Determinants of Maternal Health Outcomes in Pregnancy

Note:  Solid lines in Figure 1 link the main pathways through which various factors influence health outcomes, and the dashed lines refer to some of the feedbacks and secondary linkages that should be considered.
Source:  Adapted from Wagstaff A (2002), ”Poverty and Health Sector Inequalities”. Bulletin of the World Health Organisations 80(2),99

Global Goals, Global Realities

Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1.        Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2.        Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3.        Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4.        Reduce child mortality
Goal 5.        Improve maternal health
Goal 6.        Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Goal 7.        Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8.        Develop a global partnership for development
The Millennium Goals, which grew out of the United Nations Millennium Declaration adopted by 189 Member States in 2000, provide the new international framework for measuring progress towards sustaining development and eliminating poverty. Of the eight Goals, three – improve maternal health, reduce child mortality and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases – are directly related to reproductive and sexual health, while four others – eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, and ensure environmental sustainability – have a close relationship with health, including reproductive health. Among the specific targets are:
·        To reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio;
·        To reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate;
·        To have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Additional benchmarks were agreed in 1999 at the twenty-first special session of the United Nations General Assembly for an overall review and appraisal of the implementation of the programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development. For example, by 2015, the proportion of all births assisted by skilled attendants should reach 90% globally and at least 60% in countries with high rates of maternal death.*


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