TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certificate
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
List of abbreviations
Abstract
Chapterisation
Chapter One: General Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Research Question
1.4 Objective of Study
1.5 Significance of Study
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Limitation of Study
1.8 Research Methodology
Chapter Two
2.1 Historical Development of Suicide Bombing
and terrorism
2.2 The concepts of suicide Bombing and
Terrorism
2.3 The concept of National Development
2.4 Empirical Cases on Suicide Bombing and
Terrorism
2.5 The Causes of Suicide Bombing/Terrorism
Chapter Three:
Theoretical
Frame work on Suicide Bombing and Terrorism
3.1 Suicide Bombing and Terrorism in Nigeria
3.2 Local (Nigerian) Statutes on Suicide bombing and Terrorism
3.3 International Laws on Suicide Bombing and
Terrorism
Chapter Four:
4.1 The Legal and social Implications of
Suicide Bombing and Terrorism
42. The Success and Failure of both National
and International Laws in checking
terrorism
Chapter
Five:
Conclusion
5.1 Observation
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of Study
“Suicide Bombing and Terrorism” is a
twin –concept used to Ex-ray the extent terrorist activities have gone. Though
this research focuses on suicide bombing and terrorism in Nigeria, it is not
limited to Nigeria.
Nigeria being a multi-ethnic cum
multi tribal state is faced with security challenges propelled by inter-ethnic
tensions, anarchy, debauchery occasioned by egocentric and tribal aggrandizement
of the ruling party.
However, we cannot just “dive” into
the current concept of terrorism which is the breeder of all other forms of
terror-related activities (including suicide bombing which is treated as a
twin-concept with terrorism in this paper), without making it know to us that
terrorism is a primordial system in Africa, lot alone the world.
From the Sherifien dynasty of the
Alawites and Filali in Morocco to the regencies of Algeria, Tunisia and Lybid
under the effect suzerainty of the Sultan of Turkey, the Berber-Arab population
of North Africa experienced one form of terrorism after another, even before
colonial rule1.
It is a common knowledge that
Nigeria since her return to civil rule in 1999 faces some national security
challenges across the six geo-political zones in the country. The spate of bomb
blasts, kidnapping, pipeline vandalisation and other form of criminalities in
recent times in various parts of the country are emerging trends of domestic
terrorism. This view was also shared
by Minister of Police Affairs, retired Novy Capt Caleb Olubolade, when he
acknowledged that the nation now faced new security threats that were quite
different from what we used to know2.
Terrorism in Nigeria climaxed
between 2009 and 2011. It is not as if there are no records of terrorist
activities in Nigeria after 2011, but terrorist activities quti to their
precipice between the said years.
Terrorism is a canker that “suck”
dry any nation wherein it is experienced. The Nigerian case is no exception.
For instance, the northern part of Nigeria is now tagged “death zone” because
of the activities of the Boko Haram Youth Corpers are afraid to go there.
Business men and women have relocated from the North to other parts of the
country. The recently incessant declaration of states of emergency or curfew in many parts of the North, is a
clear example of how the terrorism retards development in the country.
This paper seeks to examine the
local and social implications of suicide bombing and tourism in National
Development.
Coming to the side of legal
implications, the paper X-rays certain laws, statutes, conventions, etc made
internationally, regionally and locally to checkmate terrorism in Nigeria.
These laws may include (but constrained to), U. N. General 1373 (2001). Other
conventions include, the convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes
against internationally protected person; Diplomatic Agents adopted by the
General Assembly of the U.N.C (1973) 1035 UNTS 167 ILM41 (1974), The
international contention against the taking of hostages, adopted by General
Assembly of the U. N. (1979) 1316 UNTS; 18 ILM 1460 (1979)3, etc.
There are however such indigenous
laws that “combat” terrorism expressly and impliedly limpliedly, in the sense
that they do not clearly tackle terrorism but “fight” terror- related offences
like murder, armed robbery, kidnapping, cetera, as stipulated in the penal and
criminal codes and even the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of
Nigeria as amended4. The express confrontation of terrorism is the
recently passed statute, “Anti- terrorism Act”, 2013 which repeals that of
2011, which is a quintessence of local statute that control terrorism.
Ely, Karomon States that “there is
also an optimistic trend in the international arena of the late 1990’s. During
the last decade, and more so during the last two to three years, we have
witnessed a growing readiness and interest on the part of more countries to
cooperate in the fight against terrorism, on the local, regional and global
arena5. This statement by Karmon indicates the readiness of
countries to combat terrorism globally.
This paper goes on to examine the
historical development of suicide bombing and terrorism and of course, the
concepts of suicide bombing and terrorism.
What faces the contemporary Nigerian
state is security challenges. A developing country like Nigeria is ‘rapid” and
wrecked by insecurity owing to terrorism. National growth and development are
“halted” because everybody is security-conscious and nobody wants to risk their
life. These problems have caused retardness in the countries economic and
social development.
This paper is made up of five
chapters. The chapter one deals with the general introduction, statement of
problem, research question objective of study, scopes of study, and research
methodology. The chapter two deals with the literature review, historical
development of suicide bombing and terrorism, the concepts of national
development, empirical cases on suicide bombing and terrorism, the cause of
suicide bombing and terrorism. Chapter three is on the theoretical frame work
of suicide bombing and terrorism, ie. Suicide bombing and terrorism in Nigeria,
local (Nigerian) statutes on suicide bombing and terrorism and international
laws on suicide bombing and terrorism. Chapter four deals with the legal and
social implications of suicide bombing and terrorism and the success(s) and
failure(s) of both the national and international laws in checking terrorism.
Finally, chapter five deals however, conventionally and conservatively with
observation, recommendation(s), and conclusion.
Suicide attacks are not a new
phenomenon6 and they have exponentially increased over the past two
decades. They have clearly become the most dangerous modus opernadi of modern
terrorism. This refers us to the4 manga’s case7 the suicide bomber
who bombed the Nigeria police force headquarters Abuja on June 16, 2011.
The essence of this paper is not
only to discuss suicide bombing and terrorism but to bring it down to the
Nigerian context; examine its legal and social implications in national
development.
This paper (research) is “virgin” it
is virgin because not quite a good number of researchers has developed interest
in the subject, hence, scarcity of already made materials for the project.
1.2 Statement
of Problem
Nigeria today is ranked among the world’s terrorist
states countries. This not only connected with the Boko Haram insurgency but with
terrorist roles played by characters from Nigeria, out side Nigeria. A locus
classicus on this issue is the December 27th 2009 case of
Who had tried 9atttempted) to bomb an America airline,
and the May 23, 2013 incident in wool-wich London wherein two Nigerians
(Michael, Adebaajo and his brother, Joseph Adebalaj) on a broad- day light
decapitated a British soldiers drummer lee Rigby of the battalion the Royal
Regiment of fusiliers.
In the light of the afore-stated
terrorist acts carried out by people who are indigenous to Nigeria, the country
is rated among the top terrorist countries of the world.
These terrorist activities by
Nigerians within and outside the country, have made Nigerians al over the world
to become “indirect suspects”. Terrorist activities have made Nigerians not to
be trusted. All these lead to retardation in growth and development.
This paper seeks to present the
fortune terrorism, especially in the form of suicide attack/bombing brought to
the statues national development (whether good or bad) .
However, it is ascertainable that
terrorism brings no good fortune but ill fortune. It is a threat to the Nigeria
state. It has brought economic retardation political insecurity and social terror.
All these give me cancer; hence the topic, “suicide bombing and terrorism in
Nigeria. An examination of the legal and social implications in national
development”.
1.3 Research
Question
This paper has one but multi-facet
question it seeks to answer. As we have known, the paper is on “suicide bombing
and terrorism in Nigeria. An examination of the legal and social implications
in national development”. But this however is not the only problem this paper
seeks to solve. It also seeks to answer questions like;
What is suicide bombing/terrorism?
How has it affected national growth
and development?
What are the causes of terrorism in
Nigeria?
These and many more are questions
this paper seeks to address.
1.4 Objective
of Study
This paper is directed towards achieving coherence and
lucidity on the questions cited above. This does not however mean that this
paper is a perfect research on terrorism/ neither insinuate that the research
has been haphardly done but that research has been done to tackle specific
questions on certain aspects of terrorism.
The paper seeks to bring clarity on
the question of suicide bombing and terrorism in Nigeria. It concentrates more
on the Nigeria and diversifies a little globally.
Although there have not been, enough
researches done on the topic and no much secondary sources, deal on the
subject, this paper seeks to give the reader a clear understanding of the
subject with the limited, materials available.
Again, this paper seeks to ‘weight”
the statutes that guide against terrorism in Nigeria.
Finally, the paper is majorly
interested in the legal and social implications of terrorism promotes or
hampers development in nation building.
1.5 Significance
of Study
This paper is necessary in certain respects and
aspects. In proffering measures to be taken for the development of a nation,
considerations must be made on the subject of terrorism; how it affects
development in a state.
This paper is also relevant to
people who want to the casues fo terrorism. In short, the relevance of this
paper is too enormous since it deals with certain aspects of terrorism like
historical development of suicide bombing and terrorism, empirical cases of
suicide bombing and terrorism, local and international laws on suicide bombing
and terrorism.
However, despite the significance of
this paper in many areas, the paper is also vital to voracious readers who are
versatile and read in acquire the knowledge and may see reason appreciate or
criticizes the “healthiness” or “illness” of the research.
1.6 Scope
of Study
This paper directed but not limited to suicide bombing
and terrorism in Nigeria. It cover terrorist activities in other parts of the
world.
It deals with international laws on
terrorism, it also seek to check the success and failure of both local and
international laws in combating terrorism globocally.
However, this paper concatenates
move on terrorism in Nigeria. It seeks to face the locally indigenous insurgent
group, BOKO HARAM that stands menacingly against the security of the country.
1.7 Limitation
of Study
It will be fallacious to state that
this paper is without problem.
In the course of this research, a
lot of problems were encountered. This include the problem of limited materials
like text books, journals (academic) and event cases dealing on the subject.
These limitations made the research
to based so much on online materials like academic journals, individual thesis
and of few textbooks like Boko Haram and terrorism (edited by Simon O. Anyanwu
and Isidore U. Nwanaju) and some journals like the international law and the
growing trend of terrorism. The paper is subject to the information of the
media.
This is not to say that these
limitations made the research half-baked but made it rather tough with time
consuming factors and resource- demanding processes.
Another problem I encountered in the
course of the research is the problem of money for the ‘run-arounds” there was
little or no money for the visitation of other schools in “scramble” for
materials though it was still done painstakingly).