4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Shows the properties of the soil before the study. The
soil is sandy loam in texture. The results further shows that pH is 5.8 organic. Carbon and nitrogen are 1.82
and 0.11%. Calcium and Mg dominated exchange complex of soil. Exchangeable
acidity is 1.4 Cmo/kg-1.
Table 1: Shows
the result of the initial soil properties.
TABLE 1 INITIAL
ON SOIL PROPERTIES
|
SOIL
PROPERTIES
|
VALUES
|
|
Sand
|
44
|
|
Silt
|
19
|
|
Clay
|
16
|
|
Textural class
|
Sand Loamy
|
|
pH (H2o)
|
5.8
|
|
% Oc
|
1.82
|
|
% Om
|
3.13
|
|
%Nitrogen
|
0.11
|
|
Na
|
0.17
|
|
K
|
0.15
|
|
Ca
|
4.0
|
|
Mg
|
2.0
|
|
EA (Acidity (cmol/kg)
|
1.4
|
Table 2
shows nutrient composition of treatments.
The treatments pH followed the trend CAN>WA>RHA.
Wood ash had the highest calcium while RHA had Mg value of 1.912 Comol Kg-l.
sodium and K were least in RHA and CAN. Rice husk ash and CNA recorded highest
values of 4.48 and 1.051%.
Table 2:
Nutrient composition of treatment
|
Treatment
|
(pH H2O)
|
OC OM
|
N
|
Na
|
K
|
Ca2+
|
Mg4+
|
|
|
Wood Ash
|
9.8
|
.28
|
6.00
|
0.126
|
0.008
|
0.016
|
3.88
|
1.824
|
|
Rice
hu sk Ash
|
6.7
|
4.48
|
7.68
|
0.051
|
0.005
|
0.014
|
0.52
|
1.912
|
|
Coconut ash
|
9.9
|
2. 39
|
4.12
|
1.501
|
0.011
|
0.72
|
0.72
|
0.288
|
4.0 EFFECT
OF TREATMENTS ON SOME SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
4.1 Dispersion Ratio
The result (Table 3) shows that
there was no statistically significant difference among the treatment at (P>0.05)
in disperasion ratio. The plot treated
with coco nut ash recorded 0.89 value of soil dispersion ratio as the highest
value, while the lowest value (0.70) was in control. This represents a percent
increase of a dispersion ratio in CAN treated plot relative to control plot.
4.2 Hydraulic
Conductivity
There was significant difference among the treatments
at (p>0.05) compared to control. The highest value of 74 cm/mins was in
control while the lowest was recorded in husk ash which had the value of 59.
This increased by 10 in hydraulic conductivity in control over the RHA treated
plot.
4.1.2 Bulk Density.
The result shows that there was
statistically significant difference in bulk density among the treatments (P<0.05)
relative to control. The result shows that control recorded 1.68 which is
higher than, other treated plots. Again, bulk density of treated plots was
significantly (P<0.05) lower than control.
4.1.3 Total
Porosity
Control plot, recorded the lowest value of 37%,The
highest values of total porosity were recoded by CNA and RHA.
The
treated plots were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in total porosity relative
to control. Wood ash treated plots had higher total porosity than other wastes
treated plots.
TABLE 1: Effect of Treatments on Some
Soil Physical Properties
|
Treatment
|
DR%
|
HC cm/mins
|
BDg/cm3
|
TP%
|
|
O
|
0.70
|
74
|
1.68
|
37
|
|
WA
|
0.78
|
65
|
1.55
|
42
|
|
CAN
|
0.89
|
66
|
1.45
|
45
|
|
RHA
|
0.77
|
59
|
1.45
|
45
|
|
FLSD(0.05)
|
NS
|
6.4
|
0.02
|
1.1
|
O = Control, WA = Wood Ash, CNA = Coconut
Ash, RHA =
Rice
Husk Ash
EFFECT OF TREATMENT ON SOIL pH, OM, N
AND available p
4.3.1 Soil
pH of Water:
The result on soil pH in water is
shown on Table 4. The result showed significant difference among the treatments
at (P>0.05) in plots treated with wastes and control. The highest soil pH of
6.6 was obtained from the plots treated with wood ash. The control plots gave
the lowest value of pH of 6.0. There was decrease in pH value in pre-planting result
(Table 1). Compared to post harvest values. The result indicates that
application of coconut ash can increase the pH value of the soil.
4.3.2 Organic matter
The result of soil organic matter shows
no significant difference between control and wastes treated plots. The highest
value of 3.2 was obtained from the plots treated with rice husk ash while the
lowest of 3.0 was recorded from the plots treated with coconut husk ash.
4.2.4 Total
Nitrogen
The result of the soil total
Nitrogen shows that there was not significant. The highest difference in total Nitrogen between treated plots and control.
value of 0.126% was recorded in coconut shell treated plots. The plots treated
with Rice husk ash and the control recorded the same value of total Nitrogen of
0.096%.
4.2.5 Available
Phosphorus
There was no significant differences
among the treatments at (P>0.05). The highest P value of 16.79 was obtained
from the plots treated with rice husk ash while coconut shell ash plots gave
the lowest value of 10.20 phosphorus.
TABLE 4 :
EFFECT OF TREATMENTS ON PH, OM, N AND available P
|
Treatment
|
pH in H2O
|
OM
|
N
|
P
|
|
O
|
6.0
|
3.07
|
0.112
|
13.06
|
|
WA
|
6.6
|
3.07
|
0.098
|
13.06
|
|
CAN
|
6.2
|
3.0
|
0.126
|
10.206
|
|
RHA
|
6.1
|
3.2
|
0.098
|
16.79
|
|
FLSD (0.0-5)
|
0.19
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
O = Control, WA = Wood Ash, CNA = Coconut Ash, RHA =
Rice Husk Ash
4.3 Effect
of Treatments on Soil exchangeable cations
Table 4 shows effect of treatments on
exchangeable
The values of Mg and K were significantly (P<0.05)
higher in wastes treated plots except in Wood ash and coco nut ash relative to
control. However, Wood ash significantly (P<0.05) increased Ca when compared
to control. Cation exchangeable capacity was significantly (P<O.05) lower in
wastes amended plots than control. The Ca and Mg dominated the exchange complex
of soil.
TABLE 4
EFFECTS OF TREATMENTS ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
|
Treatment
|
Ca
|
Mg
|
K
|
CEC
|
|
O
|
3.6
|
1.4
|
0.13
|
12.2
|
|
WA
|
4.4
|
2.3
|
0.23
|
11.3
|
|
CAN
|
3.6
|
2.6
|
0.16
|
11.6
|
|
RHA
|
2.8
|
3.6
|
0.23
|
10.4
|
|
FLSD(0.05)
|
0.07
|
1.4
|
0.02
|
0.20
|
O = Control,
WA = Wood Ash, CNA = Coconut Ash, RHA = Rice husk ash
4.4 Effect
of different ash on plant height and shoot
dry matter
Plant Height
Table
5 Shows effect of treatments on
plant height and shoot matter.
Plant
height and shoot dry weight were not significantly (p<0.05) affected by
treatment. However, different wastes treatments increased plant height and
shoot dry weight when compared with control.
Plant height increased in the order of coconut ash > rice husk ash
> wood ash >control. While shoot dry weight increased as coconut ash >
wood ash > rice husk ash > control.
Table 5
effects of ash on plant height and shoot dry matter
|
Treatment
|
Plant
height(cm)
|
Germination%
|
Shoot dry matter(kg)
|
|
O
|
73.80
|
83.20
|
0.68
|
|
WA
|
80.20
|
75.60
|
0.81
|
|
CA
|
81.00
|
77.80
|
0.83
|
|
BRHA
|
77.80
|
96.40
|
0.77
|
|
FLSD
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
O = Control, WA = Wood Ash, CNA = Coconut
Ash, RHA =
Rice Husk Ash
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
The soils are low in pH and poor in plant nutrient
elements. In spite of that, the ash materials were able to improve the pH of
soil by raising pH from 5.8 to 6.6. Generally, essential plant nutrient such as
exchangeable Ca, K and Mg including the fertility index like CEC were improved
upon due to ash amendments. The organic carbon and total nitrogen were improved
by the ash amendments. The maize height performance was enhanced by the soil
amendments with ash while the highest plant height yield coming from the plot
amended with coconut ash.
5.1 Recommendation
The treatments amended namely as wood ash, Rice husk
ash, coconut ash improved some physical properties like bulk density. Wood ash was best sources of liming agent
among all other ashes amended with soil.
REFERENCE
Badalucco, L. Grego, S. Dell’ or Cos and Nannipievip.
(1992) Effect of liming on some chemilo, Biochemical and (Pilca abiesl) Biol
Fertile soil 14.76:83.
Balasubramaniam, A.S., Lin, O.G., Acharya, S.S.S.
Kamruzzaman, A>H.M (1999). Behaviour of soft bongkok clay treated with
additives, proceeding of 11th Asian Regional conference on soil
mechanic and Geotechnical Engineering seoul. vol 1: 11-14 1999
Blake, G.R. and Hartge, K.H. (1986). Bulk density in:
A Klute, Editor Methods of soil analysis, Db is a widely Used physical
property.
Brady, N.C. (1999). The nature and properties of soil
Macmillan pub cc. Inc pp 200-2 10 Bremmer, in. (1982). The soil PH by
electronic method usingl:2:5, soil water ratio, total nitrogen is used macro -
Kj e h d a I.
Bremner, JM, and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982). Total Nitrogen
In Page AL, Miller, RH, Keenv, DR (eds), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part ASA No
9. Madison.
Chesire, M.V. and Hayses, MHB (1990) composition,
origins, structures and reactive of soil polysaccharides. In De Boodt not,
Hayes MHB Herbillion A (eds) soil colloids and their Associations in
Aggregates, pp 307-336 New York, Plenum.
Chiou, C.T., Mallolm, R., Brunton, J.I and kile, D.E.
( 1986). Water solubility enhancement of some organic pollutants and pesticides by dissolved humic
and fluvic acids. Environ Science Technology 20:502--508
Christensen, T. H. (1989). Cadmium soil sorption at
low concentrations: VIII. Correlation with soil parameters. Water Air and
Soil Pollution 44: 71-82.
Doekson, J. and van-Wingerden, G.G., (1964) Notes on
the activity of Earth worms. Observation on Diapause in the Earthworm
allolophora Caliguosa. Jearb I Bs: 1818-186.
Evald, A. (1998). Ashes form strew and wood combustion
and from wood gasification plats ash utilization in ennmare. Thermal Biomass
utilization 3:77-88.
FDALR, (1985). Reconnaissance soil survey of Anambra
state of Nig. Soil report 1985). Federal department of Agriculture and land
resources (FDALR) Lagos Nigeria.
Fritze, H.. Perkitimala Saarela, U. Katainen, Ft.,
Tilcka P.
Yrjala, K., Karp, M., Haimi, Romantschuk, M. (2000).
Effect of Cd-containing wood ash on the microflora of
coniferous forest humus. FEMS Microbiology Ecology
32:43—51.
Yrjala, K., Karp, M., Haimi, Romantschuk, M. (2000).
Effect of Cd-containing wood ash on the microflora of
coniferous forest humus. FEMS Microbiology Ecology
32:43—51.
Hayes, MHB and swift ,R.S. (1990) Genesis, Isolation
Composition and structure of soil Humic substances. In: De Boodt Mf. Hayes MHB
and Herbillion a (ed) soil colloids and Association in aggregates, pp345
-305.New York, plenum.
Haynes, RJ, Naidu, R. (1998). Influence of lime,
fertilizer and manure application on soil organic mailer content and soil
physical onditions; a Rev. Nutrient cycling in Agrosys. 51:123-137.
Igbokwe, M.C., Njoku, B.O, Odurukwe, B.O. (1981). Liming
effects on the response of maize on an utisoil in Enugu Nigeria. Soil sc, 11:120-130.
effects on the response of maize on an utisoil in Enugu Nigeria. Soil sc, 11:120-130.
Ikpe, F.N. lsimirah, N.O, and Ogbonna, ID (1997).
Maize growth and nutrient uptake in acid soil of Niger Delta, Nig. Niger Delta
Biologia; 2: 119- 124.
Kabata-Pendias, A.and pendias,H. (1984.) and Pendias
H. (1984). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press Inc. Boca
Raton.
Kayode , Wihads Agboola AA. Investigation n the use of
macro and micro- nutrients tq/inlprove maize yiel in southea m Nigeria. Liming
Rese ch; 1993; 4,211-121
Kayode, G.O, Agboola, A.A. (1993). Investigation on
the use of macro and micro-nutrients to improve maize yield in southeastern
Nig. Liming Rec4: 211-121.
Klute, A. (1986). Water retention laboratory method in
Klute A(ed) method of soil physical part,-physical and mineralogical method. 2’
(ed) ASA; ASSA, Madison ASA pp 635-660.
Korpilahti, A., Moilanen, M. and Finer L. 1998. Biomas
ash utilization infinland. Thamal Biomass utilization 3:43-54
Mãdejon, J.P.J.
and Van, Gennchten (2004). Effects organic waste on the nutrient component of
soil Revised Engineering Geology 6O,371-380pp.
Mbah, C.N., J.N. Nwite C. Njoku and I.A. Nweke., (2010).
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to
different rates of wood-ash application in acid ultisol in southeastern
Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(7): 580-583.
Nelson, D.W. and Sommer, I.E. (1982). Total Carbon,
organic carbon and organic matter. In methods of soil analysis
Obi, (2000). Determined Total Porosity by using field experimental design.
Obi, (2000). Determined Total Porosity by using field experimental design.
Nordin, A. and
Backman, R. (1998). Heavy metal behaviour during combustion and gasification of
biomass fuels comparison between chemical equilibrium and exponential results. Thermal
Biomass Utilization 3: 119—134.
Nottidge, D.O, Ojeniyi, S.O , Asawalam ,O . Effect of
different levels of wood ash on Soil chemical properties in an acid Ultisol in
South east Nigeria. Nig. Journ. OF Soil Sd. 2006; 16;109-114.
Nttidge, D.O, Ojeniyi, S.O, Asawalam, D.O (2006).
Effect of different levels of weed ash on Soil chemical properties in an acid
Ultisol in South east Nigeria. Nig. J. Soil Sci. 16:109--
Nwite, J.C., lgwe basic Wakatsuki., (2008). Evaluation
of Sawah rice management system in an southeastern Nigeria. I: Soil chemical
properties and rice yield. Paddy and Water 299-307.
Obernberger I. and Biedermann, F. (1997). Riedl R.
Concentrations of inorganic elements is biomass fuels and recovery in the
different ash fractions. Biomass Bioenergy 12:211-224.
Odedina, S.S Odedina, JN, Ayeni, 5, Arowojolu, SA, Adedeye,
S.O, Cjeniyi (2003). Effect of types of ash on Soil fertility, nutrient
availability and yield of tomotto and pepper. Nig. J. Soil Sci. 13:66-67.
Odiete, I.,. Chude V.O,. Ojeniyi S.O, Okozi A.A. and Hussaini., G.M. (2005). Response of maize
to Nitrogen and Phosphorous sources in Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. Nigerian
Journal of Soil 15: 90-101.
Ogbodo, E.N., (2009). Effect of crop residue on soil
chemical properties and rice yields on an Ultisol Abakaliki, southeastern
Nigeria. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3(3): 442- 447,
Ohemberger. 1. and Biedermann F. (1998). Fractionated
heavy metal separation in Austrian biomass grate-fired combustion plants
approach, expenses, results. Themal Biomass Utilization 3: 55—76.
Olayinka, A. (1990). Effect of Poultry manure corn
straw and saw dust on plant growth and soil chemical properties. Ife Journal
of Agriculture 12(182).36-44.
Owolabi, O, Ojeniyi S.O, Awodu, A.C., Hazzan, K.
(2003). Response of Okra and Tomatto to saw dust ash manure. Moore J. Agric.
Res. 4(2): 178-182.
Pearson, R.W (1975) discovered that on highly
weathered acid soil of the tropics lime rate often based on neutralization of
exchangeable of an this result pH.
Sheinberg, I. & Summer M.E 1989 Miller, W.P. and Fey
M.V. (1989) Use of Gypsum on soils a
Review Adr soil Sci. 9:1-11.
Sobulo, R.A. and Osiname, O.A. (1987). Soil and
fertilizer use in Western Nigeria, Resource, Bulletin No. 1 AR & T, Unife,
Ille- Ife 1987, pp 20-26.
Springette, J.A and Syers, J.K (1984). Effect of pH
and calcium content of soil on earth-worm Cast production in the laboratory
Soil Biolhem 16:185-189.
Ssarsalmi, S., Schumann, A.W and White, K .O (2004). Plant nutrient
availability from mixtures of fly as a and bio-solids. Journal of Environmental
Quality, 28: 1651-1657.
Steel, R.G and Torrie, J.H. (1980). Principles and
procedure of statistics; A Biometrical approach, 2’ Edition, Mc Gravhite, New
York, P. 633.
Stockdill, S.M.J and cosseens, G.C. (1966) The Role of
Earthwards in Pastures Production and Moisture Conservation Proc. N.Z Grassl
Assoc P. 168-183.
Tel, R and Rao, (1982). Samples of soil from the
experimental field were analyzed.
Tisdale, S.L, Nelson, W,L, Beaton, J.D, Havlin, J.L (1993). Soil
fertility and fertilizers. edn. Macmillan Publishing company, New York, U.S.A.
rady NC, Weil RR (2006). Nature and Properties of soil. l3 edn. Prentice- Hall,
London, UK. Wisconsin pp. 595-624.
Vizcayno, C. (2001). Extractable forms of aluminum as
affected by typsum and lime amendments to acid soil,
communication in soil science and plant
analysis 32:2279—2292
Yarikari, and Yayock (1987) Addition of Rice husk ash
on two soil of district of petotes
Brazil. 14(2) 225-258.