ABSTRACT
The advancement of sustainable
development in a Country like Nigeria has brought about consciousness for
individuals, both rich and poor alike to make rational use of resources in the
environment. Man depends on resources in his immediate vicinity for sustenance.
But these resources are depleted without adequate or any consideration for
their conservation or replacement. As population increase, industrial
production and trade also grow.
This means establishment of new factories,
chemicals, et. Cetera. Humans have also come to realize that environment
belongs to all generations, present and future. Chapter one of this work will introduce
the subject matter. Also, the chapter highlights the purpose of this research
work, the statement of the problem and the significance of the study to other
scholars and researchers. Chapter two deals with protection of trees, forests,
protection of animals and endangered species respectively. Chapter three looks
into environmental degradation. Chapter four covers possible development
through management of wastes. Finally, chapter five generally over views the
project work, makes recommendation and draws the conclusion.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page
Certification
Approval
page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table
of contents
Table
of statutes
Table
of abbreviation
CHAPTER ONE:
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the Study
1.2
Statement
of problem
1.3
Purpose
of Study
1.4
Objectives
of the Study
1.5
Research
Methodology
1.6
Significance
of the Study
1.7
Delimitation/
Scope of the Study
1.8
Limitation
of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Concept of Environment
2.3 Environmental Law
2.4 Sustainable Development
2.5 Natural Resources
2.6 Basic Theories of Sustainable Development
2.7 Facts on Natural Findings
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Environmental Degradation
3.2 Pollution
3.3 Air Pollution
3.4 Marine Pollution
3.5 Oil Pollution
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Economic Value of forests and Trees
4.2 Protection of Forests
4.3 Protection of Animals
4.4 Protection of Endangered Species
4.5 Reasons for Extinction and Solution
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 Conclusion
TABLE OF STATUTES
National
environmental standards regulation and Enforcement Agency Act, 2007 (NESRAA)
Federal
Environmental Protection Agency Act, CAP 131 L.F.N. 1990 (F.E.P.A) Canadian
Environmental Protection Act, 199 (CEA)
Environmental
Impact Assessment Cap E12 LFN, 2004
Harmful
Waste (special Criminal Provisions) Act, cap HL LFN 1990
Oil
in Navigable waters Act, 1968
Endangered
species (control of International Trade and Traffic) Act, Cap 108 LFN 1990
African
Charter on Human and People’s Rights Ratification and Enforcement) Act, Cap A9
LFN 2004
Pollution
waste Management Regulations
Oil
Terminal Dues Act, Cap 339 LFN 1990
ABBREVIATIONS
AEDE –
Afrique Environmental Development
and Educaiton
AU
- African Unity
CAA - Clean
Air Act
CEPA
- Canadian
Environmental Protection Act
CO - Carbon Monoxide
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
DW - Dangerous Waste
E.T.C
- Et Cetera
EHW
- Extremely Hazardous Waste
EIA
- Environmental Impact Assessment
Envtl.L
- Environmental Law
EPA
- Environmental Protection Agency
FEPA - Federal Environmental Agency
GBAF - Green belt African Initiative
HC - Hydro Carbons
IDW - Infections Disease Waste
NESREA - National
Environmental Standards Regulation Agency
NO2 - Nitrous Oxide
SOX - Sulphur Oxide
WCF - World
Conservation Fund
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of
the Study
The environment,
of which man is part of, constitutes the complex whole of man’s existence and
is as old as creation itself. Top priority has been given to it by the united
nation and other international bodies. [1]
Presently, one
cannot say with confidence, the extent at which certain features of man’s environment;remain
natural, undisturbed, or untouched by one of the elements of the environment
because there are very few areas on the surface of the earth where man has not
left imprints of his activities.[2]
It has become
necessary to control such generation for the interest of public safety and
general conservation of the environment. Ecological questions that arise due to
these human acts, therefore call for thought.[3]
Sustainable
development is an organizing principle for human life on a finite planet. It
posits a desirable future state for human societies in which living conditions
and resource use meet human needs without undermining the sustainability of
natural system and th environment, so that future generation may also have
their needs met.
Sustainable
development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural system
with the social and economic challenges faced by humanity. As early as the
1970s, sustainability was employed to describe an economy in equilibrium with
basic ecologicalsupport systems.[4]
Scientists in many fields have highlighted the limits to growth,[5]
and economists have presented alternatives, for example a steady state economy,[6]
to address concerns over the impacts of expanding human development on the
planet.
The term ‘sustainable
development’ rose to significance after it was used by the Brundtlandcommission
on its 1987 report, ‘our common future’. In the report, the commission coined
what has become the most often quoted definition of sustainable development:
“development that meets the need of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.[7]
The concept of
sustainable development has in the past most often been broken out into three
constituent domains: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and
social sustainability. However, many other possible ways to delineate the
concept have been suggested. For example, the circles of sustainability
approach distinguish the four domains of economic, ecological, political and
cultural sustainability. This accord with the united cities and local government’s
specification of culture as the fourth domain of sustainability.[8]
Other important sources refer to the fourth domain as “institutional’,[9]
or as good governance.[10]
1.2
Statement of the
Problem
Following the Rio
conference of 1992, most countries under took to draw up a national strategy
for sustainable development. The implementation of these strategies has turned
out to be tricky, because it must address very serious issues within economic
and political contexts that are marked by strong inertia. The issues appear at
every area of national policy. The various approaches reflect different points
of view, and in particular: more or less constrained free market practices, a
desire toplace people at the heart of the economy, the greater or lesser
determination of the various countries in the world, and the balance between
short, medium, long, and very long-term interests. Moreover, there is no
denying that the interdependence of modern-day economies means that
environmental problems must be dealt with on a worldwide level, which does not
simplify the implementation of the necessary strategies, particularly because
of differences in levels of development.
The aim of
sustainable development is to define viable schemes combining the economic,
social, and environmental aspects human activity. These three must therefore be
taken into consideration by communities, companies, and individuals. The
ultimate goal of sustainable development is to find a coherent and long-lasting
balance between these three main factors, there si a transverse consideration,
which is essential to the implementation of policies and actions with regard to
sustainable development.
In the field of
sustainable development, there are many major problems to be addressed. They
require us to re-think our economy and our growth in favor of a society that is
more economical in its use of raw materials and energy. Some of these problems
include climate change, energy consumption, and waste production threats to
publichealth, poverty, social exclusion, management of natural resources, loss
of biodiversity, and land use. In this context, sustainable development
approaches are now essential obligations.
1.3
Research
Questions
The following
are our research questions:
1. How can the
concept ‘sustainable development’ be defined?
2. What are we
sustaining?
3. Why should we
brother about environmental management?
4. Why should we
value future generation’s needs as much as our own?
5. What are the
problems and challenges associated with sustainable development?
6. What are the
different types of activities or projects that fall under sustainable
development?
7. Are there any
local sustainable development projects?
8. What are some
international sustainable development projects?
1.4
Objectives of
the Study
The main
objective of the study is to appraise the relevance of sustainable development
in Nigeria. And to specifically achieve the following:
1. To fully examine
the concept of sustainable development
2. To determine the
resources, which require sustainability
3. To determine
what measures are undertaken to ensure environmental.
4. To determine
whether solutions can be preferred to solvethe current problems and challenges
associated with sustainable development.
5. To examine the
extent at which sustainable development can be achieved in the near future-
2020.
1.5
Research
Methodology
In this research
work, we shall base our work on both primary and secondary sources of data
collection. We shall also rely on the internet as much as possible. We shall
consult law books, both foreign and Nigerian textbooks; law journals, law
reports, periodicals, newspapers, published and unpublished legal and non-legal
materials/ Articles, legal Dictionaries, Encyclopedia, et cetera.
1.6
Significance of
the Study
This study will
be relevant in creating environmental awareness through education, teaching and
sensitization of individuals
This study will
also be relevant in understanding environmental behavioral change through
communication.
We
believe that this study will serve as a guide to the ignorant and unsuspecting
youths on the need for the protection of their immediate environment.
Also,
this study will be of tremendous assistance to lawyers, judges, corporate
agencies and the general public at large.
The
study will also be a very veritable tool for easy referencing for those who
also will like to research further into the topic.
1.7
Delimitation/Scope
of the Study
In this study,
we shall cover the concept of sustainable development, its tentacles and the
web that connects it with the society. Environmental sustainability, the need
for a sustainable environment and resource management shall be covered in this
study.
We shall make
references to some states in the course of our research work.
1.8
Limitation of
the Study
The following posed as limitation for
the study:
1. Financial
problems: we spent so much money in ensuring that the work was done perfectly.
At a point, we ran out of funds.
2. Time: the time
which was given for the completion of the work was insufficient but we managed
to meet up.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter,
we shall discuss, define and elaborate some literatures related to the concept
of sustainable development.
2.2
Concept of
Environment
The Black’s Law
Dictionary, defined environment as the complex whole of physical, economic,
cultural, aesthetical and social circumstance and factors which surround and
affect the desirability and value of property and which also affects the
qualityof people’s lives.[11]
Another definition was given by the
oxford advanced learners Dictionary[12]
as it defines environment as:
“The natural
conditions, for example, land, air and water, in which people, animals and
plants live.”
Even the bible
gave its own definition of the environment to mean the totality of the
creation; the heavens and the earth and that is in it God created the trees,
the animals, the flowers, water, deserts and every living and non-living
things.[13]
A definition was given by the NESREA ACT[14]
on environment, to include:
“water, air, Land and all plants and
human beings or animals living therein and the inter-relationships which exist
among these or any of them’’.
S.38 of F.E.P.A Act has a similar
definition as it defined environment to include:
“water, air,
Land and all plants and human beings or animals living therein and the inter-relationships
which exist among any of them”.[15]
Another definition was given by Environmentalprotection
Act 1990(EPA 1990), S.I of the environment to mean:
‘Environment
consists of all, or any of the following media, namely, the air, water and
land’.
Land, according to the well-established
principle of law quic quidplantatur solosolocedit, consists of the surface of
the earth, the susbsoil and the air space above it, as well as things that are
permanently attached to the soil. It also includes streams and ponds.[16]
The
words of Theodore Okonkwo are not to be left out as he defined environment as:
‘Anything
external to the perceiver which influences or may influence theperception
process. The environment is made animals (man inclusive plant and microbes.’[17]
Environment was also defined by the
C.E.A ACT[18]
to include:
(a) Air, land and
water;
(b) All layers of
the atmosphere;
(c) All organic and
inorganic matter and living organisms and;
(d) The interacting
natural systems that include components referred to in paragraphs (a) to (c)
2.3
Environmental
Law
According to the
Black’s law Dictionary, environmental Law is defined as:
“The field of
law dealing with the maintenance and protection of the environment, including
preventive measures such as the requirements of environmental impacts
statements, as well as measures to assign liability and provide clean-up for
incidents that harm the environment.’[19]
Another
source defined Environmental law, as a collective term describing international
treaties (conventions), statutes, regulations, and common law or national
legislation(where applicable)that operates to regulate the interaction of
humanity and the natural environment, toward the purpose of reducing the
impacts of human activity.[20]
The business Dictionary defined
environmental law as the body of rules and regulations, and orders and
statutes, concerned with the maintenance and protection of the natural
environment of a country.[21]
Environmental
law was also defined by the Webster’s new world law dictionary to mean a body
of law intended to protect the environment, by regulating activities that cause
pollution, such as fossil fuel emissions and the dumping of waster; by
prohibiting certain inconsistent uses of land designated as federal parkland;
and by providing regimes of protection for endangered species.[22]
Environmental
law was also defined to mean a complex mix of federal, state and local laws,
regulations, policy choices, science, and health concerns.[23]
Also,
another source defined environmental law as a complex and interlocking body of
treaties, conventions, statutes regulations, and common law that operates to
regulate the interaction of humanity and the natural environment, toward the
purpose of reducing the impacts of human activity. Environmental law draws from
and is influenced by principles of environmentalism, including ecology,
conservation, stewardship, responsibility and sustainability. Pollution control
laws generally are intended (often with varying degrees of emphasis) to protect
and preserve both the natural environment and human health.[24]
2.4
Sustainable
Development
Sustainable
development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.[25]
World Bank gave
its own definition of sustainable development by stating that:
“Sustainable development
is the passing on to the future generations, the same collection of natural
wealth, for enhanced productivity.”[26]
Another
source believes that sustainable development is balancing the fulfillment of
human needs with the protection of the natural environment.[27]
Hamilton
wentworth also gave his own definition by stating that:
“Sustainable
development is positive change which does not undermine the environmental or
social systems on which we depend.”[28]
Another definition of sustainable
development was given to wit:
“Sustainable
development is maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to improve
lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural
resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generations depend”.[29]
2.5 Natural Resources
Natural
resources, according to the free dictionary, means a material source of wealth,
such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit that occurs in a natural
state and has economic value[30]
According
to Alber et al,[31]
something is a resource only if it has value within a cultural technological
context. In short, the horizon, fuels, ones human skills and energy which a
country cannot tap are not practically speaking available resources.
Another
source, defined natural resources as anything that exists naturally in any
environment, undistributed by man, in their natural form. They are considered
valuableand useful to man in their natural form, depending on their quantity
and demand.[32]
A
similar definition was given by another source as it says that natural
resources are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural)
form.[33]
The
oxford Dictionaries define natural resources as materials or substances such as
minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used
for economic gain.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Environmental
degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of
resources such as air, water and soil, the destruction of ecosystems and the
extinction disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or
undesirable.[34]
As indicated by the I = Pat equation, environmental impact (1) or degradation
is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population (p), continually
increasing economic growth or per capita affluence CA, and the application of
resource depleting and polluting technology (T).[35]
Environmental
degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the high level
threat panel of the United Nations. The United Nations International Strategy
for disaster Reduction defines environmental degradation s “the reduction of
the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and
needs.[36] Environmentaldegradation
is of many types. When natural habitats
are destroyed or natural resources are depleted, the environment is degraded.
Efforts to counteract this problem include: Environmental protection and
environmental resources management.
3.2 Pollution
Pollution
is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes
adverse change.[37]
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise,
heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often
classed as point source or non-point source pollution.
There
is pollution when materials accumulate where they are not wanted. Though the
arterials which pollute May sometimes be naturally valuable, they constitute
danger when out of place.[38]
For many decades, man has held the erroneous belief that the environment, made
up of land, air and water, can absorb waste products. The over hundred natural
processes cannot however adjust to the heavy load of materials which man and
sometimes natural, add to them.[39]
As a result, when pollution occurs, it threatens natural systems, human health
and aesthetic sensibilities, all of which make up the quality of life.
3.3 Air Pollution
Air
pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulates, biological materials,
or other harmful materials into the earth’s atmosphere possibly causing
disease, death to humans, and damages to other living organisms such food
crops, or the natural or built environment.
The
atmosphere is a complex natural gaseous system that is essential to support
life planet earth. Stratospheric come depletion due to air pollution has long
been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth’secosystem.
Indoor air
pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world’s worst toxic
pollution problems in the 2008 blacksmith institute world’s worst polluted
places report.[40]
In 1979 an
international convention was held to tackle the issue of the hazards of a
polluted air. This was the “convention on long range trans boundary Air
pollution” article I of the 1979 convention on long-Range trans boundary Air
pollution defined it as “the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of
substance of energy into the air resulting in deleterious effects of such a
nature as to endanger human health, farm, living resources and ecosystem,
material, property and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate
uses of the environment”. Air is intangible, yet very much susceptible to
abuse. Thus, because of air’s invisibility intangibility and fleetingness, it
is often soiled, degraded and contaminated by dangerous pollutants. The effect
is not usually noticed until it researches hazardous and even deadly levels.
When it is noticed at all, no attention is often paid, until it researches its
deleterious peak.[41]
Much as it is
easier to taste or test or even to see polluted water, it is not as easy, in
the case of polluted air. When air is polluted, there is no means of escape
from it. All human beings are affected.
There is no
alternative to it. Whenthe air smells and inflicts burning sensation on the
eye, nose and body, momentary hold of breath, as oftendone by people, is far
from being escape from the reality of inhaling enough does of the messy stuff.
We have to breathe, even when we know that the air is deadly. A renowned
British environmentalist and author emphasized these facts with frightening
statistics. According to him:
“An average
person requires over 3015s of air a day or about 6 points of air every minute
and he has to take it as it comes. He would not readily stand in sewage or
drink dirty water, yet daily the individual draws about 26,000 breaths i.e.
between 18 and 22 breath each minute, many of which if not all in some cases,
are of filthy air.[42]
Health
effect of air pollution is more alarming than is generally known. The world is
indeed in danger of being turned into a lethal chamber by air pollution.
The
reason being that the earth is gradually being enveloped by air pollution to
the extent that it may soon become pointless to run away from it by locking one‘s
self up in air conditioned homes because there is radon waiting in the room.
Radon, an odorless radio-active gas commonly found in the atmosphere throughout
the world, concentrates in residential homes. This indoor air pollution by
random is said to be causing about 20,000 lung cancer deaths in the United
States of America every year.[43]
3.4 Marine Pollution
There
are diverse ways by which one can categorize and examine the inputs of
pollution into our marine ecosystems. A profound author patin (n.d)noted that
there exist three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean: run- off
into the waters due to rain, direct discharge of waste into our water ways and pollutants that are released from the
atmosphere.
We
shall discuss more on this input but first, let us examine fully, the concept
of marine pollution.
Marine
pollution usually erupts from the discharge of industrial, agricultural and human
wastes into water ways, estuaries and seas. This usually results in the
poisoning of aquatic organisms or the reduction of oxygen owing to the
excessive growth of microorganisms(anthropogenic eutrophication) which makes it
less habitable for fish. Toxic organic compoundsand metal pollution concerns
human and environmental health and as a result of discharges to water, air, and
terrestrial environment.[44]
When
harmful, or potentially harmful effects result from the entry into the ocean of
chemicals, particles, industrial agricultural and residential waste, noise, or
the spread of invasive organisms marine pollution occurs. Some sources of
marine pollution are based on land. They usually emanate from non-point sources
such as agricultural run-off, wind-blown debris and debris. Another form of
marine pollution, known as nutrient pollution, refers to contamination by
excessive input of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface
waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate
algal growth.
When
pesticides are introduced into the marine ecosystem, they are immediately
absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, the pesticides mutate,
as well as introduce diseases which can be harmful to human as well as the
entire food web.
A
lot of potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are usually
taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either filter
feeders or deposit. The toxins, in this way are concentrated up ward within ocean
food chain. Many particles combine chemically in a highly depletivemanner,
causing estuaries to become anoxic.
The
inputs of marine pollution will now be discussed:
Land run-off
Surface runoff from farming, as well as
urban runoff from the construction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and harbors,
can carry soil and particles laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
minerals. This nutrient-rich water can cause fleshly algae phytoplankton to
thrive in coastal areas: known as algae blooms, which have the potential to
create hypoxic conditions by using all available oxygen.
Polluted
runoff from roads and highways can be significant source of water pollution in
coastal areas. About 75% of the toxic chemicals that flows into Puget Sound are
carried by storm water that runoff paved roads and driveways, roof tops, yards
and other developed land.[45]
Direct
discharge
Pollutants
directly enter rivers and seas from urban sewerage and industrial waste
discharges, sometimes in the form of hazardous and toxic wastes. Inland mining
for copper, gold, etc. is another source of marine pollution. Most of the
pollution is simply soil, which ends up in the rivers flowing to estuaries,
streams and even seas.
Some
minerals which are however discharged in the course of mining can cause
problems, such as copper, a common industrial pollutant, which can interfere
into the life history and development of coral polyps.[46]
3.5
oil pollution
Oil
pollution is the release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially marine areas, due to human activities. The term, most often is
usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is discharged into the ocean or
coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may due to
release of crude oil from tankers, off shore platforms, drilling rigs and
wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products(such as gasoline,
diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by larger ships such as
bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.
Spilt
oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of
animals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to
temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Clean up and
recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors,
including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting
evaporation and bio degradation) and the types of shorelines and beaches
involved.[47]
Spills may take weeks, months and even years to clean up.[48]
3.6 Waste
Management
Waste Management
is the method of disposing waste in an environmentally and sound manner, that
reduces r eliminates it harmful effect
on man and his environment. There are several methods ands types of Waste
Management, ranging from waste treatment, recycling land filling open dumping,
secured land filling, and incineration composing, sesource recovery land
filling incineration compos and toxic waster disposal and pollution control
devices 16 .
Waste Management is the organized
and systematiz channeling waste through
pathways or other medilum to ensure that they are disposed of with
attention to acceptable health, and environmental safeguard, 17 it covers the
process of collection treatment, reuse, and minimization, reduction,
identification, separation, segregation, collection, storage, transportation,
disposal, treatment, sale and recycling of waste. Again, it involves
maintaining records of quantities, Composition, designation and prong of
disposal as well as regular monitoring and auditing of waste management activities 19
In view of the fact that industrial
waste constitute hazards to health and the environment, it is necessary
to control the management of such waste both administratively and statutorily
in order to ensure that they are disposed of in an environmentally safe manner.
20
Nigeria municipal waste collection
and system refuse collection patterns
Disposal of solid waste from some
parts of old cities like Onitsha, Aba, Kano, Lagos and Ibadan presents serious
difficulties because of the increasibilyt in congested areas. Long trek from
family compound and foot paths to a far way refuse along stream banks and open
areas, thereby contribution to the generally poor sanitation condition of
the cities. For efficient collection of
refuse, proper storage is essential to expedite collection of solid waste and
to safety of the public, in that it reduces increase of insects and rodents, odour
nuisance, fire and accidents, which are determental to the health of the populace. 22.
The continuing process of urbanization and industrialization
increases the amount of solid waste generation, which demands disposal, but
without corresponding facilities for the public. It has been argued that the
collection of this rubblish does not correlate with the rate at which they are
generated and ababdoned 23. The problems of refuse disposal start from the
point of origin, transportation, to the point of final disposal, including them
method of find disposal adopted. As a result there is a exigency for the provision of sufficient there bins
vehicles for transportation and utilization of effective methods of find disposal.
However, the fact remains that when refuse collection is done manually and
transported in outdated vehicles refuse collection becomes inadequate, and
irregular.
Good environmental sanitation
demands that refuse be collected regularly. Refuse collection should range from
every other day to weekly in frequency 25. It is proposed that where combined
or mixed refuse collection is practiced the service should be provided daily or
at most twice a week.
Disposal system
Refuse
especially garbage decays much faster than other forms of refuse and offer
greater attraction to rodents, flies and cockroaches. Then the need arises for
prompt collection and disposal of refuse otherwise it becomes unpleasant to the
senses, breads flies and furnishes food for animals such as digs and rodents.
The need for adequate refuse management can be seen than imagined when the
collection system fails to function as to realize hoe essential lates, gets
decomposed, bad odour arise and rate and other vermin flourish.
It has agued that the volume of
solid waste generated perse does not invariably measure the degree to which the
environment will be polluted if the waste can be evacuated and disposal off
satisfactorily and as fast as it is generated, and collected, there would be no
accumulation and no on sult, absue or pollution. But where the rate of
evacuation and disposal perpetually lag behind the rate of refuse generation
then solid waste become an incessant environmental nuisance, 26 .
Methods of waste
reception and management.
There are
several methods of industrial waste management; the selection of a particulars
method depends on:
1.
The
types and volume of waste
2.
Relative
cost and
3.
Efficiency
of each process to a particular case. Generally, some o f the methods that are
commonly used in the disposal of industrial and petroleum wastes include:
a.
Recycling
b.
Refuse
reclamation
c.
Land filling
d.
Surface
impoundment
e.
Incineration
f.
Deep
well injection
g.
Chemical
treatment
h.
Land
treatment
i.
Solicitation
j.
Annular
disposal of pumpable drilling wastes 27
Waste recycling
It is clear that wastefulness is one of the
major problems facing humanity; many of our natural resources used as
industrial inputs in the production of goods are not available to us in
unlimited supply. This particularly true when one reflected on many metals such
as aluminum, copper, iron and steel, which are discarded in tremendous
quantities all over the world and huge amount of money, spent annually in
importing these materials into the country for various industrial uses. People
in developed lands throw maintains of trash. Consider, for example , the annual garbage out put of the united states.
It has been said “an equivalent weight
of waste could fil 68, 100 Olympci-size Pools”
In Britain, it was once estimated that the average family discard six trees
worth of paper in a year, 28
Therefore, industries that converts
waster to finished goods as done in most developed countries of Europe and the
us should be established and a lot of encouragement should be given to them,
where they exist. Paper, especially newsprint, could be recycled into fresh
paper without following the environment.
b)
Land filling
this
method is commonly world over, especially in developing countries. It involves dumping wastes in
landfills, most times designated by retevant agencies and state times
bodies. The principles is to tip the mixed refuse compactly in layers not more
than 2m the deep, and to seal all exposed faces of each day’s typing with at
least 0.25m of incombustible and non-putrescible materials, such as earth or
dust.[49]
The practice permits aAerobicand anaerobic organisms to break down the organic
materials in the refuse. When this is properly executed, the tipped refuse is
not unsightly or offensive, and the method can be used to re-claim irregular
land for agriculture or some other purposes.
This
strategy is slightly an upgraded version of open dumping. It involves the use
of land sit that is located to minize water pollution from turn-off and
leaching. This strategy requires the waste to be spread in thin layers,
compacted, and covered with a fresh layer fo soil each day to minimize fests
and oesthetics loss, diseases, air pollution and water pollution problems. This
method si very useful for land reclamation or enhancing the value of
submarginal land. Nevertheless, in situations where the strategy is not
properly managed, it can degenerate into an open dump. On major constraint of
the strategy is the need for large band space to be used as landfill sites. It
could be pretty difficult to come by such sites, especially in countries where
there are not enough land space for other human activities such as construction
of houses, farming and provision of social infrastructures. For this strategy
to be adapted in a country like nigeria where land space is supposedly not the
problem our waste management authorities require a high degree management
changes in attitude. They need sincerity of purpose and effective
prioritization. It is only through this that this strategy can be effectively
managed.[50]
The open dump.
The
open dump is the most widely used method among the lot. As a result when open
dump is employed in waste disposal. The site should be an isolated area, be
property supervised and about seven kilometers from the nearest town or
district boundary.[51]objection
has been raised regarding open dumpmethod of refused disposal. The hauling of
refuse on open supply food for rodents and stray animals like dogs and breeding
places for flies and mosquitoes. The method also provides a grossly unsanitary
area.[52]
The advantages of land redemption cannot be denied but it is a primitive method
of disposal avoided even where the standards of work man ship are
comparatively.[53]
Miller
(1992) describes this as a method which involves the depositing of solid land
liquid wastes in a land disposal site in such a way that the whole thing of
seavenger, aesthetics, disease, air pollution and water pollution problems.
This method allows for easy management of wastes as all kinds of wastes are
easily received. It can be easily put into operation within a short period and
it is not capital intensive. However it is quite unsightly and can be described
as a disease breeding management strategy. It cause air pollution where such
wastes have to be burned incineration.
Combustible
wastes may be reduced by high temperature burning. Anincinerator is composed of
furnace into which the refuse si charged and ignited. In the process, a
secondary combustion chamber in which burning at a high temperature is
continued to complete the combustion process. There after, flues where in the
gases of combustion are dean sea take effect, before they are conveyed to
adimney and consequently to the atmosphere[54]
at though expensive, incineration method seems an acceptable method of refuse
management among most authorities. The method is satisfactory, and there is
need for providing a forced draught and to prevent noxious gas and smoke from
polluting the atmosphere. This is because of their ability to separate
incombustible from combustible waste. It is regretted that local incinerators
in developing countries are usually unable to perform these functions with
result that highly inflammable objects are dumped and abandoned in the
incinerators making subsequent burning impossible.
This
is a device in which solid, semi-solid, liquid of waste disposal. It is a waste
management mean strategy that can easily be used to reduce the volume of wastes
by at least 80%. It requires little land, and is capable of removing odours and
disease carrying organic matter. The method could be highly capital intensive
and it requires skill. This must have been the reason for the abandonment of a
somilax strategy in lagos state even after the installation of the incinerators
some years ago. Unless very costly control measures are installed, incineration
as a waste management strategy can cause air pollution. Where such pollution
occurs it increases the concentration of carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and
other poisonous gases as well as harmful particulates. It also increases in the
amount of diseases in the environment.
Composting
This
is the method of refuse management where by the domestic refuse is allowed to
compost for use as artificial manure. The system involves sorting out
putrescible materials from non-putrescible ones. The putrescible wastes are
then arranged in open heaps where they are turned over regularly for mixing
aeration under suitable conditions like a temperature of up to 0C,
some pattogenic bacteria are destroyed while the organic or putrescible protion
of the waste is broken down by aerobic action. This end product is used as a
fertilizer in places where chemical fertilizers are not available.
On
the whole the choice of a method to be utilized willdedend on the population
density, economic status of the nation and topographical nature of the area. In
view of the importance of safe refuse disposal to the public, there is need
weighing the pros and cons of a particular method before adopting it.[55]
Composting
is therefore, the biological decomposition or organic wastes under controlled
conditions. The method hastens the conversion of organic waste to soil
conditioner, in term, fo fertilization. Composting requires that waste must be
sorted before dumping composting has been described as soil bank for the
future. Effective composting requires careful sorting to ensure that only
garbage pack of the waste is converted. In Nigeria, it has been in practice for
long as a traditional waste management strategy. It is used to improve farm
yield. There is need to however point out the fact that it is not consciously
seen as a waste management strategy.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
ECONOMIC VALUE OF FOREST AND TREES
Forests
are of immense importance in soil stabilization and erosion control especially
in mountains and hilly regions; they also protect and conserve water supplies
and prevent floods. Small groups of trees and even single trees have a similar
role locally in preventing washouts and in holding stream banks. As mentioned
above, trees contribute significantly nutrient recycling, carbon dioxide
absorption, and oxygen generation of all products that comes from trees, those
that are wood-based are by far of the greatest importance. Carbonized and
fossilized wood(coal) supplies fuel for energy needs; other fossilized products
of trees include amber, which is formed from the gum of pines, and kaurigum.
From earliest times wood has been employed for such items as homes, rafts,
canoes, fuel, and weapons.
Primitive
peoples were dependent on trees for many materials in addition to wood. Fruits
and nuts of many kinds were important foods for both humans and animals. Leaves
of palms and other trees were used, for thatching roofs. Cloths and hover
fabrics made from bark, leaves, and other tree parts were used for clothing. Utensils
were fashioned from calabashes, coconut and other fruits. Medicines, including
genuine, were obtained from trees, as were dyes, taming materials, and spices.
Modern
civilizations are no less dependent in trees. Although substitutes now are
commonly used for some tree products, the demand for trees remains strong, as
in the manufacture of new print and other papers, as well as cardboard and
similar packaging. The plywood industry converts immense numbers of trees into
building materials.
Many
tree products other than wood and its derivatives are important. Edible fruits
produced by trees include apples, cherries, peaches, pears, walnuts, chestnuts,
pecans, and other in temperate climates; avocadoes, figs, persimmons, and
citrus fruits in warm-temperate and subtropical regions; bread fruit, mangoes
and mango steins in tropical regions; and the important fruit of desert
region-the date. The coconut(cocusnucifera) the oil palm(Elaeisguineensis) and
the olive(Oleaeuropea) are important sources of oils and fat used as food and
for other purposes. From the trees comes such spices as cinnamon, cloves, and
nutmeg; substances used in beverages, such as cocoa, coffee and kola nuts; and
chicle, the basis of chewing gum. Nonedible tree products exploited commercially
include rosin, turpentine, tanbark, creosote, and cork and kapok fiber[56]
4.2 Protection of forests
Protection
of forests is a general term describing methods supported to preserver improve
a forest threatened or affected by abuse or out of balance nature.
Thus,
forest protection also has a legal status and rather than protection form only
people damaging the forest is seem to be broader and include forest pathology
too. Thus due to this different suggest different things for forest protection.
In
German speaking countries, forest protection would focus on the book and
abiotic factors that are non-crime related. It must be noted that a protected
forest is not the same as a protection forest. These terms can lead to some
confusion in English, although they are clearer in other languages. As a result
reading English Literature can be problematic for non-experts due to
localization and conflation of meanings.
The
types of man induced abuse that forest protection seeks to prevent include:
1. Aggressive
unsustainable farming and logging
2. Expanding city
development caused by population explosion and the resulting urban sprawl.
There is considerable debate over the
effectiveness of forest protection methods. Enforcement of laws regarding
purchased forest land is weak or non-existent in most parts of the world. In
the increasingly dangerous south America, home of major rainforest, officials
of the brazillian national agency for the Environment (IBAMA) have recently
been shot during their routine duties.[57]
Land
purchase
One
simple type of forest protection is purchasing of land in order to secure it,
or in order to plant trees (afforestation). It can also mean forest management
or the designation of areas such as natural reservoirs which are intended to be
left to themselves.[58]
However, merely purchasing a piece of land does not prevent it from being used
by others for poaching and illegal logging. On site monitoring.
A
better way to protect a forest, particularly old growth forests in remote
areas, is to obtain a part of it and to live on and monitor the purchased land.
Even in the USA, these measures sometimes don’t suffice because arson can burn
a forest to the ground, leaving burnt areas free for different use.[59]
Other
methods of protection
A
number of less successful methods of protecting forest have been tried, such s
the trade in certified wood protecting a small section of land in a larger
forest tropical rainforests can die if they decrease in size, since they are
dependent on the moist micro climate which they create. There is an excellent
article in national Geopgraphic October issue concerning red wood forest in
California and their effort to maintain forest and rain forest.[60]
4.3 Protection of Animals
Protection
of animal is the practice of protecting endangered animal species and their
habitats. Among the goals of wild life conservation are to ensure that nature
will be around for future generations to enjoy and to recognize the importance
of wildlife to humans.[61]
Many nations like Nigeria, have government agencies dedicated to have
government agencies dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement
policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-porfit
organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an
increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity
on wildlife. The science of extinction end.
Major threats to wildlife.
Major
threats to wildlife can be categorized as below.[62]
Habitat loss:
fewer natural wildlife habitat areas remain each year. Moreover, the habitat
that remains has often been degraded to bear litter resemblance to the wild
areas which existed in the fast Habitat loss- due to destruction, fragmentation
or degradation of habitat- is the primary threat to the survival of wildlife in
the United States.
When an
ecosystem has been dramatically changed by human activities-such as
agriculture, oil and gas exploration, commercial development or water
diversion-it may no longer be able to provide the food, water, cover, and
places to raise young.
Every day there
are fewer places left that wildlife can call home. There major kinds of habital
loss:
1. Flabitat
destruction: a bull does pushing down trees is the iconic image of habitat destruction.
Other ways that people are directly destroying habital, include filling in wet
land dredging rivers, moving fields, and cutting down trees.
2. Habitat
fragmentation: much of the remaining terrestrial wildlife habitat in the
remaining terrestrial wildlife habitat in the U.S has been cut up into
fragmented by species habitat has been fragmented by dams and water diversions.
These fragments of habitat has been fragmented by dams and water diversions.
These fragments of habitat may not be large or connected enough to support
species that need a large territory in which to find mates and food. The loss
and fragmentation of habital make it difficult for migration species to find
places to rest and feed along their migration routes.
3. Habitat
degradation: pollution, invasive species and disruption of ecosystem processes
(such as changing the intensity of fires in an ecosystem) are some of the ways
habitats can be become so degraded that no longer support native wildlife. Cl
Climate change Global warming is making
hot days hotter, rainfall and flooding heavier, hurricanes stronger and drought
more severe. This intensification of weather and climate extremes will be the
most visible impact of global warming in our everyday liver. It is also causing
dangerous changes to the landscape of our world, adding stress to wildlife
species and their habitat. Since many types of plants and animals have specific
habitual requirements, climate change could cause disastrous loss of wildlife
species. A slight drop or rise in average rainfall will translate into large
seasonal changes. Hibernating mammals, and disturbed. Plants and wildlife are
sensitive to moisture change so, they will be harmed by any change in moisture
level. Natural phenomena like floods, earth quakes, volcanoes, lightning,
forest fires, affect wildlife.
4.4 Protection of Endangered Species
An
endangered species is a species of organismsthatwill likely become extinct. The
phrase endangered species’ colloquially refers to any species that fits this
description whereas conservation biologists typeically with it refer to species
that are designated endangered in the FUCN red list, where in “endangered” is
the second most severe conservation for wild populations, following critically
Endangered. 3079 animals and 2655 plants are endangered worldwide, compared
with 1998 levels of 1102 and 1197, respectively.[63]
The amount, population trend, and conservation status of each species can be
found in the lists of organisms by population.
May
nations have laws that protect conservation reliant species: for example
forbidding hunting, restricting land development, or creating preserves.
Conservation
status
The
conservation status of a species indicates the likelihood that it will become
extinct. Many factors are considered when assessing the conservation status of
a species; e.g, such statistics as the number remaining the overall increase or
decrease in the population overtime, breeding success rates or known threats.[64]
The FUCN Red list of threatened species is the best. Known world. Wide
conservation status listing and ranking system[65]
Over
40% of species are estimated to be at risk extinction.[66]
Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord to create biodiversity
action plans that will protect endangered and other threatened species. In the
United States this plan is usually called a species recovery plan.
FUCN
categories, and some animals in those categories, include:
·
Extinct:
examples: all as bear, aurochs, balitiger, black fin cisco, carribean monk
seal, Carolina parakeet, Caspian tiger, dodo, dusky seaside sparrow, eastern
cougar, elephant bird, golden toad, great quk, haast’s eagle, Japanses sea
lion, Javan tiger, Labrador duck, moa, passenger pigen, pterosaurs, saher
toothed cat, schamburgks dear, shor-faced bear, steller’s sea cow, thylacine,
toolache wallaby, western black rhinoceros, woolly mammoth, woolly rhinoceros.
·
Extinct
in the wild: captive individuals survive, but there is no free-living, natural
population. Examples: Barbary lion (maybe similar oryx, Socorro dove, Wyoming
toad
·
Critically
endangered: faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future.
Examples: addax, African wild Ass, Alabama cavefish, amurleopard, arakan forest
turtle, Asiatic cheetah, axoloti, Bactrian camel, brazillian merganser, brown
spider monkey, California condor, Chinese alligator, Chinese giant salamander,
gharial, hawarian monk et cetera.
4.5 Reason for Extinction and Solutions
A
balanced ecosystem is an essential need for abetter tomorrow for mankind.
Deterioration of ecosystem will give a negative impacts to theworld such as
land slides, climate change and floods. However, large number of animals and
plants are threatened with extinction these days. We depend on them not just to
have our daily food but in many ways especially in environmental and ecology
control. So that causes and preventions steps should be taken into account
before it become worse.
It
is true that human activity is the major cause of this problem. Development of
cities with construction of buildings and skyscrapers will destroy animal and
plant habitats. So that, those plants and animals cannot survive because their
food sources, home disrupted. Another significant casue is the hunting of race
species for exotic food and traditional medicines which can be sold at high
prices. In addition pollution of air and water can interrupt plants and animals
life. For example, pollution of sea can threaten plankton and coral life which
is a source of food and shelters to other marine life.
A
number of urgent measures need to be taken in order to solve this problem.
Firstly, the hunting of rare species should be banned and international agency
to be set up to prevent the illegal trade of these animals. Apart from that,
government and local council can apply dome rules and regulations about
pollution of river, sea and air against irresponsible companies and
individuals. Heavy fines can be imposed to those who are against the laws.
In
addition, the public and children must be educated with knowledge about the
importance of environment and ecosystem surrounds them. This can be done
through campaigns in public and syllabus in schools.[67]
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
RECOMMENDATION
In the course of
this research work, the following are our recommendations:
1. The Nigerian
authorities in conjunction with the existing environmental bodies should create
preventive measures so as to eradicate those unwanted those unwanted factors
that does not encourage environmental sustainability.
2. Laws should be
enacted and implemented that require sanitation in all the states on a weekly
basis.
3. The Nigerian
government should adopt efforts and strategies necessary for implementation of
the concept of sustainable development.
4. There should be
penalties inflicted on states that do not comply with the provisions of the
laws governing sustainable development
5. Programmes
should be created which will educate and sensitize the younger ones and adults alike
on the need to achieve a sustainable society.
5.2
Conclusion
During the last
few decades, it has become evident that we can no longer think of
socio-economic development in isolation from the environment. The nature of
issues confronting us a long with an increasing interdependence among nations
necessitates that countries come together to chart a
sustainable course fo development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992,
was a mile stone event, effectively focusing the world’s attention on
environmental and development problem we face as a global community.
The summit brought together
governments from around the globe, representatives from international agencies
and non-governmental organizations with the objective of preparing the world
for attaining the long-term goals of sustainable development.
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