Food formulation and production
This is the combination of feed
ingredients on the basics of their crude protein content to achieve crude
protein requirement of the fish to be feed. The primary aim of feed formulation
is to provide an acceptable diet that meets nutritional requirement at
different stages of fish life so as to yield optimum production at minimum
cost.
Nutritional Requirement
Fish requires
1. Protein:
This is for the building block of the body and eggs
2. Lipids:
It supply them energy
3. Carbohydrate:
It is primary used as binding agent in the feed. It is source of energy.
4. Vitamin:
for health, reproduction and maintenance
5. Mineral:
It is needed for tissue formulation and metabolic
processes.
The
nutritional make up of fish body is
75%
water
16%
crude protein
6%
fat
3%
ash
1%
carbohydrate
The two factors to be considered before
going into feed formulation
1. Available ingredient.
2. Nutrient requirement.
There are two classification of feed
Animals protein concentration: There are gotten from animal e.g. fish and blood
meal.
Plant protein concentration: are gotten from plant e.g. soybeans and groundnut
cake.
Fish meal: is processed
by boiling, and then press well to remove water and oil on the fish and dry.
The residue becomes the fish meal. It contains between 60-75% crude proteins
(CP). it contains all essential amino acid.
Blood
meal – is processed by boiling to dry the blood. It contain 75% - 85 crude
protein (CP). It deficient is some essential amino acid methane. We formulated
feed for clarias fingerlings with a protein requirement of 45% using the
following,
Wheat
bran = 16%cp
Soya
bean cake = 44%cp
Fish
meal - 65& cp
Palm
oil - 5%
Bone
meal - 5%
Bone
meal - 2%
Aqua
premix 0.25%
Garri - 5%
Vitamin - 0.1%
level
We
worked for the level of wheat bran, soybean cake and fish meal as they are
energy concentrate and protein sources.
Step
I
Arrange
all the ingredient in a skeletal formula
Ingredient - %
Wheat
bran?
Soya
bean cake?
Fish
meal ?
Palm
oil - 5%
Garri - 5%
Premix - 0.28g
Bone
meal - 0.2%
Vitamin
C - 0.1g
1.00g
Total
= 100 – 12.75
= 87.25%
87.75
of combining protein concentrate will supply all the 35% CP protein
requirement.
Step 2
Therefore we split 81.25% among it items using the
persons square method which contain 100%
45 x 100
87 1
= 51.58
Steps 3
Calculate
the percentage (%)
Contribution
of basal feed ingredient.
Wheat
bran and that of protein concentrate,
Percentage
(%) of what bran
6.42
x 87 7. 25 =
13.34
Percentage
(%) of protein (CP)
35.58 x 87.2 =
73.91
42
Percentage
(%) of protein (CP)
35.58
x 87.25 = 73.91
42
Percentage
of soybean
73.91
x 1
3
Check
the percentage of CP
8.34
+ 16 = 2.13
100
1.64
x 44 = 10.84
100
9.27
x 65 = 32.03
Total - 45.00cp
Ingredient kg
Wheat
bran 13.34
Soya
bean 24.64
Fish
meal 49.27
Palm
oil 5
Indomine 5
Premix 0.25
Bone
meal 0.2
Vitamin
c 0-1
Total 100kg
Processes involved in feed formulation
Drying
Grinding
Weighing
Mixing
Pelleting
Sun drying
Bagging
Drying – the fish waste is been dried in the sun, ground in powder from. We
have fish meal.
Weighing: After drying
and grinding the fish meal, it is weighed with a weighing balance. And other
ingredient are weighed too example wheat brain, palm oil, premix, groundnut
cake, soybeans meal. The quantities of ingredient use depend on the quantity of
feed to be produced.
Grinding: The entire solid ingredient is grinded in harmer
mill until they reach the finest particle.
Mixing: The entire ingredients are mixed together. Mixing was done manually
with shovel and hand. Water and oil was added during the mixing to enable it
mould to give the pelleting shape.
Pelleting: The mixed ingredients are poured bit by bit into the
pelleting machine for palletizing operation.
There
are different pelleting sizes 2mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm and 8mm is available in ARAC.
Sun drying: The pelleted feeds are spread under the sun with a
dried platform such as toppling bag for some hours before packaging.
Bagging: After sun drying, the feed are pack into a sack bag
and sew with hand. There is no electric sewing machine in ARAC
The activities I carried out in the unit
1. I participated in preparation of fish
meal
2. I
weighed out the required quantity of feed ingredients and mixed them together.
3. I
participated in pelleting the fish feed , cleaning of equipment and surrounding
of the fish meal unit
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