INTRODUCTION
A microprocessor is a computer processor on a
microchip. It is sometimes called a logic chip. Definition, a microprocessor is
an integrated circuit that contains all the function of a central processing
unit of a computer. It also incorporates the functions of a computer’s central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit. It serves as the brain of
all computers.
Microprocessor Architecture?
Microprocessor architecture refers to the layout of
components with a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).
Back end table for the Intel 8080
micro-processor
Except for two additional instructions the 8085
instruction set is identical and fully compatible with the 8080 instruction.
14
October 2011, a microprocessor is the heart, the soul as well as the brain of
instruction set computers.
Types of
Microprocessor
(1)
8 bit
(2)
16 bit
(3)
32 bit
(4)
64 bit
The different types of microprocessors induces:-
1. 8080 (1974) microprocessors
This increased the 4004’s word length from four to
eight bits, and doubled the volume of information that could be processed.
2. 8080 (
was produce in the year (1974) this 8080 were 20 times as fast as the 4004 and
contained twice as many transistors. This 8-bit chip represented a
technological milestone. It was perhaps most notable as the processor in the
first kit computer.
3. 8088
was produced in the year (1979) the created as a version of intel’s 8086, the
8088 was 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus. This chip became the most
ubiquitous in the computer industry when IBM chose it for its first pc.
4. 80286
microprocessor was produced in the year (1982) with 16 MB of addressable memory
and IGB of virtual memory, this 16-bit chip is referred to as the first modern
microprocessor novices were introduced to desktop computing with a “286
machine” and it because the dominant chip 1 x s times it contained 130,000
transistors.
5. 80386
microprocessor it was produce in (1985), 80466 in (1989).
The price /performance curve continued its steep climb
with the 386 and later the 486 – 32- bit processors that brought real computing
to masses.
6. 4004
microprocessor produced in (1970) the 4004 processor, used in a hand-held
calculator built by busicon of Japan, was part of a four –chip set called the 4000
family. 4 – bit microprocessors.
History
The 4 – bit
microprocessors was the first general purpose microprocessor introduced on the
market. The basign of the early microprocessor was derived from that of the
desk calculator. The intel 4004, a 4-bit design, was the grandfather of
microprocessors. It was not designed as a general –purpose computer. The
shortcomings of the 4004 were recognized as soon as it was introduced. But it
was the first general purpose computing device on a chip to be placed on the
market many of the chips introduced at about the same time by other companies,
infact, were calculations a single bit at a time.
CLASSIFICATION
(1)
Central
processing unit
(2)
Microprocessor
application
(3)
Semiconductor
technology of their design
Advantages of Microprocessor
(1)
Microprocessor is
a general purpose electronic processing devices.
(2)
It is a chip that
incorporate configurable logic that can reduce the energy.
Disadvantages of Microprocessor
(1)
It is found in a
personal computer’s chip
(2)
It has limitation
on the size of data
(3)
Most
microprocessor does not support floating point operation.
(4)
Over heating
physically
(5)
Not bit
addressable
Comparison between microprocessor and
microcomputer
Microprocessor and a microcomputer
comparing the design microcontrollers, in contrast are usually implanted into
machines and other electronics. The mc6800 microprocessor was part of the m6800
microcomputer system that is also the device needed only on + 5 – volt power
supply, in contrast with the intel 8080’s. example of microprocessor,
microcontroller, microcomputer and CPU.
Microprocessors, has multi-chip and
it is one component of the microcomputer.
What is Microcomputers
Microcomputers
are a computer that uses a microprocessor for their CPU. Definition,
microcomputer is an compact and relatively inexpensive computer with less
capacity. Example, home computer, personal computer and mainframe computer .
Types of Microcomputer
(1)
home computer
(2)
mainframe
computer
(3)
personal computer
(4)
mini computer
(5)
notebook computer
(6)
international
business machines (IBM)
Advantages of a Microcomputer
(1)
They are small
and portable
(2)
They are
relatively
(3)
Least expensive
of all computer
(4)
They cannot
occupy space
(5)
Easy access
Disadvantages
(1)
They are volatile
(2)
They are
expensive
(3)
They are often occupying
entire
(4)
They were large
Difference between microprocessor and
microcomputer
|
|
Microprocessor
|
Microcomputer
|
|
1
|
It
is a computer chip
|
it
is also a computer chip
|
|
2
|
it
is a simple central processing unit (CPU)
|
it is also a simple central
processing unit (CPU)
|
|
3.
|
It
can design
|
It
can also design
|
|
4.
|
It
can process and controls
|
It
can also process and controls
|
|
5.
|
It
executes instructions
|
It
can also executes instructions
|
Definition
of Instruction Set
An
instruction set is the part of the computer architecture related to
programming. The instruction set of a computer is the collection of commands
that is central processing unit can carryout instruction set nomenclature.
Include, status register (SRCG). SRCG. Status register C: carry flag Z:zero
flag N: negative.
Instruction set and encoding the dual- register set
makes sense as the 280. Like most microprocessors at the time and it is very
similar, load and store instructions.
Types of instruction Set
(1)
The 8051
instruction set
(2)
Reduced instruction
set computer (RISC)
The instruction set 280 microprocessor
and 8086
Microprocessor
Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by
Intel. It implemented an instruction set designed by data point corporation
with time to counter the threat from the zilog z80.
Instruction set and encoding the
dual –register set makes sense as the 280..
Intel 8080
The
intel 8080 was the second 8-bit microprocessor designed influenced intel’s 8086
CPU, which spawned the x86 family of processors. It uses the same basic
instruction set and register model as the 8008.
Intel 8086
5th
February 2013, intel 8086 instruction set includes a few very powerful string
instructions. The z1log z80 includes, move and search block instructions, and
Motorola 68000 could execute.
History of computing
Microprocessors
It
contains the equivalent of 2300 transistors and was a 4 bit processor. CP/m was
written for the z80 as well as software like word star and dbasell –and it
formed the basis for the Sinclair.
It
has an instruction set of 300 operations intel CPU design to the 8086 powerful
design it was able to hold its own against the later designed.
History of the microcomputer
Hoff was able to contrast the design with the DEC
perform, intel CPU design to the 8086. in late 1969, after the 4004 instruction
on se had been defined.
RISC vs CISC
For example, the 8086 microprocessor family has these
instructions by contrast, the produced instruction set computer (RISC) concept
is to identify the speccy used the other popular processor. 5th
February 2013 intel 8086 instruction set includes compare data blocks, set data
block etc. 280 included move and search block instructions.
Addressing Mode
An addressing mode is the aspect of the instruction
set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. This is also
the ways architecture specify the address of an object they want to access. The
80x86 memory addressing modes provide flexible access to memory.
What is relative Address
Relative and absolute addressing are used in a variety
of circumstances. Addressing mode 8051 www.ustudy.in:outline.
The
various addressing mode
(1)
register
addressing mode
(2)
relative
addressing mode
(3)
direct addressing
mode
(4)
indirect
addressing mode
(5)
relative
addressing mode
(6)
immediate
addressing mode
(1)
Register addressing
mode it is used to move data to and from registers and to manipulate the data
in a register
(2)
Indirect addressing mode: is where the operand is given an instruction
(3)
Immediate addressing mode: the operands value is specified at compile time
(4)
Relative addressing mode: is use to load a register from a constant stored in
(5)
Direct addressing mode: it added the ability to move the 256 byte.
REFERENCES
19
May 2012, Books – 1 Manual of Microprocessor and interfacing – Douglas v. Hall
3.
Microprocessor
and Microcomputer based system design second edition, 8086 instruction set. 70
REFERENCES/ FURTHER READING. Rafiquzzaman, M. (1995)
References
and a set of three to ten addressing modes (“from register O”)