METHODOLOGY
Introduction
this chapter deals
with techniques of data collection which provides researcher with relevant
information needed for the study. It includes source of data, tool and techniques
of data collection and administration of questionnaires.
Research design
the instrument for
data collection in this research was the
self designed questionnaire. It is one of the primary devices for
getting answers to question. Using a firm which the respondents themselves have
to fill. The questionnaire were designed and administered teacher and
principals respectively.
Area Of Study
The area of study is
Kaduna State of Nigeria and this study is limited only to one local government
area as a pilot study of the state. This local Government Area is Kaduna North
Local Government.
The Local Government
was selected based on the fact that it has many primary schools. From which six
primary schools, were selected based on sampling and have the same syllabus.
Population Of Study
The population is
made up of primary school teachers within the state. Which are classified in to
three:
Group A
Teachers without
teaching qualification, i.e they are G.C.E, S.S.C.E, A level Diploma.
Group B
Teachers with
teaching qualifications, i.e N.C.E, Grade II.
Group C
Teachers with post
Graduate Diploma in Education, B.Sc; B. Engr. B.Sc, Ed; B.Ed, B.A: HND/HTD.
These collectively
form the entire population of respondents for the research. There are over 500
primary school teachers in Kaduna south Local government Area.
INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION
In this research collection of the
information is relevant to these research work, therefore questionnaire was
developed for the study by the researcher.
Validation
Of Questionnaire/ Instrument
The questionnaire as
an instrument was validated by twenty five teachers from the primary schools in
Kaduna north local Government Area.
The content validity
of the instrument used in the research was thoroughly tested before
administering them to the respondents. The questionnaire items were designed
and arranged in such a way that one item serves as a control for the others.
Above all, the pupils’ questionnaire was meant to control the pupils. The
questionnaire method, serves as a means of obtaining the highest validity of
the investigation.
Techniques For Data Collection
A total of thirty
copies of questionnaires were distributed by hand. There are three forms of
questionnaires.
1.
The
close form: it is made up of a prepared list of specific questions and a choice
of possible answers.
Examples: how often
do you employ the following method in your teaching? Tick as appropriate.
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S/N
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Often
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Very Often
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Not Used
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a.
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Lecture
method the teachers monopolizing the
class
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b.
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Inquiry
of discovery method learning and guiding the children to find knowledge.
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c.
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Term
teaching-experts in various field coming together to teach a topic.
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d.
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Group
method-arranging children in groups when teaching.
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e.
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Questioning
method guiding children through questions.
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1.
The
Open Form: this allows for free response but the data collected is difficult to
evaluate than close form.
Example: sample of
open form of questionnaire instrument. Comment briefly on what you consider to
be your problem as a social studies pupil.\
2.
The
pictoral form: Uses of drawings and photographs instead writing for the purpose
of this study, the authors have used (a) and (b) types of questionnaires.
In preparing the
questionnaire, the researchers took some major pitfalls of the instrument into
consideration. They realized the fact that the general attitude of respondent
to completing questionnaire is always in different ways. The questionnaire was
planned in such a way that simple interest arousing questions came first. The
fairly difficult ones came in the middle and they could be answered within a
period of about forty minutes.
Method Of Presentation
Usually there are two
alternatives left for the researchers in presenting the questionnaire to the
respondents. Each method has its own merit and demerits. These methods are:
(a)
Direct
contact: this is the method of taking the questionnaire direct to the
respondent and probably staying behind to supervise and organize the
completion. This method has the merit of yielding more responses since the
researcher will be there on the spot to answer questions and explain the
significance of the study.
(b)
Mailed
system: The main advantage of this is low cost. But postal system is not
reliable and this may cause the loss of many questionnaires. Moreover,
respondents may come against some difficulties which may distort answers. Esive
(1975) quoting Best W.John, reffered to this method as lazy men’s way of
gaining information. With the liberal time factor at our own disposal, direct
contact method was employed in the study.