CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
The data
collected for this study were statistically analyzed and presented in this
chapter. This presentation and analysis were presented in table; each contains
information on the response to this research questions.
Research
Question 1:
What are the
roles of an accountant in an organization?
Item 1-8 in this questionnaire was used
to control data with regards to these research questions. The summary of data
analysis is presented in table 4-1 below:
Table 4.1: The Role of an Accountant in an Organization
S/N
|
ITEMS
|
SA
|
A
|
D
|
SD
|
N
|
Fx
|
X
|
S.D
|
Decision
|
1.
|
Preparation and presentation of timely and
accurate financial reports to management
|
60
|
30
|
10
|
-
|
100
|
300
|
3.50
|
1.75
|
Agreed
|
2.
|
Identification of areas of inefficiency and
wastage of resources.
|
45
|
40
|
10
|
5
|
100
|
325
|
3.25
|
1.80
|
Agreed
|
3.
|
Treasuring function – raising finance, cash
management
|
40
|
44
|
16
|
-
|
100
|
324
|
3.24
|
1.60
|
Agreed
|
4.
|
Setting up effective system of internal and
accounting controls
|
56
|
44
|
-
|
-
|
100
|
356
|
3.56
|
1.90
|
Agreed
|
5.
|
Preparation of feasibility reports
|
79
|
21
|
-
|
-
|
100
|
379
|
3.79
|
1.96
|
Agreed
|
6.
|
Investigating of the performance operations of
competing business organization to assist management in policy formulation.
|
63
|
25
|
10
|
2
|
100
|
349
|
3.49
|
1.72
|
Agreed
|
7.
|
Investigating of fraud within the organization
|
70
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
100
|
340
|
3.40
|
1.70
|
Agreed
|
8.
|
Assisting the organization to avoid – rather than
evade tax by using his knowledge of the tax laws
|
30
|
60
|
10
|
-
|
100
|
320
|
3.20
|
1.50
|
Agreed
|
Out of one hundred
(100) respondent who responded to items “1” preparation and presentation of
timely and accurate financial reports to management 60 strongly agreed to the
opinion, 30 agreed, 10 disagreed and 0 strongly disagree .This item yield the
mean of 3.50 and this standard deviation of 1.73 .Out of one hundred
respondents who responded to item “2” “Identification of areas of inefficiency
and wastage of resources; 45 strongly agreed 40 agreed, 10 disagreed and 5
strongly disagreed. The item yields the mean of 3.25 and the standard deviation
of 1.60. Out of one hundred responded (100) who responded to item “3” – “Treasuring
function raising finance, cash management 40 strongly agreed. 44 agreed, 16 disagreed
and Nil strongly disagree the item yield the mean of 3.24 and the standard
deviation of 1.60. Out of one hundred (100) respond dents who responded to item
“4” setting up effective system of internal and accounting control; 56 strongly
agreed 44 agreed , Nil disagreed and Nil also strongly disagreed the item yield
this mean o 3,56 and standard deviation 1.90. Out of one hundred respondent who
responded to item “5” “ preparation of
feasibility reports “79 strongly agreed , 21 agreed ,Nil disagreed and Nil also
strongly disagreed to this opining .This item yield this mean of 3.79 and
standard deviation of 1.96 . Out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded
to item “6” “Investigating of this performance /operation of competing business
organization to assist management in policy formation 63
strong agreed, 25 agreed, 10 disagreed and 2 strongly disagreed. The item
yields the mean of 3.49 and the deviation of 1.72. Out of one hundred (100)
respondents who responded to item “7” “Investigation of fraud within the
organization “70 strongly agreed, 10 agreed, 10 disagreed and 10 strongly
disagreed to this opining. The item yields the mean of 3.40 and the standard
deviation of 1.70. Out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “8”
“Assisting the organization to avoid – rather than evade – tax by using his
knowledge of the tax laws. 30 strongly agreed, 60 agreed, 10 disagreed and Nil strongly
disagreed. The item yields the mean of 3.20 and this standard deviation of
1.50.
Findings
It was found that the respondents agreed
on this opining that the roles of an accountant in an organization include:
1. Preparation and presentation of timely
and accurate financial reports to management who the mean of 3.50 and the standard
deviation of 1.73
2. Identification of areas of inefficiency
and 10eastage of resources with the mean of 3.31 and the standard deviation of
1.60
3. Treasuring function –raising finance,
cash management with the mean of 3.24 and this standard deviation of 1.60
4. Setting up effective system of internal
and accounting controls with the mean of 3.56 and the standard deviation of
1.90
5. Preparation of feasibility report with
the mean of 3.79 and the standard deviation of 1.96
6. Investigation of the performance
operation of competing business organization to assist management in policy
formation with the mean of 3.49 and the standard deviation of 1.72
7. Investigation of fraud within the
organization with the mean of 3.40 and the standard deviation of 1.70
8. Assisting the organization to avoid – rather
than evade – tax by using his knowledge of the tax taws with mean of 3.20 and
standard deviation 1.50
Research
Question 2
To what extant
does an accountant assist this management of an organization in achieving
organizational effectiveness in operation
Item 9-13 of the questionnaire was used
to collect data with regards to the research questions this summary of data
analysis is presented in table 4.2 below:
Table
4.2: The Extent an Accountant Assist the Management of an Organizational Effectiveness
in Operation
S/N
|
ITEMS
|
VGE
|
GE
|
LE
|
VLE
|
N
|
FX
|
X
|
S.D
|
Decision
|
9.
|
Financial
data management
|
65
|
28
|
7
|
-
|
100
|
358
|
3.58
|
1.80
|
Accept
|
10.
|
Analysis
and Advice
|
42
|
48
|
7
|
3
|
100
|
329
|
3.29
|
1.60
|
Accept
|
11.
|
Financial
report preparation
|
59
|
38
|
3
|
-
|
100
|
356
|
3.56
|
1.80
|
Accept
|
12.
|
Compliance
|
38
|
52
|
10
|
-
|
100
|
328
|
3.28
|
1.60
|
Accept
|
13.
|
External
business affiliations
|
30
|
50
|
20
|
-
|
100
|
310
|
3.10
|
1.50
|
Accept
|
Out of one
hundred (100) respondent who responded to item “9” “financial date management’
65 agreed to the opinion to a very great extent, 28 agreed to a great extent, 7
agreed to a little extent while mill agreed to a very little extent. The item
yields the mean of 3.58 and the standard deviation of 1.80. out of one hundred
(100) respondents who responded to item “10” “analysis and advice” 42 agreed to
the opinion to a very great extent, 48 agreed to a great extent, 7 agreed to a
little extent and 3 agreed to the opinion to a very little extent. The item
yields the mean of 3.29 and the standard deviation of 1.60. Out of one hundred
(100) respondent who responded to item “11” financial report and preparations
59 agreed to the opinion to a very great extent, 38 agreed to a great extent, 3
agreed to the opinion to a little, extent and mill agreed to a very little
extent. The item yields the mean of 3.56 and the standard deviation of 1.80.
out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “12” “compliance” 38
agreed to the opinion to a very great extent, 52 agreed to a great extent, 10
agreed to a little extent and mill agreed to a very little extent. The item yields
the mean of 3.28 and the standard deviation of 1.60 out of one hundred (100)
responded who responded to item “13” external business affiliation”. 30 agreed
to the opinion to a very great extent, 50 agreed to a great extent, 20 agreed
to a very little extent and Nil agreed to a very little extent. The items yield
the mean of 3.10 and the standard deviation of 1.50.
Findings
It was found
that the respondents agreed to the opinion that accountant assist the
management of an organization in achieving organizational effectiveness in
operation to the following extent:
1. Financial data management with the mean
of 3.58 and standard deviation of 1.80
2. Analysis and advice with the mean of
3.29 and standard deviation of 1.60
3. Financial report preparation with the
mean of 3.56 and the standard deviation of 1.80
4. Compliance with the mean of 3.28 and
the standard deviation of 1.60
5. External business affiliation with the
mean of 3.10 and the standard deviation of 1.50
Therefore, the entire respondent agreed
to the opinion
Research
Question 3
To what extent
does an accountant assist the management in achieving organizational efficiency
in the budgeting process?
Item 14-16 in the questionnaire was used
to collect data with regards to the research question. The summary of data
analysis is presented in table 4.3 below:
Table
4.3
The
Extent on Accountant Assists the Management in Achieving Organizational
Efficiency in the Budgeting process.
S/N
|
ITEMS
|
VGE
|
GE
|
LE
|
VLE
|
N
|
FX
|
X
|
S.D
|
Decision
|
14.
|
Planning
the cost action that helps to foresee the future transaction
|
40
|
42
|
10
|
8
|
100
|
314
|
3.14
|
1.50
|
Accept
|
15.
|
Accountant
provide information to management of an organization that assist them to
arrange the financial obligations coming into business process
|
60
|
12
|
15
|
13
|
100
|
319
|
3.19
|
1.52
|
Accept
|
16.
|
Accountants
provide information that helps the management of an organization to ascertain
that this prepared budgets works in
conjunction with long term goals of the firms
|
30
|
50
|
12
|
8
|
100
|
302
|
3.02
|
1.42
|
Accept
|
Out of one hundred (100) respondents who
responded to the item “14” planning the cost action that helps to foresee the
future transaction. 40 agreed to the opinion to a very great extent, 42 agreed to great extent,
10 agreed to a little extent and 8 agreed to a great to a very little
extent. The mean of 1.5. Out of one
hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “15” “accountant provides
information to management of an organization that assist them to arrange the
financial obligation coming into the business process.” 60 agreed to the
opinion to a very great extent, 12 agreed to a great extent, 15 agreed to a
little extent and 13 agreed to a very little extent. The item yield the mean
of 3.19 and the standard deviation of
1.52.out of 100 respondents who responded to item “16” “ accountants provide information
that helps the management of an organization to ascertain that the prepared
budgets works in conjunction with long term goals of the firms”. 30 agreed to a
very great extent, 50 agreed to a great extent, 12 agreed to a little extent
and 8 agreed to a very little extent. The item yields the mean of 3.02 and the
standard deviation of 1.42.
Findings
It was found out
that respondents agreed to the opinion that an accountant will assist the
management in achieving organizational efficiency in the budgeting process to
the following extent:
1. Planning the cost action that helps to
foresee the future transaction with the mean of 3.14 and the standard deviation
of 1.50
2. Accountant provide information to management
of an organization that assist them to arrange the financial obligation coming in
the business process with the mean of 3.19 and the standard deviation of 1.52
3. Accountants provide information that helps
the management of an organization to ascertain that the prepared budgets works
in conjunction with long term goals of the firms with the mean of 3.02 and the
standard deviation of .1.42
Therefore all the respondents agreed to
the opinion
Research
Question 4
To what extent
does an accountant helps an organization to achieve its goal item 17-20 in the
questionnaire was used to collect data with regards to these research
questions. The summary of data analysis is presented in table 4.4 below:
Table
4.4
The
Extent an Accountant Helps an Organization Achieve its Goal.
S/N
|
ITEMS
|
VGE
|
GE
|
LE
|
VLE
|
N
|
FX
|
X
|
S.D
|
Decision
|
|||||||||||||
17.
|
Timeliness
of reports
|
25
|
49
|
10
|
16
|
100
|
283
|
2.83
|
1.32
|
Accept
|
|||||||||||||
18.
|
Cost
– effective against waste
|
38
|
40
|
7
|
15
|
100
|
302
|
3.02
|
1.42
|
Accept
|
|||||||||||||
19.
|
Information
provider for effective business plan.
|
62
|
34
|
7
|
3
|
100
|
340
|
3.40
|
1.84
|
Accept
|
|||||||||||||
20.
|
Provision
of reliable information for organizational survival
|
65
|
10
|
10
|
4
|
100
|
314
|
3.14
|
1.77
|
Accept
|
|||||||||||||
Out
of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “17” “timelines of
reports” 25 agreed to the opinion to a very great extent, 49 agreed to a very
great extent, 10 agreed to a little extent and 16 agreed to a very little
extent. The items yield the mean of 1.32 and the standard deviation of 1.32.
out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “18” “cost-effective
against waste” 38 agreed to the opinion to a very great extent, 40 agreed to a
great extent, 7 agreed to a little extent and 15 agreed to a very little
extent. The item yields the mean of 3.02 and the standard deviation of 1.42.
Out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “19” “information
provider for effective business plan” 62 agreed to the opinion to a very great
extent, 34 agreed to a great extent, 7 agreed to a little extent and 3 agreed
to a very little extent. The item yields the mean of 3.40 and the standard
deviation of 1.84. Out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item
“20” “provision of reliable information for organizational survival” 65 agreed
to a very great extent, 10 agreed to a great extent, 10 agreed to a little
extent and 4 agreed to a very little extent. The item yields the mean of 3.14
and the standard deviation of 1.77.
Findings
It
was found that the respondents agreed that an accountant will help an
organization to achieve its goal to the following extent:
1. Timeliness of reports with the mean of
2.83 and the standard deviation of 1.32.
2. Cost-effective against waste with the
mean of 3.02 and the standard deviation of 1.42.
3. Information provider for effective
business plan with the mean of 3.40 and the standard deviation of 1.84.
4. Provision of reliable information for
organizational survival with the mean of 3.14 and the standard deviation of
1.77.
Therefore all the respondents agreed to
the opinion
Research
Question 5
What
are the ways of improving on the problems of an accountant to achieve
effectiveness and efficiency?
Items 21-25 in the questionnaire were
used to collect data with the regard for these research questions. The summary
of data analysis is presented in table 4.5 below:
Table
4.5
The Strategies of Improving
Effectiveness and Efficiency of an Accountant
S/N
|
ITEMS
|
SA
|
A
|
D
|
SD
|
N
|
Fx
|
X
|
S.D
|
Decision
|
21.
|
Non – management interference
and opposition.
|
59
|
29
|
10
|
2
|
100
|
333
|
3.33
|
1.82
|
Accept
|
22.
|
Effective and efficient in
supply of informal
|
44
|
30
|
10
|
-
|
100
|
286
|
2.86
|
1.69
|
Accept
|
23.
|
Training and retraining of accountant
|
65
|
21
|
7
|
7
|
100
|
344
|
3.44
|
1.85
|
Accept
|
24.
|
Allowing
an accountant to handle statement records
|
40
|
52
|
10
|
10
|
100
|
346
|
3.46
|
1.86
|
Accept
|
25.
|
Provision
of owning facilities
|
40
|
38
|
12
|
7
|
100
|
305
|
3.05
|
1.75
|
Accept
|
Out of one hundred (100) respondents who
responded to item “21” “non-management interference and opposition” 59 strongly
agreed, 29 agreed, and 10 disagreed and 2 strongly disagreed. The item yielded
the mean of 3.33 and standard deviation of 1.82. Out of one hundred (100)
respondents who responded to item “22” “effective and efficient in supply of
information” 44 strongly agreed, 30 agreed, 10 disagreed and nil strongly
disagreed. The item yields the mean of 2.86 and the standard deviation of 1.64.
Out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “23” “training and
retraining of accountant” 65 strongly agreed, 21 agreed, 7 disagreed and 7
strongly disagreed. The item yields the mean of 3.44 and the standard deviation
of 1.85. Out of one hundred (100) respondents who responded to item “24”
“allowing an accountant to handle/keep the financial statement records” 40
strongly agreed, 52 agreed, 10 disagreed and 10 strongly disagreed. The item
yields the mean of 3.46 and the standard deviation of 1.86. Out of one hundred
(100) respondents who responded to item “25” “provision of working facilities”
40 strongly agreed, 38 agreed, 12 disagreed and 7 strongly disagreed. The item
yields the mean of 3.05 and standard deviation of 1.75.
Findings
It was found
that the respondents agreed to the opinion that the ways of improving the
problems of accountant to achieve effectiveness and efficiency include:
1. Non-management interference and
opposition with the mean of 3.33 and the standard deviation of 1.82.
2. Effective and efficient in supply of
information with the mean of 2.86 and the standard deviation of 1.69.
3. Training and retraining of accountant
with the mean of 3.44 and the standard deviation of 1.85.
4. Allowing an accountant to handle/keep
financial statement record with the mean of 3.46 and the standard deviation of
1.86.
5. Provision of working facilities with
the mean of 3.05 and the standard deviation of 1.75.
Summary
of Findings
From the analysis of data collected, it
was found that:
1. The roles of an accountant in an organization
include; preparation and presentation of timely and accurate financial reports
to management, identification of areas of inefficiency and wastage of
resources, Treasuring function, Setting up effective system of internal and
accounting controls, preparation of feasibility reports , Investigating of the
performance, operation of the business, investigation of fraud within the
organization and assisting the organization to avoid, rather than evade – tax
by using his knowledge of the tax law.
2. Accountants assist management of an
organization in achieving organizational effectiveness in operation to the
extent of providing of financial data management, analysis and advice,
financial report preparation, compliance and external business affiliation.
3. accountant assist the management in achieving
organization efficiency in the budgeting process to extent of planning the cost
action that helps to foresee this future transaction, providing information to
management of an organization that assist them to arrange the financial
obligation coming in the business process and provide information that helps
the management of an organization to ascertains that this prepared budgets
works in conjunction with long term goals of the firms.
4. Accountant helps an organization with timeliness
of reports, cost-effective against waste, information provider for effective
business plan, and provision of reliable information for organizational survival
and this helps the organization to effectively achieve its goal.
5. There are problems accountants faced in an
organization and this problems can be resolved, the solution to the problems
faced by an accountants of organizations include non-management interference
and opposition effective and efficient in supply of financial information
training and retraining of accountant, allowing an accountant to handle/keep
the financial statement records and provision of working facilities.
ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE
OF AN ACCOUNTANT IN EBONYI STATE TRANSPORT CORPORATION ABAKALIKI