ABSTRACT
Get Yours
Today: See Procedures Here
This
work which analysis the prospect and challenges of the new millennium development
goals (MDGs) in Nigeria. Millennium development goals are eight bound
inter-national development goals the world leaves endorsed at the united nation
millennium summit. It aimed to reducing the pre-dominant level of poverty in
the world especially the third world countries. In gathering the information;
the researcher distribute questionnaire to the selected respondents and a
simple face to face interview was also used.
The data collected was analysis
and hypothesis was tested using chi-square (x2) test hypothesis.
Recommendation made to government in meeting the target come 2015 include;
aggressive investment in poverty reduction. Schemes both by the public
non-governmental institutions should be embark massive investment in
agriculture and rural economic development etc.
TO GET THIS COMPLETE MATERIAL
PRICE:
Pay #10,000 Naira, (i.e. the price
for this material) into our account.
ACCOUNT DETAILS:
Bank: Ecobank
A/c No: 2691085510
Name: Martins Chima
NEXT STEP:
Send your teller no, name and email
address to 07030722911. We will confirm your payment within 3hrs (working
hours) and you will receive this topic material immediately after confirmation
through your e-mail.
We will also send a text
message to your mobile phone number informing you that we have sent you the
COMPLETE MATERIAL.
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE: ………………………………………………………… …. .i
APPROVAL
PAGE: ……………………………………………………. ii
DEDICATION:
…………………………………………………………. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
………………………………………………. iv
ABSTRACT:
……………………………………………………………… vi
TABLE
OF CONTENTS: ……………………………..…………………. vii
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION:
……….……………………………………………… 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: ………………………………. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: ……….……………………… 3
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: ……………………………… 4
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION: ……………..……………………….… 5
1.5 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY: ………………………………… 5
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: ……………………………….… 6
1.7 SIGNIFICANCES OF THE STUDY: …………………………….. 6
1.8 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
…………………. 7
CHAPTER
TWO:
LITERATURE
REVIEW: ………………………………………..……… 8
2.1 NIGERIA AND MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
(MDGS): ……………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.2 STRUCTURE
OF NIGERIA MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: ………………………………………………………..…… 18
2.3 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL-POLITICAL PROFILE OF
NIGERIA: ……………………………………………………………………………... 19
2.4 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES IN
NIGERIA: ……… 30
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY: ……………………………………….. 33
3.1 RESEARCH SAMPLE DESIGN: ………………………………… 33
3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN: ………………………..…………… 33
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY: …………………………………. 34
3.4 SAMPLE METHOD: …………………………………………….… 34
3.5 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION: …………………………… 35
3.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS: ………………………………… 35
3.7 SOURCES OF DATA: ……………………………………………… 36
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION:
……..……… 37
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: …………………………………………………………………………… 45
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: …………………………………… 45
5.2 CONCLUSION: …………………………………………………… 46
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS: ………………………………………… 46
REFERENCES
…………………………………………………………… 48
2.1 NIGERIA AND MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)
Following
the United Nations millennium declaration adopted at the millennium summit held
between 6 - 8th September 2000 in New York. Nigeria has been committed to the
realization of the millennium development goals MDGS) by 2015.
The
millennium development goals summarized the development goal agreed on at
international conference and world summits during the 1990s, which includes
eight goals, eighteen (18) targets and over forty (40) indicators.
Millennium
development goals have of today, taken a centre stage in most governmental
activities in the countries at federal; state and local government level. It
has been argued that Nigeria being the most populous country in African; with a
vast array of natural and human resources has the potential which is enough for
it to compete favourably with other countries of the G.7 (ie United state,
Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and United Kingdom). This view has been
supported by the report of Soludo (2007), Sachs (2007) NEEDS (2004) and host of
other studies on this content.
In
a study, NEEDS (2004) noted that, Nigeria has the potential to become Africa’s
largest economy and a major player in the global economy by virtue of its rich
human and material resource endowment, while Goldman Sachs (2007a) argued that
in the whole African continent only two countries have the potentials to be
among the G-20 by 2020 and these counties is Egypt and Nigeria. Yet, Nigeria is
having the least performance in terms of human and social indications. A report
by Noko (2012) reveal that Nigeria projected to be the most favourable country
to attain the G-20 in 2015 has remarkably not fared well in a good number of
the MDGS goals such goals as; eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, reduce
child mortality, combating of HIV/AID, malaria and other disease. Infact,
statistics reveal that Egypt has reduced poverty rate from 4.5% in 1991 to 2.6
in 2007 and underweight children from 10.4% in 1990 to 7.5% in 2008 while
Nigeria’s poverty rate increased from 49.2% in 1993 to 64.4% in 2004
underweight children reduced from 35.7% in 1990 to 28.7% in 2003 (United
Nation, 2009).
These
report from Noko (2012) and United Nation (2009) shows that Nigeria, however
projected to have eminent potential of development are not faring well in
reducing poverty and child mortality in the country. Hence, instead of reducing
poverty rate in the country it is rather increasing at an increasing rate.
Thus, the slow pace at which Nigeria is moving towards
achieving millennium development goals MDGS) led to one doubting the potential
of these various studies earlier carried on the MDGS in Nigeria. Previous
empirical studies such as Goldman Sachs (2007a; 2007b), Soludo (2007),
NEEDS(2004) and host of others predicted more generally Nigeria’s economics
potentials, but fall short of human and social indicators, which is the bedrock
of financial and indeed economic development. Furthermore, studies which focus
on MDGS forecasting relied heavily on baseline or naive projection of mostly,
unweighted geometrical average such as Agenor. Etal(2005; 2006), White and
Blondal (2011). In all this studies only one method is used in their analysis
of MDGS creating vacuum in their methodology which require to be filled.
Agenor.
etal (2005; 2006) used baseline projections on the basis of unweighted
geometric average of forecasting Nigeria, in applying her macroeconomic
framework. Thus, a serious drawback of unweighted geometric average is that, it
fails to capture data trends which lead to very poor forecast. If our minds is
rekindled, the problem facing Nigeria and many African countries is strategic
development planning, making choice between alternatives development path,
confronted with competitive global economic.
Moreover,
human and capital resources have become the core on which to build strategies
for future economic growth. The basis of any strategic development plans rest
on social, health, environment, human and technological indicator which the new
development paradigm contain (MDGS).
However,
Ebonyi state Nigeria has ventured into millennium development goals, its
prospect for achieving millennium development goals has been questioned given
the state of underdevelopment of a good number of the rural areas. This
underdevelopment state is manifested in the presence of extreme poverty &
hunger in the state, increasing rate of child mortality and mal-nourished, high
rate of infant death, compounding nature of malaria and other diseases on the
various citizens of the state. All this mal-functioning, nature of millennium
development goals in Nigeria especially Ebonyi state, warrant this study, on
the empirical analysis of the prospect of Nigeria in becoming among the G-20 in
2015.
PROSPECT OF NIGERIAN MEETING MDGS BY 2015
David Hulme (20007)
in a paper: The Making of the Millennium Development Goals: Human Development
meets Result-based management in an imperfect world, observed that two ideas –
human development and result based management- have been particularly
significant in shaping the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He explained
that though they seems unlikely intellectual, they significantly influence and
shape the pattern of direction of MDGs. He further observed that at time, the
ideas of human development and result based management were pursued as crucial
to survival of MDGs, when these ideas challenges the interests of powerful
groups or nations, their principles are compromised or assiduously avoided.
In a related
development, Hulme (2008) studied the process that led to the formulation and
implementation of MDGs and observed that it is an incremental and ongoing
process of negotiation and bargaining with no clear cut phases or precise end.
He is of the view that while the key actors presents policy as an outcome of a
linear rational process based on scientific analysis and weighing up evidence,
the real process that they are engaged in are quite different. He explained
that no leader or agency is ‘in control’ (see also Keeley and Scooneb,2003;
Stone, 2006)).
Olayode (2006),
argued that for MDGs objectives to be realized there is need for establishment
of an appropriate political and institutional framework to guide state
intervention, market reform and poverty alleviation. He observed that MDGs
being benefits accrued from globalisation requires Nigeria repositioning
through appropriate policy measure. He argued that with appropriate policy
measure, Africa in general and Nigeria in particular can more, attract more
capital flows and benefit immensely from full integration into the world
economy, which will culminate into speedy realisation of the MDGs objectives.
In another
development, Agbu (2006) observed that for Nigeria to part take of the benefits
of MDGs, it is imperative for the country to adopt a practical approach by collaborating
with the other countries of the South, and other south multilateral groups in
negotiating for better terms of engagement with the developed world. He sited
the membership of Nigeria in the Developing Eight (D -8), consisting of
Nigeria, Iran, Indonesia, Turkey, Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Malaysia who
unanimously agreed to promote trade among themselves through reforming there
custom services and other policies that hinders the free flow of goods and
services across their borders. This we believe is crucial to the fulfillment of
MDGs objectives and targets. He advocated for attraction of FDI in the
agriculture and manufacturing sectors as crucial to MDGs goals achievements as
it has the capacity to increase job creation and reduce poverty knowing that
about 70% of the rural populace engage in Agriculture and a strong relationship
between agric and manufacturing.
Aribigbola
Afolabi (2009) studied the institutional constraints to achieving the MDGs in
Nigeria, using the example of Akure Millennium City and Ikaram/Ibaram
Millennium Villages both in Ondo states, and observed that although both the
Millennium City and Millennium Village projects have taken off as programmed,
the effect of the program has not been widespread especially in Akure, though
the effect of the program seems visible in the millennium village. He
discovered that the problems which the programs are design to solve are still
widespread and lack adequate conceptualization of the programs militating
against full implementation of the project. He identified lack of
conceptualization and understanding both by the implementers and the will be
beneficiary (people at the grass root), over politization by the government,
lack of interest on the part of grass root would-be beneficiary/ community and
inadequate funding and capacity under utilization as the major problems
militating against the success of the project. He recommended collective
participation that will carry the community along in project design, and
implementation as crucial to achievement of the MDGs and complete removal of
civil service bureaucracy.
In a
related development, Ajayi (2008) studied the success of MDGs in Millennium
Village project and found out that Nigeria is at present off track and very
slow , when it come to MDGs implementation and execution. He therefore called
for a better understanding between the policy formulators and executors.
Similarly, Falade (2008) observed that most African countries are backward when
it comes to implementation and execution of the MDGs, when compared with other
region of the world. This, he explained is due to poor technical capacity in
formulating, implementing and monitoring the operational MDGs based Poverty
Reduction Strategy Process (PRSPS). Hassan Arif, Patel Shela and Satherwaite
David (2005) observed that MDGs represent a new attempt to increase the
effectiveness of development assistance in reducing poverty with a time bound
targets and strong commitment to monitor progress. They pointed out that in
order to achieve these laudable MDGs objectives, it is imperative to address
the need for water sanitation, health care, schools, employment and poverty
crisis especially among the less developed economies.
Adam
Elhirika (2005) observed that despite recent increase in average growth rate of
most African countries from about 4.3 percent to 4.6 percent in 2003 and 2004
respectively, as a result of global expansion that led to higher demand and
prices for commodities, a significant increase in Official Development Assistance,
driven mainly by debt relief and emergency assistance, improving macroeconomic
stability, the continent will have a long way to go if sustainable growth is to
be achieved as specified in the MDGs targets. He identified unpredictable
weather conditions, concentration of production and exports in the commodity
market, and volatile external capital flows too week in comparism with those of
other parts of the world. He noted that Official Development Assistance (ODA)
represents the main source of development financing for many African countries,
reaching over $23 million for sub-Sahara Africa in 2003, and far exceeding debt
service payment in that year. This notwithstanding, aid flows to Africa remain
volatile and cannot meet the MDGs financing needs even if the goal of 0.7
percent of rich countries GNP is achieved. He concluded by saying to ensure
reality of MDGs, Africa’s development partners are urged to move faster to
ensure all their policies – on ODA, market access and debt – are consistent
with meeting MDGs. Wing Thye Woo, Gordon McCord and Jeffrey Sachs (2005)
observed that MDGs offers Africa a way of escape out of poverty trap. Poverty
trap being too poor to grow – they plead with the Western policymakers to fully
support the MDGs and encourage increase in public investments so as to produce
a large step increase in Africa’s underlying productivity, both rural and
urban. They noted that foreign donors will be critical to achieving this
substantial step increase.
On the
other hand, Yonghyup Oh (2005) was of the opinion that MDGs is a combination of
enhanced foreign intervention, more external money and top-down approach having
a potential of depriving recipients of the spirit of independence as their eyes
are clue to free launch offer by the donor agencies. Another area of concern as
noted by Noko(2011), is the post MDGs implementation periods, in other words,
what become of MDGs after 2015. He argued that since MDGs focus mainly on
building up infrastructure to produce more public goods, chances are that poor
funding may set in after 2015, the terminal year of MDGs, at this point, he
asked what becomes of successful MDGs projects.
Roy Culpeper
(2005) appreciates the global commitment to move about 50 percent poor of the
world out of extreme poverty by 2015 through MDGs projects. However, he
advocated for a more thorough approach on the ground that not just 50 percent,
but 100 percent of the people living in poverty should be elevated. He
explained that if we still had 40 percent or 50 percent of humanity struggling
to subsist at between one and two dollars a day, then we needs a deeper
approach to fighting poverty. He equally observed that MDGs pay little or no
significant attention to poverty in the urban economy, he is of the opinion
that the MDGs should focus as well on provision of decent employment in the
productive sector for urban dwellers. He advocated for restructuring of the tax
system which he described as being regressive at current based on the extreme
reliance on sales and consumption tax system. He argued that most developing
economies, elites hardly pay tax (a very regressive distributional tax system).
Mistry (2005)
observed that MDGs are laudable projects aimed at poverty reduction. He
established a divergence between MDGs and Developmental goals. He pointed out
that ever since independence, most Africa states have been faced with
developmental failure, and he observed that aid to Africa has not worked
because human, social and institutional capital – not financial capital – poses
as biding constraint. He advocated for a shift in foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) on concentration of funding to a blend of funding and know-how so as to
maximize the benefits of MDGs Benno Ndulu, Lolette Kritzinger-Van and Ritra
Reinikka in Jan Joost Teunissen (2005) were of the opinion that MDGs are the
finest set of goals or promises to the third world especially African
countries, however there is need to blend MDGs with economic growth. They
identify four major reasons for Africa’s slow growth: low capital accumulation;
high price of investment goods for African investors; low productivity of
investment; and geographical disadvantages. They advocated for aggressive
investment in infrastructure as key to economic growth that will complement
MDGs achievements and improved social outcomes. Furthermore, they identify the
importance of regional cooperation and integration. According to them, regional
integration helps growth and infrastructure and vice versa, which will have a
lasting effect on MDGs beyond 2015
2.2 STRUCTURE OF NIGERIA MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Consequent
to the summit held in New York by the world leaders in September 2000.
Participating countries are expected to develop policies, strategies and
program that will facilitate the achievement of millennium development goals.
This, led to the creation of MDGS affairs in different countries leaded by
senior special assistant to the president on MDGS (SSAP-MDGS). Since then, it
is commonly known at the MDGS office, subsequently, other offices were opened
in all 36 states and they have been operating on projects and program down the
ladder to local government.
The
MDGS office functions as sectariat to the presidential committee, which guides
the nation towards the achievement of MDGS. The structure of the presidential
committee consist of; The president, vice president, sectary to the government,
head of civil sources, representatives from ministries and agencies, six
governors, one member each from upper and lower house of assembly, private
sector, civil society, international partners; SSAP MDGs and special adviser to
the president on project and programs.
In the quest towards achieving
Millennium Development Goals by government; victual poverty fund (VPF) was
established to house debt relief gains. In the year 2007, two innovative
mechanisms for achieving the MDGs were put in place. First, conditional grant
scheme (CGS), to states and subsequently to local government to execute
projects and programs. Second, was social safety net scheme which provide cash
or in kind transfer to the poorest in the society. Since the MDGs office has
been coming up with one scheme or the other to galvanize effort to achieve the
MDGs by 2015.
2.3 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL- POLITICAL PROFILE OF
NIGERIA
Prior
to independence in 1960, Nigeria economy largely depended on agriculture;
contributing to over 80% of her export earning and above 60% in her gross
domestic product. However, with the discovery of oil in large quantity and the
rise of oil price in the international market early 1970s, oil refining
overtook agriculture as the dominant sector of the economy.
Consequently,
oil revenue grew above 200%, this boom in the economy from revenue generated
from the sales of oil was not properly and efficiently used. The period was
characterized by high profile of Corruption, mismanagement of the oil funds,
policy inconsistency and lack of technical know-how.
Despite the enormous amount
generated from the sales of oil, Nigeria is still called developing countries.
Noko(2011), argues that between 1990- 2005, Nigeria earnings from oil grew at
an average of 10.6%, yet the number of people living on a less than
US$1.25 per day over the years has
increased to 36%.(AFRODAD,2005 ; world bank, 2008).
Our
country endured almost 30 years of military rule in the four decades of her
independence with negative consequences on its socio-economic situation. Under
military rule, loans were irresponsibly contracted by the military leadership
who plundered the nation’s wealth including external loans for personal
enrichment. During these periods, corruption and looting were at rampage and
serious violation of human rights. Apart from the fact that military rule is
characterized by lack of transparency, accountability and good governance. Much
of the failure of policy and lack of development has been attributed to the
abnormal situation where country is denied democracy and the rule of law, but
rather forcefully subject to military rule.(AFRODAD, 2005). The hope that the
country lost glory, relief, development and rapid socio-economic growth became
dashed as “misguided macroeconomics and debts management policies under
civilian government have meet continued sluggish growth of real GDP, high
inflation and deepening poverty”.(AFRODAD, 2005).
Nigeria despite the advent of
democracy entered the third millennium with poor economic record. Between 1999
and 2003, growth in real output averaging 3.5% per annum and with an average
population growth rate of 2.8% per annum. This economic picture looks bleak and
far behind the required minimum growth rate of real GDP of 7% per annual to
significantly reduce the number of people living in absolute poverty by half in
2015 and lead to the realization of the Millennium Development Goals(UNDP,
2006).
The
2010 report by the office of the senior special assistant to the president of
Nigeria on MDGs reveals that the macroeconomics performance in Nigeria has been
buoyed by better fiscal and debt sustainability level and growth improvement.
This he stated has taken growth from the “below 1% level it maintained in the
past five years and stabilized it at above six percent since the return of
democracy. Growth, it observes has come largely from non-oil sector, mostly
agriculture and service sector. The oil sector account for less than 25% of the
GDP despite providing 95% of foreign earnings,
and 65% of government revenue.
Table
2.1 below shows the Nigeria macroeconomic performance from 1990 to 2009(source:
CBN statistical bulletin).