A PROJECT PROPOSAL PRESENTED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
In
the past decades, growth rates of broiler have increased and enable to reach
final bird weight earlier. Therefore, the dietary management of newly hatched
chick represents an important tool to improve broiler production index. However
the immaturity of the digestive system of young chicks reduces its ability to
absorb nutrients compared to older birds. According to Vieira and Moran Jr
(1999), the intestinal tract of bird is not completely able to digest dietary
nutrients until two weeks of age.
During the early stages of broiler
development the ability of digesting carbohydrate and fat is decreased compared
to other phases. Noy and Sklan (1995) showed that chicks at four days of age
had reduced absorption rates of lipid and carbohydrate (85%) and protein (80%)
when comparable to older birds.
Maize and soyabean have been the
most conventionally used sources of energy and protein in the diets of poultry.
Maize is the widely used cereal grain in human and animal feeding in many parts
of the world. It is also a source of industrial gums and recently fuel.
Similarly, full-fat soyabean is an excellent source of vegetable oil,
containing about 18% (Aduku, 1993) Obioha (1992) reported that fats and oil
yield about 2.25 times more energy than equivalent amount of carbohydrates and/
or protein. These workers also reported that full-fat soyabean contain an
excellent amino acid profile comparable to animal protein. Full-fat soyabean
are an excellent source of protein and energy for poultry, however the raw
grains contain certain anti-nutritional factors that inhibit productivity.
And as a result, prior heating is required. The processing conditions, especially those relating to the milling size, the use of steam, the temperature and the pressure applied, in addition to the process duration, all influences the goodness of the final product and define its nutritional value to a large extent in addition to defining advisable levels of use in commercial diets. Benabdeljelil (1999). The most important antinutritional factors present in raw beans are trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, which reduce the action of pancreatic proteases (Friedman et al., 1991). Other factors to be considered are hemagglutins or lectins (Douglas et al., 1999)
And as a result, prior heating is required. The processing conditions, especially those relating to the milling size, the use of steam, the temperature and the pressure applied, in addition to the process duration, all influences the goodness of the final product and define its nutritional value to a large extent in addition to defining advisable levels of use in commercial diets. Benabdeljelil (1999). The most important antinutritional factors present in raw beans are trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, which reduce the action of pancreatic proteases (Friedman et al., 1991). Other factors to be considered are hemagglutins or lectins (Douglas et al., 1999)
Brambila et al. (1961) indicate that the trypsin inhibitors are not the only
factors responsible for the delay in growth caused by the consumption of
untreated soya products. It is known that heat modifies the structure of
trypsin inhibitors and hemaglutinis, reduces hypertrophy of the pancreas and
improves digestistibility of the protein, yet there is no agreement as regards
the percentage of these antinutritional factors which must be destroyed in
order to obtain a quality bean. The metabolizable energy content of full-fat
soyabean and maize for any monogastric animal are similar (Carew et al., 2007). Thus, when prices do not
differ much, they may become alternatives as energy sources.
This is particularly so in most
maize and soyabean producing communities like Benue State. According to Aduku
(1993) the metabolizable energy content for maize and full-fat soyabean is 3432
and 3300 Kcal/kg respectively. Carew et
al., (2007) therefore compared maize and full-fat soyabean as energy source
for rabbits and reported that these feed ingredients can be complementarily
used as energy sources.
OBJECTIVES Of THIS STUDY ARE TO:
1. Determine
the treatment effect of inclusion level full-fat soyabean on growth performance
of the birds.
2. Evaluate
treatment effect on the blood chemistry.
3. Determine the cost and benefit of the
treatment.
JUSTIFICATION
Current
researches are aimed at looking on how to reduce cost of feed in livestock
production as human and animal are struggling for conventional feedstuff which
maize and soybean is one of them. Market price for maize is higher than that of
full-fat soyabean and I want to see at the end of this experiment if gradual
replacement of maize with full-fat soyabean will serve as source of protein and
source of energy in the growth performance of broiler chicks. As metabolizable
energy content of maize is not quite differ from metabolizable energy content
of full-fat soyabean. (Aduku, 1993).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental
site: This experiment will be carried out at the Poultry Unit in Department of Animal
Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State
University Abakaliki.
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL
72
day old chicks of Anak breed will be used in the experiment for the period of
31days (4 weeks). The experiment birds will be purchased from a reputable
market dealer and brooded together on deep litter system before they will be
allotted to their treatment groups. Each treatment will be replicated three
times giving six birds per replicate. The chicken will be feeding on commercial
broiler starter diet from day one to seventh day (1-7day) for adaptation
period. At eight day, the bird will be assigned to four experimental broiler
diets. The ingredients for compounding feed as well as the maize and full-fat
soyabean meal will be purchased from the market.
EXPERIMENTAL DIET: maize and soybean will be used and it will be
obtained from Ogbaete main Market Enugu State. Four experimental diets will
formulated such that diet one(1) will be the control that is the normal feed
having 57% maize and 0% full-fat soybean meal. Diet two (2) will contain 5% of
full-fat soybean meal. Diet three (3)
will contain 10% of full-fat soybean meal and Diet four (4) will contain 15% of
full-fat soybean meal as shown in the Table 1 below:
TABLE 1
Feed composition of broiler starter
tests diets
Ingredients
|
T1(0) %
|
T2 (5) %
|
T3 (10) %
|
T4 (15) %
|
Maize
|
57
|
54.15
|
51.3
|
48.45
|
Full
fat soyabean
|
0
|
2.85
|
5.7
|
8.55
|
Groundnut cake
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
13
|
Spent grain
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
Fish
Meal
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
Palm kernel cake
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
10
|
Blood Meal
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Bone meal
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
Salt
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
Premix
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
Lysine
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
Methionine
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
Table 2
Calculated chemical composition of the
experimental diet
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T4
|
|
CP
(%)
|
21.05
|
22.07
|
23.1
|
23.8
|
CF
(%)
|
3.5920
|
3.7403
|
3.8485
|
3.9768
|
ME
Kcal/kg
|
2897.47
|
2876.55
|
2855.63
|
2834.71
|
Ether
extract (%)
|
4.7800
|
4.3720
|
4.31050
|
4.2580a
|
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The
soybean will be manually roasted to rid the feedstuffs of the presence of
anti-nutritional factors. The particle size of each maize and soybean will be
reduced by grinding with a harmer mill.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
A
completely randomized design (CRD) will used for the experiment and it will
have four treatments that is T1, T2, T3, and T4
and three replicate. Each treatment will be replicated three times and each
space will contain six birds giving a total of 72 birds
MANAGEMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL BIRDS
Before
arrival of the bird, I will clear, clean and disinfect the poultry house and
all there in. Installations including bedding of the flour, water and feed
troughs, source of light and heat and security gadgets will be in place. The
feed must have been formulated too. At arrival, the birds will be given antistress
(mixture of glucose and vitalyte in water). Random placement into replicates
will be observed followed by feeding and water and libitum. feed given must
have been weighed and recorded to enable me know exactly quantity of feed
consumed. All routine medication including vaccinations and deworming will be observed to the latter. Weighed feed
will always be supplied early in the morning by 7.30am daily as well as by
6.00pm in the evening. Water and feed troughs must be washed before serving the
feed and water.
FEED ANALYSIS
The
feed will be taken and proximate analysis will be carried out. Dry matter will
be determined by oven drying at 1030c for 4 hrs and the result will
be expressed at percentage dry matter. Crude protein will be determined by the
Kjeldahi method (% crude protein = % N x 6.25). Ether extract will be
determined using the extraction method. Crude fibre will be determined by
weighing the residue of the feed after washing with alkali. feed inake, body
weight and feed conversion ratio will be determined at starter phase.
Mortalities will be recorded daily and their body weight will be used to adjust
for average daily gain (ADG), Average daily feed intake (ADF) and feed
conversion ration (FCR). Lastly blood chemistry will be determined.
DATA COLLECTION
FEED INTAKE
The
daily feed intake will be determined by subtracting the initial weight of the
feed from the one remaining after serving the birds
Feed
consumed = feed supplied – feed remaining
BODY WEIGHT GAIN
The
body weight gain of the birds will be determined by weighing the birds weekly
and subtracting the previous weeks from the present through backs mechanism
using weighing balance.
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
The
feed conversion ratio of the bird will be computed by dividing the average
daily feed intake by the average daily body weight gain
FCR =
Average Daily Feed Intake
Average Body weight gain
COLLECTION OF BLOOD SAMPLE
At
the end of the starter phase, occult blood will be collected from the brachial
vein of the birds in each treatment for laboratory analysis of blood chemistry
(because of cholesterol in broiler meat)
ECONOMY OF PRODUCTION
The
cost of maize and full-fat soyabean and other feed materials will be determined
through the product market price. The market weight of the bird will be used
for determining the return of the use of maize and full-fat soyabean and other
feed ingredients. The gross margin will be calculated by subtracting the cost from
the return. The interest cost ratio will also be determined by return on
products divided by cost of production.
Benefit
/ cost Ratio = return
Cost
DATA ANALYSIS
Data
collected will be subjected to the statistical analysis using analysis of
variance (ANOVA) steel and Torrie, (1980). The mean will be separated using Ducan
Multiple New Range Test Obi, (2002)
STATISTICAL MODEL
Xij
= µ+ Ti + Eij
Where
Xij
= Individual Observation
µ
= Population Mean
Ti
= Treatment effect I – T1 T2 T3 T4
Eij = Experimental
Error, Describing the effect of measurement to be taken.
REFERENCES
Aduku, A.O., 1993. tropical feedingstuff analysis
Table. Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria.
Benabdeljelil, K. (1999) Le Soja graine entiere
American Soybean Association. Brussels, Belgium. 64pp.
Brambila, S., Nesheim, M.C and Hill, F.W. (1961).
Effect of trypsin supplementation on the utilization by the chicks of diets
containing raw soybean oil meal Journal of Nutrition 75:13-20.
Carew, S.N, D.T. Shaahy and L.I. Ukah, 2007. Maize and
full-fat Soyabean compared as energy source for rabbits in lwo technology
diets. In proceeding of the 32nd Ann. Conf. Nig. Soc. Anim. Prod.
Held at the University of Calabar, Nigeria, 18-21sth march, Pp: 464-466.
Douglas, M.W.,Parson, C.M., and Hymowitz, T (1999)
Nutritional evaluation of lectin- free Soybeans for Poultry. Poultry Science
78:91-95.
Friedman, M., Brandon, D.L., Bates, A.H. and Hymowitz,
T. (1991) Comparison of a commercial Soybean Cultivar and an Isolin lacking the
Kunitz trypsin Inhibitor. Composition, Nutritional value and effects of
heating. Journal of Agriculture and food chemistry 39: 327-335.
Noy Y, Sklan D. Digestion and absorption in the young
chicks. Poultry science 1995, 74: 366-373.
Obi, I..U. (2002). Statistical method of detecting
differences between treatment means. 2nd edition snap Press, Enugu,
Nigeria.
Obioha, F.C., 1992. A Guide to poultry Production in
the tropics. Acena Publication, Enugu, Pp: 60.
Steel, R.C.G. and Torrie, D.H. (1980). Principle and
procedure of statistics. 2nd edition McGraw Hill Book Company, New
York.
Vieira SL, Moran Jr. ET. Effects of egg of origin and
chick post-hatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. World’s
poultry science Journal 1999, 55:125-142