broiler punisher (i.e
concentrates)
DOGS
Scientific classification
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Carnivora
Family - Canidae
Genus - Canis
Species - C.Lupus
Subspecies- C.I. famillaris
DOG
TERMINOLOGY
Dog - Male of all canine specie
Bitch - Female
of the canine spp.
PUPS
or Puppies - Young offspring of canine spp.
Litter - A group of offspring of Bitch
Sire - The further of a litter
DAM - The mother of the litter
Whelping - The process of birth or delivering.
DOG MANAGEMENT/TRAINING
DOG MANAGEMENT
Dog
is a pet animal, it needs a special caring. Attention, should BE draw when foreign behaviour or
abnormality is witnessed for quick treatment.
They feeding routine must be
maintain for fast growth and development and to develop immune system. The
puppies are fed 2 times per day while the adult is once per day. They
behaviours should be note when the are free, any malfunction, you treat the dog
against these disease outbreak BASE ON DIAGNOSIS.
Vaccination is annually and
deworming is Regularly.
DOGS
included in human activities in terms of helping out human, are usually called
working dog, dogs or several breeds are
considered as working dogs.
Some
working dogs include(rottweiller, Bullmastiff, Alsatian e.t.c).
Dogs
has been a man friend from the on set of the early men. They helps men in hunting, protection, survey, security, etc.
Dog training: these involves teaching your dogs something that can
be served as working on basic commends or some things more difficult like
navigating an agility course.
The following are some of training
given.
- Basic
command like, sit down, come here, stop they, come, go, keep quiet, stop
jumping etc.
DOG DISEASE AND MANAGEMENT
DISEASE: This is an out
break or sudden change in normal
body function OF AN ANIMAL, which can be cause by virus, bacteria, protozoa,
fungi, malnutrition e.t.c.
A. RABBIES
Causal
organism - virus
Mode
of transmission - dog bite
Controls - vaccination
Annually
But
if bite by a carrier dog.
Preventive
measures
- Wash effected place with water.
- Human vaccination of ATS for 5 dosage.
2. cryptosporidium
infection caused by parasite
Cryptosporidium parvum
Signs
Severe
gastro intestinal System including watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps,
nausea, & vomiting.
Control measures
- After contact with animal feaces,
wash your hands with soap.
Administer
a strong
Antibiotics
to the dogs either orally or otherwise.
3. CANINE
PARVOVIRUS: It’s a fatal gastrointestinal infection that affect puppies, causal
organism – virus, transmission mode – feaces material.
SIGNS
Intestinal forms: Are severe vomiting and dysentery
Cardiac forms: Causes
respiratory or cardiovascular failure in young puppies.
Treatment
Vaccination,
N/B mortality can reach 91% in untreated cease.
4. MANGE:
These is a skin infection caused by parasitic mites
TYPES:
- Sarcoptic
Mange
- Demodectic
mange
Treatment
- Scrapping
the affected place with small hand saw to create a wound small wound or
opening.
- Application
of Benzyl benzonate syrup on the affected area.
- Injection
of ivermectine.
5. Ticks:
These are small arachnid in the other ixodida alongside with mite. They
are parasitic organism that sucks blood from the host which will give rise to
many tick borne diseases like lyme disease, etc.
Prevention/Control
- keep
the dog cage neat
- Disinfect
the dog cage regularly
- wash
the dogs regularly with soap and shampoo.
Controls
- Topical
application of ticks powder regularly e.g. kezi vet powder, petraz oil, pour
on, methylcol, diazenol.
BREED OF DOGS
1. Rottweiller
2. Bull mastiff
3. Alsatian
4. Cocetian
DOG BREEDING /MATING.
When
you noticed sign of heat period on the Bitch, you will monitor it and count
form the 1st heat to the 7th heat, you cross the birth
with a well matured male dog.
The crossing Last for a week, after
the 1st cross give gap for 2 days and repeat THE crossing, after
give space for 3 day and cross again.
After the crossing the feeding
should be improve and be of high
delicacy to help support the growth or the puppies in the uterus.
The gestation period last for 2
months and 2 weeks i.e 63 days.
The female dog i.e bitch must show
signs of heat for the copulation to work heat period can be determined by blood
or viscous discharge from the vulva and reddish, swollen of the vulva i.e
visible appearance of the vulvular swelling.
A selected male dog specie that is
desired is used for the crossing. The male Dog to be used for the crossing
should be healthy and free from any infection or diseases so to say, like wise
the bitch should be on a healthy state so that effective fertilization,
gestation period and whelping will occur for effective survival of the puppies
after whelping and when growing up.
Classification and Standards
Dog
breeding are base on;
1. Coat
2. Colour
3. Health concerns
4. Litter size
5. Maximum height
6. Maximum weight
7. Maximum life span
8. Temperament, origin etc
Examples;
1. Rottweiller vs bull mastiff
2. Alsatian vs cocatian
3. Boxer vs bull terrier
4. Boxer vs bull dog
5. Boxer vs Doberman
WEANING of puppies
Puppies
are wean after 4 weeks of old depending
on needs.
That is been done by separating the
puppies form the bitch.
HANDLING PUPPIES
The puppies are been properly
attention and care for because exposure to foreign bodies or diseases or stress
may lead to the death.
When they are been carried, a proper
measure has to be applied to avoid injury, stress. Avoid stress, because at
that stage is a critical stage to the puppies.
They are been vaccinated regularly
to boost their immune system and also dewormed.
PREGNANCY DETERMINATION
When the crossing (mating) of the bitch is completed
between 2-3 weeks, they will be an increase in weight, size of abdomen,
enlargement of breast , change in feeding.
When palpated on the abdomen, you
will feel the development of the young one in the uterus with your thumbs and
forefingers.
Attention is also needed, if they is
any malfunction, you treat base on diagnosis.
DAILY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ON DOGS.
1. Provision of feed/water
2. Proper examination of the dogs
3. Cleaning of the dog cage
4. record keeping of the
treatments/vaccinations.
x. Administration of drugs (if any need
arises)
EAR CROPPING IN DOGS
These
is the surgical removal of a portion of a dogs ear to make it stand erect. It’s
a cosmetic surgery done on some breeds of dogs like cocatian breed. Its done
within 1-2 weeks of age.
STEPS
1. Wash the ear with disinfectant water.
2. Injection of local anaesthesia on the
ear pinne and massage and allow for some in minutes.
3. Use forcep to hold the ear pinne base
on the length you wants to cut.
4. Use chromic cat Cut to make a knot and
cut after the KNOT to control bleeding and fast healing.
5. Application of iodine, potassium per magnate
solution on the ear. (i.e wound
dressing)
6. Injection of antibiotic.
TAIL DOCKING IN DOGS
These
is the surgical removal of a portion of a dogs tails to make it stand erect. It
is a cosmetic surgery done in dogs BREEDS especially rottweiller, bull mastiff etc
it is done within 2-4 weeks of age.
STEPS
1. Wash the Tail with disinfectant water
2. Sheave the tail region, you want to
cut.
3. Administer
local Anaesthesia within the regions to cut and massage and leave for some
minutes.
4. Put
rubber band at the edge of the tail, to control bleeding.
5. Making
an incision an the tail (i.e a v. cut)
6. Using
chromic catcut to stitch knot the tail coccygeal vertebrate.
7. Proper
cutting of the tail
8. Stitching
the skin with chromic catcut.
9. Wound dressing
with potassium solution.
10. Injection
of antibiotics,
Fallow –up- ATT
DOG FEED
1. Dog
biscuits
2. Milk,
chickens
3. Soya
miLK
4. Okpa
5. Jolof
Rice
6. Mixture
of milk + Dog Biscuit ETC.
CHAPTER THREE
RECOMMENDATIONS
Royal farms investment Nigeria limited,
is one of the line up list of farms in Enugu State where students in the
faculty of Agriculture can go and acquire practical industrial skills during
students industrial training, to build up some practical skills and bridge the
gap between theory and practical.
CONCLUSION
My students industrial training in
Royal Farms investment Nigeria Limited has equipped and exposed me to various
practical, field work, and bridged the gap between theories will discuss in
lecture classes and real practical in animal production and management.
REFERENCES
Gefu, J.O., Adeyinka, I.A. and Sekoni (eds) 2002,
Poultry Production Nigeria.
Grant, E. M. (1985) Raising small Animals.
Harbana of Signh (1980) Livestock and Poultry
Production.
Mammals species of the world, canis lupus famillaris,
Bucknell.edu, 2005.
Yejide, Adunola O. (2007) A practical Guide to pig
rearing.