PIG REARING AND MANAGEMENT - PIGGERY BUSINESS IN NIGERIA - PIGGERY UNIT - Pig is an omnivorous
domesticated hoofed mammal with sparse bristly hair and a flat snout for
rooting in the soil, which is primarily reared for pork, bacon, ham and
sausages.
Pig productions can be
extensive, intensive or semi-intensive, depending on the choice of the owner.
But the system at Ebsu Teaching and Research Farm is highly intensive, where
the pigs are been taking care of under a strict close system and I think this
is the best production system for pig as individual feeding system also
facilitates individual medication of pigs through feed. This has more
significance to intensive farming methods, as the close proximity to other
animals enables diseases to spread more rapidly. To prevent disease spreading
and encourage growth, drug programs such as antibiotics, vitamins, hormones and
other supplements are administered preemptively.
BREEDS OF PIGS AT EBSU TEACHING AND RESEARCH FARM
·
Large White and Landrace.
·
Large White, also
known as the English Large White, is a breed of domestic pig originating in
Yorkshire, hence also known as the Yorkshire pig. First recognized in 1868, the
breed is the progenitor of the American Yorkshire (or simply Yorkshire) in
North Arrierica, The Large White is one of the most numerous of all pig breeds,
widely used in crossbreeding for intensive pig farming around the world today.
·
Landrace is a medium
to large breed of domestic pig, white in colour, with long bodies, fine hair,
long snouts, and heavy, drooping ears. They are bred for pork production and
mostly for crossbreed.
STRUCTURES IN THE PIGGERY
UNIT
Water Trough: This is a
section in the pen where clean drinking water is offered to the pigs. Water
Troughs are very important, it's imperative to offer the pigs, regardless of
age, a clean water source, encouraging them to drink, which will encourage them
to eat, increasing growth and improving condition.
Feeding Trough:
It is a place where formulated feeds are kept for the pigs.
Wallow System: it is a partition
constructed with reinforced" concrete where water are constantly available
for the purpose of reducing the body-temperature of the pig.
Growers pen: This is a partition
kept for newly weaned pigs.
Breeding Pen: this is a partition
in the piggery unit kept for the sole purpose: of breeding
Isolation Pen: it is partition in
the piggery unit carried out to keep sick animals.
Quarantine pen:
this is a partition in the piggery unit where newly introduced pigs are kept to
determine their health condition before introducing to the rest flock.
Nursing pen: This is partition
set aside for the purpose of nursing dam.
THE MAJOR ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN THE PIGGERY UNIT
INCLUDES
· Feeding and regular provision of water
· Record keeping
· Medication
· Castration
· Sanitation
SANITATIONS
This is carried on daily
bases and it includes sweeping, packing of swine dung's in the pens and washing
water trough.
FEEDING AND PROVISSION OF WATER
Feeding and provision of
water is of routine activities carried out in the piggery unit where a well
formulated feed are placed in their .feeding troughs of the pigs while water is
regularly provided both in their wallow system and water troughs. And these
things are part of the daily activities that are carried out daily in the
piggery unit. :
FEED INGREDIENT USE FOR
FORMULATION OF FEED IN THE PIGGERY
UNIT
Feed Formulation:
We feed on both concentrates
and forages and all is given the same time per day.
S/N
|
QAUXTITY
|
PRODUCT WEIGTH
|
||||
4bags
|
PKC
|
50p/bag
|
||||
Sbass
|
Maize Chaff
|
250kg
|
||||
3
|
7 bags
|
Wheat Chaff
|
350kg
|
|||
4
|
I bag
|
Bambara groundnut
|
50kg
|
|||
5
|
7 bag
|
Spay Green
|
||||
6
|
1 satchet
|
Premix
|
||||
8
|
Salt
|
1kg
|
||||
8
|
Sleight
|
1kg
|
||||
9
|
Bone Meal
|
|||||
(a) Treatment: Ectosol = It is use to drive away injurious ants. Fish
Meal - Consists of whole fish or fish cuttings (by-products) with or without
the extraction of part of the oil/ dried and ground into a meal. Several types
depending on the type of fish used. Crude Protein ranges from 35% to 70%
depending on type of product ;\';hole fish or cuttings). Excellent protein
quality and source of B vitamins.
High in the content of Calcium and Phosphorus. At times it" could be imported or locally made to
serve the immediate need.
·
Maize Grain - Is palatable and suitable to every livestock. It is
the most valuable energy source among cereals. It has a high starch . content
(about 65%), about 4% oil and a low fibre content.
·
Yellow maize has
higher vitamin A content than white, maize. Vitamin A deficiency may have
deleterious effect on pigs. Yellow maize should be preferred in monogastrics
animals and should be properly dried before using it for feed formulation in
pig.
·
Groundnut Cake - The groundnut is cultivated for its important use
around the world today, especially on production of swine. The residual oil in
groundnut cake may cause soft fat in pigs; therefore, the extracted
decorticated meal is preferable for pig feeding. The seeds contain a trypsin
inhibitor which is neutralized by heat during oil extraction.
·
After oil extraction
the resulting cake contains 40 to 45% protein of medium biological value. The
energy content is above 2600kcal ME/kg. It must be well dried before storage to
avert development of mould
in it.
·
Prim Kernel Cake - Palm kernel cake (PKC) as a by-product in the
milling of palm kernel oil. Palm kernel cake is considered a medium grade
protein in feed, containing 1.4.6% to 16.0% crude protein and energy of about
2000kcal ME/kg, useful for fattening pig. Palm kernel cake (a by-product of Oil Palm - Elaeis guineansis) has
since become .an important feed ingredient.
·
Soya Bean Meal - Soya
bean meal contained highly digestible amino acid content for pig/it can be use
in absent of groundnut cake.
·
Bone Meal - It is a
good source of calcium and phosphorus that help in bone improvement and support
skeleton in the body of the animal, And typically it has about 48-52% protein,
33-35% ash, 8-12% fat, and 4—7% moisture.
·
It is primarily used
in the formulation of feed for pigs to improve the amino acid profile of the feed.
·
Brewers Dry Grains
[BDG1 - Brewers grains are the solid residue left after the extraction of malt
in the production of beer, malt extracts and malt vinegar. Brewer's grain are
yielded at the end of the mashing process once all sugars have been removed
from the grain (previously malted or not). The remaining product is thus a
concentrate of proteins, fibres and vitamins suitable for pig feeding. Brewers
grains can be used in feeding applications with monogastric animals. It is
quite palatable and is readily consumed by animals. Brewers grains are good
sources of protein and of water soluble vitamins. However, wet brewers grains
are bulky feed with low energy content. It has fiber content of 20% and energy
content of about 218% and it must be dried properly before mixing with other
feed ingredients.
·
Oyster Shell - Oyster
shell is lower than of bone meal, and it has calcium content of about 35% and
has no phosphorus in it.
·
Sweet Potato - This is another good source energy and it has to be
properly boiled and'be given directly to the pigs. This can also be compounded
in the pig feed when dried and grinded, It is use to replace maize at a great
length.
·
Cassava Chaff and
Sievate - One of the major limitation in the use of cassava is the presence of
anti - nutrition factor. Hydrocyanic acid (ITCN). The cassava must be properly
dried before mixing with other feed ingredient.
RECORD KEEPING
To keep records is simply to
collect relevant information that can help you to take good decisions and to
keep track of activities, production and important events on a farm. Records
can be about any performance of the animals, economic development, or any
activity of the farmer or veterinarian.
But in F.bsu Teaching and
Research Farm, we keep record of the following : Boar number, Sow number,
Litter number, Service farrowing and weaning dates, Number born alive and
dead.
. .
Reasons for Record Keeping
a. Be us :-d in determining profitability of various techniques used
at the tarm
b. Be used to keep your memory on what you did and/or what happened
c. Be used in decision making, especially on a strategic level
d. Be used to compare the efficiency of use of inputs, such as land,
labour and capital, for example when implementing a new / alternative systems
e. Help the farmer/investor in
improving the efficiency
of farm's
operations.
Revenue Record Example:
Date
|
No of pig sold/slaughtered
|
Total cost
|
Average total cost
|
Remarks
|
Stock Record Example:
Date: ………………………………
Farm:
………………………………
breed:
……………………………………
Source:………………………… ………
month …………………………….
year: …………………………………
Total number of
|
||
Boar
|
||
Total number of Sow
|
||
Total number of Piglets
|
||
Total number of all crossbreed
|
||
Total number of all Diire breed.
|
Breeding Record Example:
SOW I
|
Sow II
|
SOW III
|
Remark
|
|
Boar Used
|
||||
Date of mating
|
||||
Date of farrowing
|
||||
Litter size
|
||||
Average weight of the piglet
|
Date: …………………………………………
Farm:…………………………………………
breed:…………………………………………
breed:…………………………………………
Source:………………………………………
month …………………………………
year: ……………………………
month …………………………………
year: ……………………………
Date
|
Balance
|
Feed Consumer
|
Medication
|
Remark
|
CASTRATION
Castration is any action,
surgical, chemical or otherwise, by which a biologic"! male loses
use of the testes.
But in Ebsu teaching and
research farm we use open castration method to castrate piglet that are between
3 to 4 months old. And the following
processes and drug were
used.
a. Restrain the wanted
animal.
b. Shave the part you want
to castrate and also use detol on it to control infection.
c. Give the animal local anesthesia e.g. lignocaine.
d. Do what is called gentle
massage to get the injected drug round the area.(Leave for Sminutes).
e. Hold the testis gently
and cut through the skin with a sharp surgical blade or razor blade to push the
it out, don't forget to ligate the testis artery with chronic catgut once the
is out to control bleeding.(It is advice to ligate in double space to avoid
risk of loose).
f. After removing the two testis, mix 2ml of procaine penicillin
with 1ml streptomycin and inject at the castrated area before incision.
g. Spray oxytetravet to act as an anti-biotic to the animal and
the castrated animal has to be kept in the isolation pen to avoid stress from
other pigs, (and you are done).
Drugs used for pigs.
a. Lignocaine
b. Oxytetravet
c. Procaine penicillin and streptomycin.
PIG GLOSSARY
·
All-in, All-out
production - A production system whereby animals are moved into and out of
facilities in distinct groups. By preventing the commingling of groups, the
hope is to reduce the spread of disease. Facilities are normally cleaned and
disinfected thoroughly between groups of animals
·
Barrow - A neutered
male is a barrow and the adult male is a boar.
·
Biosecurity -
Diseases can be easily spread between herds and a strict isolation and
sanitation program is normally practiced.
·
Boar - a term for a male domestic swine suitable for breeding.
·
Cooling - Cooling
systems normally involve evaporating water to lower the temperature of the
pigs. Generally used only for the
breeding-gestation herd. Cooling also takes place by air movement in hot
weather.
·
Corn Belt - The area
of the United States where corn is a principal cash crop, including Iowa,
Indiana, most of Illinois, and parts of Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South
Dakota, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
·
Denitrification - The
biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen, either as
molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.
·
Farrowing - The
period from birth to weaning.
·
Farrow to Finish
Operation - A production system that contains all production phases,
from breeding to gestation
to farrowing to nursery to grow-fir.ishing to market.
·
Feeder Pig
Operation-- Breeder sells pigs out of the nursery phase to a finishing
operation to grow them out to market weight.
·
Finisher Pig -
Production phase between the nursery and market.
·
Finishing Operation -
The operation purchases feeder pigs from a fcc-der pig operation and feeds them
to market weight at 240 to 260 ibs. Historically, producers purchased feeder
pigs at auctions, but because of disease
transmission concerns/ most operations now bypass auctions and buy
all of their animals from the same supplier.
·
Gestation - The 113
to 116 day period when the sow is pregnant from breeding until farrowing.
·
Gilt -Young female,
up to about 6 mos old.
·
Grow Finish - Pig
between nursery and market, usually takesl4-16 wee.
·
Hand Mating - An
individual female that is ready to be bred is exposed to an individual boar in
a small pen for a few minutes, under the supervision of the producer. Heat -
Refers to the estrous period for the sow. The first estrous normally occurs 3
to 5 days after the pigs are weaned.
·
Hog - Generic term,
usually applied to growing swine.
·
Hoop Structure - A
low cost, uninsulated and naturally ventilated building used for older swine. The floor is mostly earthen
and typically bedded with straw.
·
Lactating - Period
when a sow is providing milk to her pigs.
·
Limit Feeding -
Feeding strategy in which pigs are fed a specific amount of food in a specific
time period Vs free access to feed. Limit feeding is common in Europe, but normally only used for
gestation animals in the Nigeria.
·
Litter - The pigs
that are born at one time to one sow - normally 8-12 pigs.
·
Marketing - When they
reach market weight, the grow-finish pigs are sold for processing to the
packing plant. Market Weight - 240 to 260 Ibs.
·
Mating - Breeding a
sow or gilt after the onset of estrus and before ovulation, may include at
least two services by different boars to ensure successful mating.
·
Mechanical
Ventilation - The use of mechanical ventilation fans to pull air through the
animal building.
·
Non-Productive Sow
Days - Days a sow is neither lactating or gestating.
·
Nursery - The growth
phase from weaning until they enter the grow-finish building.
·
Pen - Most swine are
grouped together in pens, whether kept in a shelter or in a fenced open lot. The number of animals penned
together may be less than 10 to several hundred, but is normally between 15 and
30.
·
Pen Mating - Boar is
placed in a pen with group of sows to allow for breeding.