INTERNATIONAL TRENDS OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

The history of science is the study of the historical development of science and   scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social science. The history of the arts and humanities are  termed the history of such  olarship until the late  20th  century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological science, was  seen as  a narrative  of true theories replacing false ones.  Science  was portrayed   as a major dimension of the progress of civilization. Recent historical interpretations, especially those influenced by  Thomas  Kuhn,  the
  structure of  scientific revolutions (1962), portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms  or conceptual system  battling for intellectual supremacy in a wider  matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and practical themes outside pure science. New  attention   is paid to science outside the context of western  Europe.
According   to Kuhn, each new paradigm  rewrites .  The   history of its science to present  by  selection  and distortions the former paradigm as its forerunner. The  description  of the  history of economic theory below is a  good  example. Science is a body of empirical, theoretical and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced  by  researchers making use  of  scientific  methods, which emphasized the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena by experiment. Given the  dual  status  of science as objective knowledge and as a human   construct, good historiography of science draws on. The  historical methods of both intellectual history and  social history observation.  Though they had no knowledge of the real physical structure of the planets ad stars, many theoretically  explanations were  proposed. Basic facts about human physiology were known as some place, and alchemy was practiced in several civilizations . considerable observation  of macrobiotic flora and fauna  was also performed.
From their beginnings in sumer (now  Iraq)  bround  3500 BC,  mesopotamain people began to attempt  to record some observations of  the world with extremely thorough numerical  data. But  their observations and measurements were seemingly   taken   for purposes other than for scientific laws.  A  concrete instance of Pythagoras law was recorded , as  the  18th  century GC. The  Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet pumption  322  records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5), (5,12,13)  dated  1900BC, possibly  millennia before   Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of  Pythagorean theorem was not. In  Babylonian astronomy  the vigorous noting of the motions of the stars, planets and   the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets  created by scribes. Even today,  astronomical  periods   indentified  by  Mesopotamian scientists are still  widely used in western calendars such as the sprayer and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight on the course of the year and to  predict the appearances and disappearance of   the  moon and planets and   eclipses of the sun  and  moon.
Only a few astronomers names are  known,  such  as  that of kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu’s  value for the solar year is in  use for today’s calendars.  Babylonian astronomy was  the first and  highly successful  attempt at giving   a refined mathematical description of astronomical  phenomena. According to the historian, A Aaboe, all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in  the  Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam  and in  the west . if not indeed all subsequent endeact our in the exact sciences  depend upon Babylonian  astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways.
Ancient Egypt  made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics  and medicine their  development of  geometry was  a  necessary outgrowth of surveying to  preserve the layout and ownership  of farmland, which  was  flooded annually by the  Nile river   the right  triangle and other rules of thumb were used rectiunear  structures, and the post and  lintel architecture  of   Egypt was also  a centre of alchemy research for much of  the Mediterranean.
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