COURSE CODE: FAQ 581
DEPARTMENT OF
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
INTRODUCTION
Fish is generally believed
to be a comparatively cheaper and available source of animal protein in most
countries around the world, especially among Nigeria. Fish and fish products are
known world wide as a very important diet because of their high nutritive
quality and significance on improving human health.
Fish
is one of the most important animal protein foods available in the tropics (Eyo
2001). In many Asian countries over 50% of the animal protein intake in Nigeria; the
African proportion is 17.5%.
(Williman
et al 1998). Fish consumption has impact on human being throughout various stages
of human life, including pregnancy and childhood. Gomna and Rana (2007 reported an
annual fish consumption of 5.8 and 9kg/caput/years to meat in Lagos State West
Nigeria. Despite the fact that fish is most consumed and source of animal
protein in Nigeria,
the level of consumption is still far below the world average (Faostat, 2005)
In addition, substantial proportion of the fish consumed in Nigeria is
still being imported. Hence, the need to expand local production to meet
increasing demand and safe the country from avoidable negative balance of
payment.
The important
of fisheries to the Nigeria
economy is indicated by its contribution to the cross domestic products being
5.4% in 2002 (FDF).
Nigerians are high fish
consumers with total current consumption figures of about 1.5 million metric
tons. With an annual fish import figure of about 700,000 metric tons (FAD,
2000).
The contribution of
fisheries to the nation economy is very significant in term of employment
income generation, poverty alleviation, foreign exchange earnings and
provisions of raw materials for animal feed industry.
Meanwhile the study of fish
consumption is worth while not only in determining national and localized fish
requirement but in the final analysis in satisfying public demand for fish production.
TREND OF FISH
CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA
Fish,
an important source of animal protein, is in increasing demand in Nigeria. This
increase in demand is due to a number of factors such as high population growth
rate, increasing national income and increasing cost of meat and other sources
of animal protein. It has been estimated that the per caput fish consumption
for day in Nigeria, as early as the 1960’s, was 29.1gm; this yields 2.6gm of
animal protein which represents 35% of the per caput consumption of livestock
products and 30.8% of animal protein intake (Olayide, 1972). This per caput
fish consumption was higher than any other livestock product in the country
during the period. Currently, about 40% of animal protein consumed in the
country is derived from fish (Nigeria,
1980) the relatively high per caput consumption of fish has been attributed to
greater availability of this product at relatively cheaper prices (Osajuyigbe,
1981). The total demand for fish in Nigeria was estimated at 0.940,
1,150 and 1,450 million tones respectively in 1975. 1980 and 1985 (Williams,
1986). While the demand for fish growing in Nigeria, the production of fish in
the country was declining. Although the target total domestic fish production
were respectively 0.850, 1,060 and 1,1200 million tones for the years 1975,
1980 and 1985 the index of fish production actually fell from example 115-4 in
1983 to 48.2.in 1985 (Central Bank of Nigeria 1985, p. 16). The widening gap
between domestic production of fish and demand was made up by imports.
As
shown in the table, total fish imports rose form 54416 metric tones on 1971 to
245,000 metric tones in 1981, with an increase of 13.0% during this period. Total consumption
averaged 5.0%, from 463. 953 to 741,221 metric tones in 1971 and 1981
respectively . Between 1971 and 1981, per caput consumption average 3.5%. this
trend in fish consumption is expected to increase in the years ahead. The
projected fish consumption of over 2 million metric tones by the year 2000 and
a project per caput consumption of 14.49kg for that year, which in the face of
a declining index of fish production means a further widening of the gap
between consumption and production hence soaring fish import bills Adesini and
Aderinola 1983 have shown that Nigeria have a relatively high marginal
propensity to consume imported fish and that the volume of fish imports was
very responsive to changes in socio-economic factors such as population,
national income and domestic fish production.
FISH
CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA
1971-1981
|
Year
|
Domestic production metric tones
|
Imports metric tons
|
Total consumption metric tone
|
Projected human population
|
Per caput consumption (kg)
|
|
1971
|
409,537
|
54,416
|
463,958
|
66,365
|
6.99
|
|
1972
|
437,971
|
65,063
|
503,034
|
68,356
|
7.36
|
|
1973
|
465,075
|
71,410
|
536,485
|
70,406
|
7.62
|
|
1974
|
473,220
|
74,905
|
548,125
|
72,834
|
7.53
|
|
1975
|
466,236
|
114,186
|
580,422
|
74,693
|
7.77
|
|
1976
|
494,766
|
133,977
|
628,743
|
76,699
|
8.20
|
|
1977
|
504,014
|
164,449
|
666,463
|
78,557
|
8.51
|
|
1978
|
518,667
|
202,208
|
720,775
|
80,563
|
8.95
|
|
1979
|
535,435
|
218,000
|
753,435
|
82,621
|
9.12
|
|
1980
|
479,596
|
234,000
|
713,596
|
84,732
|
8.42
|
|
1981
|
496,221
|
243,000
|
741,221
|
86,897
|
8.53
|
Source of estimate adopted from Olayide et al.,
(1972) the rest of the data were obtained form the federal department of
fisheries.
PROJECTED FISH
DEMAND FOR NIGERIA
1980-2000
|
Year
|
Projected human population
|
Project per caput consumption
|
Project fish demand (million tones)
|
|
1980
|
84.732
|
9.29
|
0.787
|
|
1981
|
86.892
|
9.55
|
0.830
|
|
1982
|
89.118
|
9.81
|
0.874
|
|
1983
|
91.395
|
10.07
|
0.920
|
|
1984
|
93.732
|
10.33
|
0.968
|
|
1985
|
96.128
|
10.59
|
1.018
|
|
1986
|
98.586
|
10.85
|
1.070
|
|
1987
|
101.107
|
11.11
|
1.123
|
|
1988
|
103.693
|
11.37
|
1.179
|
|
1989
|
106.345
|
11.63
|
1.237
|
|
1990
|
109.067
|
11.89
|
1.297
|
|
1991
|
111.858
|
12.15
|
1.359
|
|
1992
|
114.720
|
12.41
|
1.424
|
|
1993
|
117.657
|
12.67
|
1.491
|
|
1994
|
120.669
|
12.93
|
1.560
|
|
1995
|
123.759
|
13.19
|
1.632
|
|
1996
|
126.929
|
13.45
|
1.707
|
|
1997
|
130.180
|
13.71
|
1.785
|
|
1998
|
133.516
|
13.97
|
1.865
|
|
1999
|
136.933
|
14.23
|
1.949
|
|
2000
|
140.446
|
14.49
|
2.035
|
FISH
CONSUMPTION IN 2010
United
Nations projection for population growth indicate that the region wall have 700
million inhabitants by year 2000 and 915 million by the year 2010. Assuming
that current per-caput supply can be maintained, apparent total fish food
consumption would reach a minimum of about 4.7 million tons in 2000 and 6.2
million tons in 2010. Compared to current suppliers of about 4 million tons in
1994. this represent gaps in the range of 0.7 million and 2.2 million tons for
2000 and 2010 respectively.
Resources
exist to meet at current per caput supply level, theoretical demand at least by
the year 2000, but only necessarily by the year 2010. This is based on the
global production figure of over 5.5 million tons achieved in 1990. (discards
and subsistence fisheries excluded but foreign catches includes) and the
further assumption that production could be slightly increased. The overall
potential of capture fisheries being
conservatively estimated above 7 million tons. Further more by maintaining its
present growth rate, aquaculture production contribute about another 280000
tons by the year 2010.
If Nigeria adopt
polices to increase per caput consumption to 8.5kg/caput
(its average level in the eighties) supply would
need to expand significantly up to 6 million by the year 2000 and to 7.8
million tons by 2010. This scenario is unlikely to happen without relying on
massive imports. After the year 2010, expected change in population growth may
significantly modify demand trends.
SOURCE OF FISH
IN NIGERIA
The
Nigeria
fishing industry comprises of artisanal, industrial and aquaculture. The
awareness on the potential of aquaculture to contribute to domestic production
and export. Fish species which are commonly cultured include tilapia spp,
heterobranchus bodorsails, clarias gariepinus, mugie
spp, chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, heterotis niloticus,
ophcocephalus obscure, cyprinus carpio and megalo
spp. Fish can be source from different water.
Rivers: there are 37 rivers in Nigeria. The Niger, the most
important originated from Sierra
Leone in the
eastern side of the Futa
Jallon Mountains
with the Benue as it most important tributary.
The total drainage area of the Niger and Benue Rivers
is 222,000 square miles. The largest of these rivers is the Kamadugu Yobe, of
which Hadejia is a tributary. The fisheries of these rivers, also characterized
by a heterogeneous species of fishes, is still capable of better rational
exploitation and management to enable the fisheries make a higher contribution
to the countries fish production
Lagoon/Brackish
water fisheries:
An
intricate system of water-ways made up of lagoons and creeks extend along the
coast of Niger Delta. The most important of
these lagoons and creeks are: the Badagry creek, Lagos Lagoon, Epe and Lekki
Lagoons. They are important media of significant artisanal fisheries
exploitation and had contributed significantly to the fisheries resources of Nigeria in the
past. However, in recent past, there has been a serious and rapid decline of
the fisheries resources of this zone, principally due to dredging and san
filling activities associated with urbanization.
Lake and reservoirs
175 lakes and reservoirs with estimated total area
of 136, 160 hectares have been identified. These lakes and reservoirs can e
better exploited through deliberate stocking and better management for high
production.
Domestic
Production of Fish in Nigeria
Fish
farming or culture (an aspect of aquaculture) is an integral component of the
overall agricultural production system in Nigeria. The major species cultured
in Nigeria
include tilapia, catfish and carp. However the African catfish clarias
gariepinus is the most farmed (Agede et al, 2003).
In
spite of the great potentials of fish farming in Nigeria, Nigeria is still unable to bridge
the gap in the short fall between total domestic fish production and the total
domestic fish demand in Nigeria,
total domestic fish production is far
less than the total domestic demand.
According
to Zango-Daura (2000) as cited by Rahji and Teslem Bada 2010 the country
requires 750,000 tones of fish while domestic production amounted to 350,000 tones.
Fish importation makes up the balance of 400.000 tones. Importation is thus often
used to bridge the fish supply demand gap (Rahji et al. 2001). According to
zango-Daura (2000) Nigeria
requires about 1-5 million tones of fish annually. This is what is needed to
meet FAO’S recommended minimum fish consumption rate of 12.5 kilograms per head
yearly to satisfy basic protein needs. For now, the unsatisfied demand will
continue to be met through importation unless policy actions are geared towards
improving domestic productions by providing solution to factors militating
against aquaculture in country.
However,
the huge sum of money spent by Nigeria
annually in fish importation could be used to invest in fish farming. Nigeria can
substitute fish with domestic production to create jobs, reduce poverty in
rural area where 70% of the population lives and ease the balance of payment.
IMPORTATION OF
FISH IN NIGERIA
Nigeria spends
about N50 billion on importations of frozen fish to augment shortfall in
domestic production, put at about 600,000 metric tones. Meanwhile, the demand
for fish and fishery products in Nigeria has been on the increase with supply
not meeting up with the demand current projected fish demand, according to the
agriculture minister it is estimated at 2.66 million metric tones based on a
population of 140 million (food and Agriculture organization)
The
ministry of Agriculture had indicated last year that importation of fish would
be banned altogether so as to aim at saving foreign exchange and promoting
local farming, but warned that an outright ban would have profound consequences
for the people who would be abruptly denied their sole source of protein.
Nigeria
produced only 30 per cent of the country’s requirements. Nigeria
requires 2.66 million tones of fish annually to satisfy the dietary needs of its
citizens. The demand is growing with the population growth and increasing
purchasing power.
Out
of this, only a paltry 700,000 tones is produced locally, thus includes only
200,000 tones from aquaculture, further in case of locally farmed fish, the fish
feed accounts for 70 percent of the cost of production which is imported,
draining valuable foreign exchange.
However,
the imported fish is available to the people at hugely lower prices compared to
consumers in other countries. Locally farmed fish is nearly double the price of
imported fish making it a luxury for an average Nigeria to consume. ‘’for instance,
the imported frozen fish is available to
the people at an average of N150-250 per kg, where as the locally farmed
catfish sells for a whopping N5000 per kg.
Given
thus low price for imported fish, Nigerians even from the lowest thresholds of
income are still able to buy fish on a daily basis, meeting the protein needs
of themselves and their children.
The
imported fish is cheap because in European and pacific waters, there is an
abundance of fish, given years of controlled fishing and best practices for a
thriving fish population. The stock of fish in Nigeria waters is negligible for trawling.
Most of the shrimps and prawns caught locally are being exported to Europe at higher prices.
According
to the food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO) figures, Nigeria
industrial trawl fishery is dominated by trawlers using 400-600 hp engines and
vessels of 45-110 meter length over all. The fleet is currently over 300
vessels, although less than 50 per cent are actively fishing and producing only
above 30,000 tones of fish and approximately 7000 tones of shrimps, annual fish
demand based on various projections is about 1.5 million tones. This is
conservative estimate based on estimated annual consumption of 11 to
12kg/caput/annum, excluding leakages to neighbouring countries and making Nigeria’s total
fish demand the highest in Africa.
NIGERIA FISH VASWANII NIGERIA
FISH STATION
Since the time the government of Nigeria made a tariff
reduction on all fishery products from 25% to 5% in 2001, Nigeria has
become a major destination for imported seafood. There are various species of
frozen fish being imported into Nigeria
i.e., herring Mackerel (KOTE) and croaker are expensive compared to the other
species. Some canned products are also imported. Tilapia and catfish are the
major species farmed by local fish farmers, however, portion of frozen
fish is sold at traditional open markets. Wholesalers or retailers are located
of these markets but they purchase from importers or distributors cold storage
facilities. Those owing usually, small cold store located within the market
area, have the product delivered directly to them.
The
characteristic and price of same species of fish differs based on the country
of origin example, which country the fish is caught. Hence the price of the
same species will differ based on the country of origin for example, the Mackerel
(TITUS) caught in European waters is more expensive than the Mackerel (KAMPALA)
caught in the Mauritania
waters. The imported frozen seafood is usually shipped to Apapa-Lagos, Port Harcourt and warri.it
is inspected, passed through custom clearance and after clearance the products
are transported in refrigerated trucks to cold storage. Warehouse located within
Lagos and other
urban centers. Wholesalers, usually have their cold storage facilities and
purchase as the product is offloaded or take stock from importers cold stores.
For
health reasons, the Nigerian Government classifies port clearance for fish
landings at Nigeria’s
ports as “priority”. Importers are allowed to transport their consignments to
their warehouses even upon a partial payment of duty and port charges (usually
80%) the reminder to be paid later at an agreed time. Imported seafood products
are shipped in branched boxes package of 20kg, 25kg and 30kg and the number of
fish per box varies with fish sizes – small, medium or large which range from 80
to 120 pieces per cartoon. Wholesalers often site their cold storage facilities
in the traditional markets. More than 80 percent of distribution channel
members in Nigeria’s
traditional markets are retailers. The product prices are about 20-30 percent
lower in the traditional markets than in convenience stores and supermarkets,
pricing in Nigeria’s
traditional markets is usually negotiated on the spot.
Meanwhile,
the federal fisheries unit issues import license to local firms applying to imports
after due certifications. The Nigeria
customs service is the government agency for import duty collection.
Furthermore,
it is also very difficult task to maintain low temperature of the cold stores
due to frequent power failure, manual loading process (where temperature is lost
due to opening and closing of the door) failure of machinery due to voltage
fluctuation etc. if care is not taken, the fluctuation in cold-store
temperature will affect the quality of the fish adversely. In most of countries,
especially Europe countries, frozen fish is
palletized and handled with forklift, whereas in Nigeria fish is off-loaded carton
by carton into the Lorries. The pilferage at the port side is too much for each
vessel, especially when high value fish like mackerel/croaker is discharged.
In Nigeria, mostly
frozen fish is transported in covered or open trucks but without refrigeration.
Hence, one should be careful about the time it takes, to load, transport and
off-load the fish within a reasonable time frame. If by any chance the fish is
not offloaded on the same day and left outside the cold stores overnight, the
recovery from that fish will be less than 50% of the cost value.
IMPLICATION
FOR FISHERY DEVELOPMENT POLICIES.
Fisheries
policy in Nigeria
has been developed and included as a sub-component of the agriculture sector in
various National development plans in 1970s and 1980s. The policy covers, both
marine and inland waters.
Firstly,
while it is true that fish constitutes the largest single source of animal
protein in the country as pointed out earlier in the study. The estimated per
caput protein intake per day derived from animal sources is grossly lower than
national requirement. Yet protein from animal sources are more nutrition’s and
better utilized by the body than those form plant food (Edward, 1980). There is
therefore the need to pursue more vigorously the objective of increasing the daily
per caput intake of fish.
This
rising demand for fish in the face of declining performances of the fishery sub
sector points to the need for stepping up domestic fish production in the
country.
Secondly, the very high preference for fresh fish in
the country, there is a need for promoting the supply of fish to Nigerian
market.
Thirdly, past experience have shown that the
objective of increased fish production may not be realized unless deliberate,
discipline governmental efforts are committed to the task. In the 1970-74
national Development plan for example, an optimistic fish demand target of N1
million was set and a substantial capital investment allocation made to the
fishery sub sector. However, less than 56% of the demand target was realized by
the end of the plan, which points not only to the need for a bold fish
production programme but also an effective implementation of development plans.
A bold programme of fish production calls for, among other things, the
provision of highly subsided fishing inputs such as outboard engines and
fishing nets. in this regard, increased efforts should be made toward the establishment
of local assembly and manufacturing plans for the domestic production of these
inputs. Efforts to develop fish caning enterprises and other fish-based
industries should also be intensified. These measures, when combined with the
provision of adequate processing, storage , transport facilities, and the
provision of adequate training programmes for indigenous fishermen will go a
long way increasing the local supply of fish, and hence in meeting the
consumption requirement of fish in Nigeria.
CONCLUSION
This paper discusses fish
consumption in Nigeria
to determine more accurately the country’s fish demand with a view to
satisfying public fish consumption. Meeting the nation’s requirement has
immense contributions to make to process of national development.
Based on the finding of the
study, Adequate training programme on fish production should be organsiaed for
fish farmers in the study areas for the dissemination of research findings to
fill the gap created by poor contraction with extension agents. The ownership
structure revealed that most of the fish farms were owned by individuals who
had little access to finance. Therefore, government participation in fish
farming should be encouraged in the area to boost the quantity of fish
available for consumption. Fish farmers should be organized into formidable
groups such as cooperative to enjoin economics of scale in the purchase of
inputs and scale of output. The formation of the cooperative should also be
done towards ensuring labour availability. Efforts should be made to ensure the
effective implantation of these plans. If judiciously implemented, the measures
suggestion in this paper will go a long way to stimulate fish industry and fish
intake in Nigeria.
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