CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
It is not contentious issue that human capital in an
organization is as important as the survival of the organization. This is
because competition is so fierce and change is so fast, that any competitive
edge gained by the introduction of new processes or technology can be
short-lived if competitors adopt the same technology. But to implement change,
the people must have the same or better skills and abilities for companies to
stay on top of the global economy and they need to place more emphasis on the
human capital in the organization. The most successful companies and most
successful countries are those who manage human capital in the most efficient
and effective manner.
To achieve efficient and effective use of human
capital in an organization, the health and safety of the workers should be
paramount in the organization’s agenda. This is because health of a worker is
the main factor that maximizes the value of all other potentials of human
capital such as knowledge, skill, morale. In Nigeria, the employee’s
performance or output is very low as a result of inability of the employers to
tackle industrial accident which reduces the morale of the workers in the
organization. The effort by the Government and workers union to reduce
industrial hazards and forestall safety in the working place have not yielded
the expected result because the employers of labour have not paid adequate
attention to the laws regulating working environment.
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Managers of business organizations should not be
concerned only on providing organizations with the necessary financial
resources for the day to day running of the organization and finding market for
their products; they should also be faced with the problem of providing a conducive
atmosphere and accident free working condition that will increase morale
thereby enhance performance level of their employees.
The problem of accidental injury on the job has assumed
tremendous proportions in Guinness Nigerian Breweries PLC, Ikeja, Lagos. Agha
(2007). It would not have attracted serious attention if not the enormous
implication it has on workers performance, employee’s morale and business cost
in general. Efforts however, are directed by astute managers to reduce
accidental injuries to the barest minimum.
Accident is defined as the chain of events and
assurance leading to unintended injury. It can also be viewed as an unpleasant
and unintended happening sometimes resulting from negligence that may result in
damages, loss or injury, serious enough to require medical attention. In general
an industrial accident is an unintended occurrence which can cause disability
or death in an industrial setting. It can occur inform of explosion, contact
with extreme temperature, fall on a slippery floor, poor leading of equipment
or machinery and struck by tools. Essentially, the overall problem of accident
appears to be a matter of functional disharmony or imbalance between man and
environment resulting in a stressful situation.
This situation aggravated as a result of more people
taking industrial employment and since most of them are having their first
experience, being exposed to automatic, overhead cranes etc, they are more
susceptible to accidents. Some are prone to accident due to old age. It has been
stressed that it is thrust that has brought into wake problem in terms of
safety and health hazards for workers. It is also a fact that hazards if not
properly checked minimizes the profitability of industries at the same time
affect the economy. One of the major
consequences of industrial accidents is the cost of work related injuries and
illness.
The above situation would have been partially avoided
if they had been a safety and health programmes served to create awareness of
occupational hazards and of the importance of safe work practices and use of
available safety equipments. In developed and industrialized countries,
industrial safety awareness and movement has been in existence right from the
days of the industrial revolution but the government and employees of this
country had only just released a few years ago the importance of forestalling
the possible dangers or consequences of industrial accidents. This attitude
might have been due to the common law doctrines of the 19th century
where the safety of employees was considered to be his own responsibility and
the employer was convened under the fellow servant” and also the contributory
negligence” but common law today has imposed a duty on the employers to provide
a safe system of work, competent staff, and a safe and suitable place and tool
of operations and any breach of these duties leading to a worker suffering
injury, the employer would be liable.
Even with all these impositions by law, the working
conditions are still unsafe. One begins to wonder whether the ways employees
carry out their job is not responsible for this. His inability to find solution
to his problems, the efficiency with which he can use technological aids etc.
if the employers fail to realize that accidents interrupt performance, reduce
employee’s, morale raise operation cost, in the long run, the profit of the organization
would be reduced. A low level of productivity means a reduction in the standard
of living.
Therefore
every employer must gear efforts towards improvement through the provision of a
possible means of reducing the rate of accidents in the work-environments and this
will in the long run raise the standard of living in the country.
1.2 Statement
of Problem
Accident is an inescapable fact of
organizational life. Therefore, the performance of any organization does not
only base on the management ability to make business plan, it includes finding
the solutions to industrial accident or how to reduce it to the barest minimum
by providing health and safety programmes.
The
cost of the inability of the organization to implement safety programme can not
be overemphasized. This is because accident in work place cost more than one
can imagine. This cost can be classified into direct and indirect cost. Direct
cost ; An accident victim in a workplace
may be treated instantly with first aid. The after effect of the accident
however transpires more slowly. Here, workers who witnessed the scene will not
have morales to resume their work immediately, production will stop until the
damaged equipments cleared and replaced with new machinery. Sometimes, managers
dismiss the injured worker, and call for replacement which will lead to
induction and training at the same time. The supervisors will be requested to
write reports on how the accidents happened. It can also lead the business
owners to face litigations.
On
the other hand, indirect costs of accident can be ten times greater than the
direct costs or even more. According to John .and Solvia (2009) It has so many
cost to workers that it is often difficult to measure. One of the most obvious
indirect cost is the human suffering caused to workers’ families, which cannot
be compensated with money especially where it leads to the death of the victim.
The costs to employers, accidents are also estimated to be enormous for
business owners. Especially small business, the cost of even one accident can
be a financial disaster. Some of the indirect costs are wages for lost time of
injured person, workers adjacent to the accident scene who stop their work to
watch or offer assistance or talk about the accident. Repair or replacement of machine or
equipment, this include the time to order, deliver, and test the new machines
training workers for replacement The
lack of knowledge of the causes and cost of industrial accidents have lead to
negligence on the part of management to develop efficient method of handling
them.
1.3 Objectives
of the Study
The
major objective of this study is to identify strategies for managing industrial
accident with a view to improving workers morales and performance in the
workplace. Specifically, this study seeks to:
i. Identify
the effects of industrial accidents on the employee’s morale in the company
under study.
ii.
Ascertain the direct and indirect cost of industrial accident in the company
understudy.
iii. To
identify organization’s compensation strategy for legal requirement.
1.4
Research
Questions
1. Does
industrial accident have any effect on employee’s morale
2. To what
extent does training reduce accident rate.
3. Are
there any control measure to reduce industrial accident in Guinness Nigerian
Breweries PLC, Ikeja, Lagos.
4. What
are the costs effects of industrial accident to Guinness Nigerian Breweries PLC
Ikeja Lagos.
1.5 Hypotheses
Flowing from the statement of the problem and objectives,
the following hypotheses are formulated to guide this study.
Ho: Industrial accident has no side effect on
employee’s morale
H1: Industrial accident has significant effect
on employee’s morale
Ho: The cost of industrial accident has no
significant effect to the organization’s performance.
Hi: The cost of industrial accident on
performance is insignificance to the organizational performance
Ho: Employees training has no significant
impact in controlling accident rate in organization
Hi: Employees training has an impact in
controlling accident rate in organization.
1.6 Significance
of the Study
Generally,
research efforts and endeavours are geared towards providing solutions to
problems, improving on the performances of the existing system and providing
solutions for the benefit of human kind.
This study is significant in the following ways.
i. It will
provide literature to other researchers who will be interested in the study of
industrial accidents and employee morale.
ii. It
will help Guinness Nigerian Breweries PLC, Ikeja, Lagos to identify better ways
of reducing accident, improving workers morale and reducing cost.
iii. Since
Guinness Nigerian Breweries PLC, Ikeja, Lagos runs an open administration,
proper understanding of the work by other organization, will help them to
develop effective management of industrial accident in order to reduce high
cost and enhance employee morale.
iv. The
study will benefit the Government because if the productivity of the organization
improves companies will be paying more tax to the government
1.7
Scope of
the Study
The study covers only Guinness Nigerian Breweries PLC,
Ikeja, Logas due to financial constraints and time frame required for the
completion of the work. No attempts where made by the researcher to reach out
to other companies.
1.8
Limitation
of the Study
In order to carry out this research, the researcher
faced series of problems
Some
of the problems faced by the researcher are paucity of finance, frequent power
outages from the public power supply, communication problem from some of the
staff of the Guinness Nigeria Breweries PLC. Here, some of the employees are
semi-literate and so do not really understand what was required of them and
they were also afraid of giving out information which they think might lead to
the termination of their appointment
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:
2.1 Introduction
A review of the massive literature on industrial
accident shows that it causes disastrous damage to the life of the employee.
Industrial safety and quality of work life are sources of morale to every
employee in any industry. Therefore, prevention of industrial accident should
be an objective of the management of any organization in order to protect
employee’s morale and promote human relation movement and socio-technical
movement which forms the basis for industrial safety today.
Thus, this chapter seeks to sought the literature
review and will group it into; Academic and Empirical reviews as well as
theoretical framework of analysis.
2.2 Empirical
Literature
There is sizeable empirical evidence
which has linked the effect of industrial accident on employee morale. In
particular, the rate of output growth of the industry is said to be determined
by the effectiveness of the employees’ effort to work, the efficiency of
resource utilization and the ability to acquire and adopt modern technology.
Nnanna (2001).
Levine et al (2006) examined the
effect of industrial accident on employees morale in a British Columbia
Forestry and logging organization using time series data, found that accidents
on employees morale deepens exerts a statistical significant influence on
production rate of any industry. They also observed that countries with small
and medium scale industries are more prone to accident.
Amos and Amuche (2009) Analyzed the
employees risk at Guinness breweries Plc with the objective to ascertaining the
relationship between the quality of work environment and the growth of employee
morale in their countries. They observed that a safe, visually appealing and
well lit environment can allow employees to focus exclusively on performance
without constantly worrying about how an accident might boost their health care
costs.
Denizer (2005) examined the pathway
to occupational safety and risk factors using a cross-country data, found that
from a broader societal perspective, the decreasing social acceptance of risk
leads to new collective demands and improves occupational safety. In a similar vein, Uchenna and Abuchi (2008) investigated
the relationship between quality of incentives to workers and employees’ morale
towards such incentives. Using cross section panel data, observed that there is
position effect of incentives on employee morale. That is to say that making
more money can be an obvious morale booster.
Egbo
(2004) examined the corporate systems for measuring process safety performance,
investigating incidents and near misses, auditing system performance.
Addressing the issue, Egbo (2004) identified that addressing previous
identified process safety related action items and ensuring sufficient
management and board oversight will help to prevent industrial accident
employee morale of any industry. Nwosu
(1994) studied the link between global diversity and industrial safety using
across-country and panel data of 49 developed industries for the year 1960-1990
periods. The study founds that global diversity among departments in any
industry is a significant determinant of employee morale, only with
cross-sectional estimates and that the reduction of industrial accidents on
employee morale is kenneled mainly through an increase in global diversity
co-operation.
Demetriades and Hussein (2010) found
the evidence that supervision is a leading factor that affects employee morale
in any industry. They further found that for majority of the advanced
industrial nations, quality of supervision encourage open communication in the
office and performance-related feed back to their subordinates.
Odunukwe (2000) investigated the
casualty that led to the collapse of Satzenbrau beer in the country. The study
indicated positive impact on industrial accidents caused by the inability of
the top-management to relate effectively with the junior cadre.
Morris (1999) showed that there
exist a positive effect associated with the performance evaluation, corrective
Action and corporate oversight, they found that maintaining and improving a
process safety management system requires the periodic evaluation of
performance and the correction of identified deficiencies.
Gloria (1992) specified and
estimated the relationships among managers, employees and communication in a
panel of 82 industries covering 1972-1992 using as model the Translog
production function. Evidence shows that the data are profitable and
specification facts favour the random effect of employee estimation procedure.
Dominic (2011) in his study of the effect of
industrial Accidents on Employee morale will provide solutions to employee
safety in her place of work.
Academic
Review
Conceptualizing
industrial accident and morale.
An accident is a specific, unpredictable, unusual and
unintended external action which occurs in a particular time and place, with no
apparent and deliberate cause but with marked effects film et al (2000).
The definition above implies a generally negative outcome
which may have been avoided or prevented had the circumstance leading up to the
accident been recognized and acted upon prior to it occurrence. Shanmukha
(2001) agreed with the above assertion but added that they are some accidents
that can be predicted. According to him, accidents of particular common types
(crashing of automobile, event causing of fire etc) are investigated to
identify how to avoid them in the future. This is sometimes called root cause
analysis, but does generally apply to accidents that cannot be
deterministically predicted.
George (2004) in an annual report, tracing the origin
of the concept from 20th century sees accident as something that
causes disastrous damage to the life and property of the people. According to
him, in order to avoid accident, safety programme should b introduce in an
organization he defined safety as “protection of physical health of people in
the organization and prevention of work related injuries and accidents.
Washburn (2010) in his view, sees accident as
unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an activity, according to
him, it may (or may not) include injury or property damage. He emphasized on
the important of accident investigations to find out the causes for easy
prevention.
Joseph (1990) making reference to industrial Act, 1948
agues that an industrial accident is “ an” occurrence in an industrial
establishment causing bodily injury to a person which makes him unfit to resume
his duties in the next 48 hours”. In other words, it is an unexpected event and
is always sudden. He noted that the event or occurrence should be something to
which a definite time, date and place can be assigned. It must arise in the
courses of employment in a factory or an industrial establishment. From the
above augment, self- inflected injuries or injuries inflicted with the consent
of a person cannot be regarded as accidents.
Brody (1971) sees accident as part of some people with
what he described as accident proneness. According to him, some employees are
more accident prone compare to the other. He defined accident proness as a
condition which a “human being is mentally inclined, strongly disposed,
attitudinally addicted or personally destined to become constantly involved in
an on going and never ending series of accident injuries” thus some people may
be more often involved in accidents than others they get involved in accidents,
muscular weakness, emotional instability, visual disability, recklessness,
hostility, and indifference.
Harrell (1980) viewed accident as “undesirable”
because of both humanitarian and economic reasons in his words, “Even a minor
accident may bring down the morale of the employees involved in the accident
and that of the organization” accident are not only expensive, but they also
lower the morale of the workers and result in lower production.
Morale
m
The behaviour of individuals
employed by an organization is driven by employee’s morale which according to
finger (2005) is the spirit of a person group exhibited by confidence,
cheerfulness, discipline and willingness to perform assigned tasks. Ewton
(2007) sees morale as a fuel that thrive the organization forward or the fuel
that feeds the fires of employee discontent poor performance absenteeism, cost
of opportunity, illness and problem. Greenleaf (1996) in an attempt to define
low morale, emphasized on some of the problem faced by leaders of organization
who fail to address the morale issues. They are decease in productivity
increase rates of absenteeism and associated cost, increase in customer’s
complaints as a result of dissatisfaction of customers, increase in employee
turnover rate and cost associated with injuring and training replacement staff.
The literature on industrial accident
shows that the world of work is changing. The importance attached to the
possible impact of recent changes in the world of work on accident prevention
probably finds its origin in the growing speed in which they take place and the
changing scale of industrial activities. Seillan (2001) States that the growing
complexity of multiple changing factors that take place simultaneously
threatens the presently established organizational structures. Totterdill
(2001) pointed out that companies can no longer concentrate on optimization of
safety approaches in a stable environment but have to anticipate charge, new
knowledge and new evolution.
Saari (2001), states that there has been a
considerable improvement in occupational safety during the past decades. The
number of severe injuries has decreased. Some people may even consider
industrial accidents a solved problem. The media often seems to present the
idea that physical problems belong to the past and that nowadays workers are
threatened by totally new risks. Saari (2001), further state that humans tend
to underestimate known risks and overvalue new risks. Falls cause a large
proportion of fatalities at the workplace. However, the risk is not new since
humans have fallen and since they have learned to work. The risk of violence is
new to many workers and therefore more interesting as topic of prevention and
research. Both types of risks, new and old should be properly identified and
kept under control.
Thebaud-mony, (2001), it is difficult to draw
conclusions from statistics in order to give a good description of the impact of changes on the rate of the nature of
industrial accidents. Sometimes, it is even impossible to compare statistics
because of the use of different definitions of industrial accident. Also, the explanation
of evolutions is often very difficult. Decreasing rates of industrial accidents
might be explained by better prevention strategies or by the exportation of
dangerous activities. They might be explained by the use of new
technologies/products and/or better training or by the increase in illegal
employment (the so-called black labour market) of which no statistics are
available (work life, 2000).
For some workers, who have moved to temporary work,
subcontracting or self-employment this shift might even have positive effects
because of increased specialization and greater job satisfaction. For others
though, it might create uncertainty, lead to less involvement, having a
negative effect on their job satisfaction and their safety behaviour.
Several other authors have looked at the impact of
temporary work on safety (Francois and Lievin, 2000, Morris, 1999). They have
observed a higher risk of industrial accidents for employees on fixed term
contracts and temporary work. Whatever form the new contractual relationships
take, the determinant element having an impact on safety is the precarious
character of the employment.
Survey of literature on the effect of industrial
accidents on employee morale puts forward the size of companies and downsizing
as the problems regarding to the possibility of developing efficient safety and
health management and coping with change. The works of Snyder (1994), McCarthy
et al (1995) and McCarthy (1997) states that accident risks are higher for
those employed in small and medium enterprises (SME). The incidence rate for
fatal accidents to workers in enterprises with less than 50 employees is about
twice the rate of larger units. They identified the link between downsizing and
organizational restructuring and increased occupational violence, building or
aggressive behaviour at work.
Clifton (2000) states that new structures of
enterprises can, in some respects have a negative effect on health and safety
at work because,
- Pressures
are experienced by the informal management structures of every small form. This
is because they mainly rely on the support of external health and safety
services for the development of their prevention and risk management policies
and they lack in-house expertise that may cause a deficiency of risk awareness,
which may lead to neglecting health and safety standards.
- Uncertainties
arise from new organizational structures for example, the fragmentation of
traditional large industry, resulting in complex structures involving many
interfaces based on contractual relationships, gives rise to uncertainty about
relationship.
- Workers
are consequently in more precarious employment relationships, they may suffer
erosion of long term skills and competence.
Clifton predicts that at the more
sophisticated and successful end of the employment spectrum;
- Larger
and more sophisticated industry will not reverse the process of contracting out
both core and non-core functions, but will continue to look to quality
management approaches to retain control and to discharge their own legal
responsibilities, in particular for health and safety at work.
- The
smaller industry that will survive may be those that can cope with complex and
bureaucratic requirements of larger enterprises, but which is industry that can
maintain a good record, particularly in terms of their performance in the field
of health and safety at work.
From a boarder societal perspective,
the decreasing social acceptance of risks leads to new collective demands.
Risks are no longer considered as an inevitably inherent side-effect of our
industrial activities. As long as the harm exists, there is a job to do.
2.2.1. Factors
Affecting employee Morale
Considering the highly competitive
nature of the modern business world, being able to maintain an employee base
that is motivated, enthusiastic and satisfied have become one of the best ways
to sustain corporate success. Both large and small companies are increasingly
looking for cost-effective ways to keep employee morale high in an effort to
simultaneously increase productivity while decreasing turnover.
Jensen (2001), Hovden (1998) and
James (2000) in their various authors, identified the following as factors
affecting industrial accidents on employee morale.
2.4 Theoretical Framework
Every practice rests on some
identifiable theory. Theories offer explanation as to how things are or how we
come to be the way we are.
This work is anchored on safety
theory known as competing theory of safety in the new workplace. The theory
postulated by McGregor is called McGregor’s theory x and theory Y.
Theory X, subscribed to by followers
of scientific management principles, posit the average workers, as inherently
Lazy and greedy. This represents a pessimistic view of human nature. According
to this theory, Employees do not really want \to work. They have to be pushed,
closely supervised and threatened with some type of punishment. The theory
assumed that workers have little ambition, prefer to avoid responsibility and
seek security as their major goal.
The job of the management is to
break down jobs into their various parts so that even the most inept and stupid
worker can master them. Management also
needs to design incentive systems that will get even the laziest people to put
in some effort.
Theory Y by contrast, takes a
humanist approach that sees the average worker as intelligent, creative and
self-motivating. This theory reflects an optimistic view of human behaviour.
According to this theory work is natural to people as rest. Employees attitudes
toward work deepened on their previous job experiences and the conditions
surrounding the job itself. When given the proper encouragement, employee will
seek, rather than avoid, responsibility and they will often exercise
considerable imagination and creativity in carrying out their duties.
A healthy, mutually supportive
relationship base on trust openness and mutual respect can create a work
climate in which employees want to give more (Reece and Brantt 1996).
Followers of theory Y believe that
management’s job is to ensure that work is both interesting and challenging
enough to bring out the best in a worker. This can be accomplished by given
decision ability to the shop floor worker, creating teams, self-managed or
otherwise and encouraging workers to make
suggestions on how safety can improve
in the working environment.
Both theories X and Y rest on the
assumption that key to safety is to modify workers behaviour in the workplace.
Theory X purposes that if workers are closely supervised and monitored that
their behaviour towards work will impact positively on the working –environment
which being careful in the handling of tools and machinery is part of, thereby
reducing the rate of industrial accident and promoting safety. Theory Y in the
other hand, proposes that safety culture in the work-environment will be
improved if employees are incorporated in decision making in their
work-environment.
2.5 Limitations and Motivation for Further
Study
The evidence provided in the
literature seems to suggest that the subject have become an important empirical
debate among researchers. It was evidenced from the literatures reviewed that industrial
accidents on employee morale in developing countries industries has been a
protracted dilemona. Some research considered treating the menace of industrial
accident as important factor disrupting the employee efficiency in most of the
studies reviewed. Prominent lines of research tend to treat causation as
relationship.
Different case studies and different
methodologies tend to produce different results. Also most of the studies use cross-section
data on industries that may be diverse, raising the possibility that the
empirical findings could be distorted by heterogeneity braces affecting both
industry and employees.
Empirical studies have suggested
global diversity plan as an important accelerator to industrial improvement and
employee’s morale. Other studies have proved otherwise, spurring up the debate
whether industrial accidents should be a sine qua non for less developed
countries like Nigeria (Guinness Nigerian Breweries) in this condition.
In Nigeria, no study has gone
further to analyze the impact of global diversity plan and risk on employee’s
morale and industrial hazards. This research fills the gap that has been
overlooked by the literature on country-specific basis.
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussions
5.1 Discussion of Findings
From the above findings, the
researcher discovered that industrial accident is unavoidable in any industrial
establishment, from the result of the questionnaires distributed among staff or
Employees of Guinness Nigerian Breweries, plc Ikeja Lagos, it was discovered that
no matter the level of prevention of industrial accidents, we cannot stop its occurrence.
From the first hypothesis tested, the result shows that industrial accident has
significant effect on employee’s morale. The second hypothesis put it that
though industrial accident is unavoidable, the cost of reduce the accident has a significant effect
on the organization performance. Finally, the third hypothesis concludes that,
Employees training has significant impact on controlling accident in the organization.
This implies that expatriates are needed if industrial accidents are to be
minimized in any industry.
5.2 Implications of Review
A major service
sector that will improve the employee morale is the inclusion of global
diversity plan to help communicate, among others, all the departments in the industry.
This will help in the reduction of accidents as well as improve in the employee
services delivery.
Equally, from the literature, it was
reviewed that distrust among top-workers and their level of relationship to
their junior cadre affects the employee’s morale. To this end both sector
should endeavor to come together to rescue the problems. The implication is
that the industrial management should
endeavour to improve in managing their industrial hazard for greater efficiency.
CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
6.1
Summary
This study adopts an in-depth case study approach to
address the very issues in order to inform appropriate analytical issues. It is
motivated by the concern that the results from cross-country studies, while
useful in detecting general empirical regularities for further analysis are
unable to capture and account for the complexity of the industrial accident on
employee morale.
This work-examines the effect of industrial accidents
on employee morale-A study of Guinness Nigerian Breweries plc, Ikeja Lagos.
Industrial accidents on employee’s morale are determined through the issue or
questionnaire to Employee respondents. Using a chi-square to determine the
effects of industrial accidents on
employee morale, the results shows that industrial accident has significant
effect on employee’s morale, Also, that cost of industrial accidents has a
significant effect on the organization’s
performance and finally that employees training has no significant impact in
controlling industrial accident in the organization.
That is to say, in Nigeria, government and the
management of industries should embark on global diversity plant to communicate
among staff from various departments to enable then control the erroneous work
or industrial accidents as well as improve in their production rate.
Indeed, the sector is still faced with several
challenges. However, appropriate policies that could improve the employee
morale to deliver efficiently should be employed by industry management.
6.2
Conclusion
The objective of this study has been to investigate
the effect of industrial accident on Employee morale A study of Guinness Nigerian
Breweries, Plc, Ikeja Lagos.S We found firm evidence that in all the
industries, industrial accident have an effect on employee morale that disrupt
the smooth delivery of industrial output. it implies that with constant
industrial accidents, employees will not find it convenient to perform their
duties efficiently. The company should improve in the reduction of industrial
accidents through training and quarterly workshops of in their employees in
their own industry for greater output and efficiency of products.
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