By Kendra Cherry,
About.com Guide
The concept of self-efficacy lies at
the center of psychologist Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory. Bandura’s theory emphasizes the role of observational
learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism in the development of
personality.
According to Bandura, a person’s
attitudes, abilities, and cognitive skills comprise what is known as the
self-system. This system plays a major role in how we perceive situations and
how we behave in response to different situations. Self-efficacy plays is an
essential part of this self-system.
What
Is Self-Efficacy?
According to Albert Bandura,
self-efficacy is “the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the
courses of action required to manage prospective situations” (1995, p. 2). In
other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to
succeed in a particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as
determinants of how people think, behave, and feel (1994).
Since Bandura published his seminal
1977 paper, "Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral
Change," the subject has become one of the most studied topics in
psychology. Why has self-efficacy become such an important topic among
psychologists and educators? As Bandura and other researchers have
demonstrated, self-efficacy can have an impact on everything from psychological
states to behavior to motivation.
The
Role of Self-Efficacy
Virtually all people can identify goals
they want to accomplish, things they would like to change, and things they
would like to achieve. However, most people also realize that putting these
plans into action is not quite so simple. Bandura and others have found that an
individual’s self-efficacy plays a major role in how goals, tasks, and
challenges are approached.
People with a strong sense of
self-efficacy:
- View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered.
- Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate.
- Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities.
- Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments.
People with a weak sense of
self-efficacy:
- Avoid challenging tasks.
- Believe that difficult tasks and situations are beyond their capabilities.
- Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes.
- Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities (Bandura, 1994).
Sources
of Self-Efficacy
How does self-efficacy develop?
These beliefs begin to form in early childhood as children deal with a wide
variety of experiences, tasks, and situations. However, the growth of
self-efficacy does not end during youth, but continues to evolve throughout
life as people acquire new skills, experiences, and understanding (Bandura,
1992).
According to Bandura, there are four
major sources of self-efficacy.
1. Mastery Experiences
"The most effective way of developing a strong sense of efficacy is through mastery experiences," Bandura explained (1994). Performing a task successfully strengthens our sense of self-efficacy. However, failing to adequately deal with a task or challenge can undermine and weaken self-efficacy.
2. Social Modeling
Witnessing other people successfully completing a task is another important source of self-efficacy. According to Bandura, “Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers' beliefs that they too possess the capabilities master comparable activities to succeed” (1994).
3. Social Persuasion
Bandura also asserted that people could be persuaded to belief that they have the skills and capabilities to succeed. Consider a time when someone said something positive and encouraging that helped you achieve a goal. Getting verbal encouragement from others helps people overcome self-doubt and instead focus on giving their best effort to the task at hand.
4. Psychological Responses
Our own responses and emotional reactions to situations also play an important role in self-efficacy. Moods, emotional states, physical reactions, and stress levels can all impact how a person feels about their personal abilities in a particular situation. A person who becomes extremely nervous before speaking in public may develop a weak sense of self-efficacy in these situations. However, Bandura also notes "it is not the sheer intensity of emotional and physical reactions that is important but rather how they are perceived and interpreted" (1994). By learning how to minimize stress and elevate mood when facing difficult or challenging tasks, people can improve their sense of self-efficacy.
References: Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1992) Exercise of personal agency through the self-efficacy mechanisms. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior,4. New York: Academic Press, pp. 71-81.
Bandura, A. (1995). Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies. Cambridge University Press.