A REPORT OF
SIX MONTH INDUSTRY WORK EXPERIENCE
AT
EVANS MEDICAL PLC, KM 32 LAGOS-BADAGERY
EXPRESSWAY, AGARA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, AGBARA OGUN STATE,
NIGERIA.
DEPT
BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
COURSE CODE: 398
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR
AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (B.SC.) IN BIOCHEMISTRY
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
Meaning and objective of
SIWES. OVERVIEW of
EVANS MEDICAL PLC., Evans
Organogram
Objective of SIWES
Evans Organogram
Evans Medical PLC
CHAPTER TWO
WATER REPORT
Quality Assurance Department
Research &
Development Raw Material Lab
Instrumentation
RAW Material Lab
CHAPTER THREE
DRUG METABOLISM
Analyses
on Sorbital Solution
|
Analytical test on glucose D
Presentation in packaging
Manufacturing processes flow
diagram
Antidote the event of over
dosage
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion &
Recommendation
INTRODUCTION
Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a
very big aid and a stepping stone to life after school. It is an opportunity
given to students to put into practice most things that were theoretically
explained by lecturers in schools.
Food processing industries like A&P Foods has been
of great aid to this programme most especially for science students due to the
fact that they make use of various chemicals and equipments such as Hot Air
Oven Muffle Furnace water distillation standard.
As a result of this, the standard methodology and
equipment handling expose students in their course of training.
Meaning of SIWES
Students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is the accepted
skills training programmes, which forms part of the approved minimum academic
standards in the various degree programmes for all the Nigeria universities. It
is provided to bridge the gap existing between theory and practice of
engineering and technology, sciences,
Agriculture, medicine, management and other
professional educational programmes in the tertiary institutions. It is aimed
at exposing students to machines and equipments, professional work methods and
ways of safe-guarding the work areas and workers in industries and other
organizations
OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
1. To
prepare students for the work situation they are
likely to meet after graduation.
2. To
provide an avenue for students in the Nigeria
universities
to acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study.
3. To
enlist and strengthens employer’s involvement in
the
entire educational process of preparing university graduates for employment in
industry.
4. To
provide students with an opportunity to apply their
theoretical
knowledge in real work situation, thereby bringing the gap between university
work and actual practice.
5. To
expose students to work methods and techniques in
handling
equipments and machinery that may not be available in the university.
6. To
make the transition from the university to the world
of
work easier and thus enhance student’s contacts for later job placement.
CHAPTER TWO
WATER REPORT
Water treatment water that are use in company are
analyze once in a week after treatment. We have three type of water in the
company. They are portable water, demonetized water and purified water. This
water is different from each other due to its content like acidify Leal, iron
content, Hardness and Chloride content.
Hare portable water is treated in
primarily and secondarily. In primary treatment, water that acmes from borne
hole are treated with calcium hypo chloride which kills some the micro-organism
in water. This hypo chloride adds chlorine and makes the water harder. The water pass thru sand filter to
remove sand of Carson filter which removes odor from the water and excess
chlorine.
- It enter iron filter so as to remove
iron from the water then finally
- It enters into alkarite filter which
adjust the ph of water to 6.5.
Secondary
treatment which is where the micro-organism are killed by addition of
After
this stage the water becomes a portable water.
- Deminarized water: Here portable
water enters where activated carbon filter removes chlorine in the water and
then it enters into the 100 exchange thank where cation and anion are remove by
100 exchanger.
After
this stage the water become a purified water
Purified
water: purified water are stored in a
distribution tank and before it enter into the production room, it pass thru an
ultraviolet light which kill all the micro-organism which may grow in the
distribution tank.
When the water goes into the
production room, it come back to distribution tank to avoid room for stagnancy
which may causes the growth of bacterial (biofims).
Sampling of Water:
Water are sampled at different point both the purified
water portable and deminsarized water in order to checks for PH levels,
conductivity total dissolved solicit (iron content, hardness and chloride
content which caco3 for portable and demonetized water.
Water Analyzes
The PH of water are checked using PH meter the PH of
purified water should be between 5-7 and portable water and demonetized water
should be between 6.8-8.00. This is to know the acidify and alkalinity of water
because acidic water is not good for human body due to acidosis, portable water
is not good for human body due to our body is acidic and can cause acidosis,
portable water is good for drinking but purified water is not good for drinking
due to it has acidic.
Conductivity
This is checked using a conductivity meter which will
show the ability of water to conduct reaction when is used for the production
of drugs.
Total
Dissolved solvent
This is checked also using the conductivity meter.
This is to know the capacity of the water in dissolving substance.
Iron
Content
This is to check for the iron content of water which
is for only portable and deminarized water and spectophometer is used to check
for this parameter.
Procedure
First we prepare the standard for by using 5ml of iron
standard and make it up 100ml using 100ml volume flask, using purified water.
To 25ml of 20% wtater 25ml of the sample (water portable) add 5ml of 20% water
stric acid, 0.3ml of mercaptoacetic acid (thiogcycolic acid) and mix. Add 5ml
of 10MNH3 and then dilute to 50ml with distilled water. Mix and allow
to stand for 5 minutes. Prepare blank (reaction control) using purified water.
Read
the absorbance at 535nm. To read the absorbance, we first blank the
spectrophotometer using the blank and then read the absorbance of the sample
and for the standard.
|
Where
AU = sample absorbance
AS
= Standard
WS = Weight of Standard (0.1727g)
Hardness
(CaCO3). This is to know
amount CaCO3 in the water; to know how hard the water is. Here we
use titre vale to know the amount of CaCO3 in the water. The type of
titration that occurs here is complex – Solometic titration because of
solochrome blank indicator used. To determine this, we measure 100ml of sample,
add 5ml of triethanslamine, 2ml of 4H3 buffer and 0.2ml of
solochrome blank indicator. Titrate immediately with 0.02M EDTA until a
blue/bluisa green colour is obtained. Carry out blank using distilled water.
Hardness
(CaCo3) (ppm)
Chloride
content: to know the amount of
chloride in the water. This can be done by titration which is back titration.
Method
Measure 100ml of sample add 2 drops of methyl orange.
If the colour is yellow add 0.01m sulphuric acid until the colour is orange.
His to neutralize the sample. After this neutralization, add about 0.1g of
calcium carbonate and mix in order to adjust the pH of the sample. Add 0.5ml of
potassium chromate indicator which will impact a yellow colour. Titrate the
solution with 0.03M silver nitrate to a reddish brown tinge.
Calculate
the chloride content = y x 100
In
quality assurance department we make sure that water used in Evans Medical Plc
does not affect life.
Instrumentation
(i) Fluid Bed dryer
(ii) Multifunction pharmaceutical machine
(iii) Rotary press compression machine
(iv) Ph meter
(v) Coating vessel
(vii) fribilator
(vii) Disintergation machine
(viii) Hardness tester
(ix) Dissolution test-machine
(x) Furnace
(xi) High efficient chromatograph machine
(xii) Spectrophotometer
(xiii) Stability chambers for 300C, 400C,
500C
(xv) Autoclave
CHAPTER THREE
DRUG METABOLISM
Analysis on finished product goods. (drug) finished
product goods are analyzed using method
which must obey the standard operating procedure.
We have categories of analyses on
these drug analysis → 1
This
is looking at the drugs in the physical accept of it. This were we do
description, of average weight, uniformity, friability, diameter, hardness,
thickness leakage and disintegration time.
- Average weight can be done by
weighing 20 tablets of
drugs ie.
Weight
of 2o table x 1000
20
- Uniformity
is by weighing 20 tabs and checks the weight of each tablet by zeroing the
balance and remove them one after the other. Friability is to check the amount
of dust that can come out of a drug using friabilitor.
Thickness and diameter can se done
by variable caliper.
Disintrlation time: this is to know
the time a drug can dissolve in the body using a disintegration machine.
This
is were we use chemical to know active component of a drug like Assay,
dissolution time.
In away, we checked for the vitamin
B2 contact B1
minimum content. Calcium content.
We analyses drugs like after, gluose
D., multivite, paracolanol.
Analyses on glucose D.
Description: A white crystal
powder loss on drying using an infrared moisture balance method.
Weigh
10g of sample and allow to stand for 10mins – result = 9.0%
Assay
– Calcium content:
To
9.00g of the sample add 100ml of H2o, 3-4 drops of HCL comes 50ml of
0.4729 EDTA and 10ml of ammonia Soya for blocose.
Add
4-8 drops of solo chrome black and titrate with calcium soil 0.4719m
Blank = 49.40ml
Sample
A = 16.90ml
Sample
B = 17.20ml
RAW MATERIAL LAB
I
was able to analyze different row material like calamine, powder,
sulfamethoxazole, Ammonium chloride, providine, pine sorbitol solution,
eucalyptus oil, granulated sugar, Asparalame pecaauanha Liquid extra.
Below
is an example of Analyses I did.
Analyses on suffamethoxazole (C10H11
N3 O3S)
1. Description: A fine white powder, odorless
2. Solubility: water – insoluble
Acetone –
soluble
Ethanol –
soluble
NaoH –
soluble
3. Identification: Dissolve 0.05g of
sample in 10mL of 1m HCL Dilute 1m HCL Dilute 1cm of the solution to 10me with
water.
|
Test
|
Observation
|
Inference
|
 0.0
by of sample tome of IM HCL + IML of solution add 10MC of H2 OR
|
An
intensed orange colour formed
|
|
4. Acidity/Alkalinity I HC at 1.25g of
sample with 25ml of water at 10oC for 5mins. Cool in ice and filter.
Add 0.1 ml of bromothymol blue solution. Note the volume of NaoH that change the
colour of solution
·
0.11mc of Na oH
0.1m is required to change the colour of the solution.
·
Loss in drying:
using infrared moisture balance weight 10g of sample into the machine and allow
to stand for 10mins the result will read out. Oven method can also be used.
·
Sulphated Ash:
using 1g in furnace
Weight of crucible = 21.9134g
Weight of sample = 1.0002g
Weight of crucible + sample = 21.9139
Ash
= weight of crucible + sample – wt of crucible x 100
weight
of sample
21.9139 – 21.9134 x 100
1.0002
·
Heavy metal:
weight 2g of sample + 0.5g of mgO and ignite for some minutes then to furnace
to stand for I hr. dissolve with 5mc of Hcl 5m + 0.5mc of phenolphthalein and
neutralized with 13.5m NH3 drop wise and add. Glacial acetic acid to
remove the pink colour.
To 12ml of the solution add 2ml of acetate buffer and
finally 1.2ml of thioacetamide reagent then mixed.
If a brown colour in formed, that means there is a
heavy metal.
No heavy metal found because the brown colour formed
is not more intense then the reference solution.
Assay:
dissolve about 0.50g of sample in a mixture of 20mc of glacial active acid and
40mc of water and 15mc of conc. hcl to cool to 15.oc immediately
titrate with 0.1m solution titrate with 0.1m sodium nitrate.
Weight
of sample A = 0.5000g
Weight
of sample B = 0.500g
Titrate
with 0.8491 in sodium nitrate indicator used
Blank A(mc) B(mc)
FBR 0.40 23.80 23.90
IBR 0.00 .000 0.00
VOL 0.40 23.8 23.90
Assay = (Titre
value – Blank) x = x m x 100
Wt
of sp x STD M.
(23.80 – 0.4) x
0.02533. x 0.08491 x 100
0.5000 x 0.1
= 100 . 6556
(23.90
– 0.4) x 0.02533. x 0.08491 x 100
0.5000g x 0.1m
= 101.0862
Average = 100
. 6556 + 101. 0862
2
= 100.8709
The
sulfamethoxazole in used for the production of co-trimoxazele, metronidazole
and Antibiotics.
Analyses on Sorbitol Solution
1. Description – A clear and colorless
liquid
2. Solubility: soluble in water and
glycerol.
3. Reducing: sugars: to 5.00g of sample
add 3mc of water and 20mc of cupric citric solution and a few glass of rod
bead. That so that boiling begins after 4mins and continues soling for 3mc cool
rapidly and add 100mc of 2.9% w/v solution of glacial acetic acid and 20ml of
0.025m iodine solution. With continuo’s shaking add 25ml of a mixture of 6vol
Hcl and 94 vol. of water when the precipitate has dissolved titrate with 0.05m
sodium thiosulphate using 1ml of starch solution which will be added toward the
end of titration as indicator 13.oml of sodium thiosulphate was required to
change the colour of the solution.
4. Reducing sugar after hydrolysis: To
6.00ml of sample add 35ml of water 40ml 1m Hcl + glass rod. Boil under reflux condenser
for 4 hrs. Cool and neutralized to bromothymol blue by adding dilute Na oH.
Cool and dilute to 100ml with the to 3.0ml of solution add 5ml of water, 20ml
of cupric citric solution and a few glass rod. Heat so that boiling for 3mins
cool rapidly and add 100ml of 2.4% glacial acetic acid and 20.ml of 0.025m
iodine solution with continue shaking add.
Add
25ml of a mixture of 6vol of Hcl and 99vol of water when the precipitate has
dissolve titrate with 0.05m sodium thiosuphate using 1ml of starch solution add
toward the and of titration as indicator.
·
13.50ml is
required to change the colour of solution
Acidity: To 10ml of solution 5 add
10mc of co2 free water to
10ml of this solution add 0.05mc of phenolphthalein
and titrate with 0.0im Na oH 0.14mc in required
to change the colour to pink.
·
Refractive index
= 1.457 using refractometer.
Chloride Test
·
Measure 100ml of
sample in 250ml conical flask
·
Add 2 drops of
methyl orange
·
If the colour is
yellow then add 0.01m of sulphuric acid until
the colour is orange
·
After Neutralization,
add about 0.1g of calcium carbonate
and mix thoroughly,
·
Add 5 mc of
potassium chromate indicator which will impact
a yellow colour solution.
·
Titrate the
resulting solution with 0.03m silver nitrate to
a reddish brown.
Potable Water
Chloride
Content:
(i) Measure 100ml of sample into 250ml conical
flask.
(ii) Add 2 drops of methyl orange.
(iii) If the
colour in yellow, add 0.01m sulphuric acid until the colour is orange.
(iv) After neutralization add about 0.1g of calcium
carbonate and mix thoroughly.
(v) Add
0.5ml of potassium chromate indicator which will impact a yellow colour to D
solution.
(vi) Titrate the resulting solution with 0.03m silver nitrate
to a reddish brown tinge.
(vii) Cal the
chloride content as
Chloride
content (ppm) = V X 10
Where
V in the volume of 0.03m Ag N0g used
Hardness
(caco3)
(i) Measure
100ml of the sample into a clean 250ml conical flask.
(ii) Add
5ml of triethanolamines, 2ml of Ammonia buffer and 0.2g of solo chrome black
indicator.
(iii) Immediately
titrate the solution with 0.02m EDTA until blue/bluish-green colour is obtained.
(v) Carry
out a blank determination using distilled water.
Hardness (caco3) (ppm) = Vol. of 0.02 MEDTA X 1000
Vol. of
sample used.
Iron Content
·
Measure 5ml of
iron standard solution (stock solution) make
at up to 100ml with water
·
Transfer 15ml
each of distilled H2O (blank), H2O sample and 1ppm iron solution in a separate designated
50ml volumetric flask
·
Add 5ml of citric
add solution, 0.3ml of mecaptoacetic acid
(thioglycollic acid) mix.
·
Add 5ml of 10m NH3,
dilute to the mark with distilled H2O,
mix and allow for 5minute
·
Using a suitable spectrophotometer
and 1cm cell measure absorbance of
sample and standard.
WATER TREATMENT
Raw and Treated water
There are two bore wells of 100 meter depth. Water is pumped
from a bore well into a holding tank. The water is dosed on line with 15%
calcium hypochlorite solution and 50% caustic soda respectively, before it is
stored as raw water. The holding tank now refers as raw water tank. Has a capacity
of 80,000 liters and is made of concrete.
The raw water is then pumped through the main components
of the plant (filters) and re-injected with 12% calcium hypochlorite solution before
it is finally stored in two 8,000 liters concrete tanks as treated (potable)
water for general use throughout the factory and for further purification for
production uses.
The potable water is distributed by two booster pumps
also located in Block N. Both Raw and potable are available for when required
for fire hydrants.
Equipment Description
A. Bore well pumps
B. Chemical storage tanks and dosing pumps
i. Chemical hypochlorite storage tanks
ii. Sodium hydroxide storage tank
iii. Chemical dosing pumps.
C. Transfer pumps.
D. Filters
E. Booster pumps
F. electrical panel
·
Sodium hydroxide
storage tank
It
injection is done by dosing pumps connected to the tanks. The pH of
the raw material needs to be raised to between 6.8 and 7 for effective removal
of iron and heavy metals. Resulting PH of raw water is measured and
recorded.
·
Calcium
hypochlorite solution: is injected to
prevent microbial growth. Dosing rate of hypochlorite depend on rate of water
production.
·
Chemical dosing
pumps
There
are three chemical dosing pumps two of which dose the raw water from bore well
with 50% W/N caustic soda solution and calcium hypochlorite solution
simultaneously.
The third pump doses the potable H2O with
12% hypochlorite solution (secondary chlorination) after the water has left the
Alkrite filter.
Filters
There
are three sets of filters connected in series and one stand alone as follows:
(i) A set of three sand filters connected in
parallel. Each contains about 300kg of
high silica (coarse and fine sand)
as these removes fine sand particle and debris from
raw water.
(ii) A set of three activated carbon filters
in parallel connection. Each
contains activated carbon granules and these
remove by adsorption dissolved gases e.g. oxygen and injected excess chlorine before
the water reaches the iron remove
filters.
(iii) A set of three iron filter connected in
parallel. Each contains media graded catalytic
mineral (under the trade name HYDROLITE
Mn) and these remove heavy metals
at high PH values.
(iv)
One Alkrite filter containing Alkrite pH regulating resin which adjusts the PH of the treated (potable)
water to 7 – 9 before storage in
potable storage tanks.
Back washing process
This is the process by which
the filters are re-charged to increase their efficiency after the plant has run
for a day. Firstly each of the three sand filters is washed out to remove
accumulated wastes. E.g. (sand and dust particles)
Then the carbon filters to remove accumulating
dissolved gases e.g. (chlorine) and the iron filtered to remove iron (fe) and
manganese (Mn) metal complexes.
This is documented in the back wash log bank.
ALLENBURY’S GLUCOSE D
Allenbury’s Glucose D promotes the assimilation of
facts in cases of low fat tolerance and is of value in the prevention and
treatment of ketosis, sea sickness air sickness, vomiting in pregnancy and
similar conditions.
It is good in all conditions associated with carbohydrate
insufficiency and produces rapidly available form of energy.
PRESENTATION IN PACKAGING
Allenburys
glucose D, a white powder is presented in 450g and 200g tin pack as well as 50g
aluminum foil sachet.
It
is filled as 450g and 200g into white paper bags printed with “Allenbury’s
glucose D these bags are subsequently packed into light blue non-seamed rust free
rectangular cans shrink-sleeved with PVC foil with Evans Logo.
NAME AND QUANTITY OF EACH
INGREDIENT IN ONE HXAPED DESSERT SPOONFUL OF GLUCOSE D
Vitamin
D3 - 19LU
CALCIUM
Glycerophosphate 27mg
Dextrose
monohydrate BP 15g
CHEMICAL NAME AND
STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF EACH ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Glucose
D contains three active ingredients
(i) Calciferol or vitamin D3
(ii) Dextrose monohydrate BP
(iii) Calcium cly cerophosphote
Calciferol
or vitamin D
1. Chemical name
9,
10 – secoergosta 5, 7, 10 (19) 22 – tetraen – 3B-ol
Structural
Formula
(iii) Molecular formula C28 H44O
(iv) Molecular weight 396.7g
Dextrose Monohydrate BP
(i) Chemical Name
D – (+) – glucopyranose monohydrate
(ii) Structural formula
(iii) Molecular formula – C6 H12
O6 H2O
Molecular
weight – 198.2g
Calcium
Glycerophosphate
Calcium
Glycerophosphate
(i) Chemical Name
Calcium Glycerophosphate
(ii) Structured formula
Calcium Glycerophosphate
Equipment
Requirement
1. Manufacturing – Dell Blender
-
Kibbler mixer
2. Package – Autopack – Dialafill
Conveyor for
manual
Safety
Precaution
-
Face mask and
hand gloves should be worn at the stage of production though the dust is non
toxic.
-
Skin contact with
material should be avoided.
ALLENBURY’S
GLUCOSE D
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
ANTIDOTE IN THE EVENT OF OVER DOSAGE
The dietary calcium intake should be reduced.
Dehydration and resulting electrolyte inbalance/disturbances
should be promptly corrected. Hydrocortisone may be administered to lower the
hypercalciaemia.
TERATOGENICITY
All the ingredients are pharmacopoeia products and are
not associated with reports of teratogenicity.
ANALYTICAL METHOD OF EACH INGREDIENT
All ingredient are active.
(a) Specification for ingredients. (vita D3) calciferol
100,000 I u/gm BP – attached
Calcium
glycerophosphate BPC – attached
Dextrose
monohydrate BP
(b) Analytical
method for calcium content in glucose
(c) Finished
product specification
ANALYTICAL TEST FOR CALCIUM CONTENT IN GLUCOSE D
Weigh 10g of the sample and subject it to infrared moisture
for 10 minute. Record the % moisture content.
Preparation of sample
i. Weight
of sample: Use 9.00g for packed sample
ii. Weight 9.00g of the sample is above into a 500ml conical
flask and add 100ml of cold water swirl to dissolve.
iii. Add 2-3ml drops of conc. Hydrochloric acid followed by exactly
20ml of 20% triethanolamine solution
iv. Add 50ml of standard EDTA solution followed of 10m Ammonia
buffer solution.
v. Add 4-8 drops of calon mixture indicator
vi. Back titrate the excess EDTA with standard calcium solution
until violet purple and point is obtained
vii. Carry out blank titration (i.e carry out) (a-d) without the
sample
viii. Using the difference between the blank and the sample titration
calculate the calcium content in mg per 30g
calcium
content (mg/30g)=
Ca24
= Blank
– Titre value x M of EDIA
____X
30_____
Weight
of sample (g)
Preparation of sample for pre-blend
Weight of sample use 0.25g for pre-below and 9.0g for
pack sachets.
1. Weight the sample as state above into a clean dry 50ml
conical flask and add 100ml of cold distilled water, swirl to dissolve
2. Add 2-3 drops of con. Hydrochloric acid, followed.
3. Add 10ml of ammonia buffer solution followed by 4-8 drops of
solochrome black indication
4. Back titrate the excess EDTA with standard calcium solution
until a purple end point is obtained.
5. Carryout the blank (i.e carry out process 1-4) without the
sample.
6. Using the difference between the blank and the sample
calculate the calcium content in mg per 30g.
Calcium content (mg/30g)= Blank
– title value
Ca24 = Blank
– Titre value x M of EDTA X 30
Weight
of sample (g)
Back titrate the excess EDTA with standard calcium
solution unit violet purple and point is obtained.