UNIT 1
To ensure that the organs and
systems perform their functions, maintenance and promotion is necessary.
Promotion means enhancing health status while maintenance means preserving that
which one has to enhance good health.
BODY SYSTEMS OF FNXNS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
NEEDS THEY FULFILL
BODY SYSTEM FUNCTION
Respiratory
system gaseous exchange.
Elimination of waste, communication through the voice box.
Digestive
system Food and
nutrition. Elimination of waste.
Cardio-Vsacular
System Internal transportation and
protection against foreign bodies; protection
by white corpuscles.
Lymphatic
System Internal
transportation and protection against foreign bodies.
Urinary
system Elimination
of waste and water
Nervous
system Communication,
protection through reflex action.
Endocrine
system Communication
through adrenalin which helps the body be at alert;
protection.
Mucous
membrane Protection against
dust in the air tract.
Productive
System Reproduction and
continuity of life of specie
Skeletal
system movement
and leverage through the joints
Muscular
system Movement and
locomotion.
CONCEPT OF HEALTH STATUS AND MEANING OF
PERSONAL HEALTH
Health status
describes one’s level of health or level of well being of an individual.
It changes from time to time, day to
day. Health status is an and social environments.
COMPONENTS OF WELL BEING
This is made up of 5 inter-related fitness dimensions.
They are:-
1.
Physical
dimension or physical fitness
2.
Emotional or
mental fitness
3.
Social fitness
4.
Spiritual fitness
5.
Cultural fitness
P E S S C
H M O P U
Y O C I L
S I I R T
I I I U
C O A T R
A N A
L A A L
These form a whole, not separate entities. The easiest
to identify is the physical. It concerns the maintenance of body processes
which facilitate the ability to resist infection. Emotional deals with
feelings, through self identify of individuals. It facilitates a human approach
to situations and sharing of interest.
Spiritual is concerned with aspirations and ideals;
acknowledgment of a supreme being or creator.
It
facilitates a sense of worth and purpose of life cultural deals with
identification with the community.
It
facilitates responsible involvement in community affairs.
LEVELS OF WELL BEING
The
level of well being is determined by a number of factors. Such factors include
heredity, environment or behaviour.
The aim of health education, is to help
each one reach his optional health. Level of health can be visualized as a step
ladder with the lowest bottom and the highest of the top.
 |
Optimal Health
High Level Moderate Level Minor Illness 
Major Illness 
Critical Illness 
Moribund State 
Health maintenance
Health
maintenance is an aspect of health care.
It
includes services/ measures directed at prevention of illness, and directed at
maintenance of health as well as preventing conditions from getting worse.
The services directed at health
maintenance include:-
1.
Primary care –
which includes health counseling and health education.
2.
emergency care –
which includes first aid.
3.
rehabilitation
for chronic (asthma) and disabling (sickles cell anemia) conditions
4.
health insurance
which is pre-payment plan for unpredicted expenses of illness, accidents and
medical care.
HEALTH PROMOTION
This aims at the attainment of health, i.e. enabling
an individual to attain the highest possible level of health for which the
person has potentials. They include measures and activities emerged upon to
enhance or maximize the efficiency of organs and systems of the body. The measures
include exercise. It include service measures directed at prevention of
illness, nutrition.
UNIT III
SOURCES OF WELL-BEING
1. Homeostasis:
This is term coined by a French
physiologist called Claude Bernard. He was the one who discovered the principle
of homeostasis, which is the state of equilibrium conditions and regular
fluctuations that must be maintained in a state of equilibrium or constancy, in
order that life may continue. Homeostasis means that there is a natural
mechanism operates through the various body systems under the control of the
nervous system aided by the hormones.
2. Regulation
of body Temperature: The body temperature is usually maintained at about 370C
or 918.40F. for optimum health to operate, the body temperature must
not vary too much or for a long time from the normal level, even though the
temperature of the deeper lavers of the body is slightly higher then the
temperature of the periphery of the body. There are many organs and activities
involved in regulation of body temperature. They include:-
a. The circulation of blood
b. The skin
c. The lungs
d. The kidneys
There are two mechanisms in the body
that balance themselves to maintain body temperature. They are:-
Mechanism
of heat production and mechanism of heat loss.
i. Mechanism of heat production
includes:-
a. the
breaking down of food,
b. muscular
activities (exercises)
c. nervous control initiated from the
vasomotor centre of the medulla
oblongata
ii. Mechanism
of heat loss includes:-
a.
radiation by
direct contact
b.
evaporation of
sweet causes heat loss and in addition water and salt
c.
expired air
d.
urine and stool.
3. Hormonal
System: Hormones are chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands.
The pituitary gland has been described as the ‘master gland’ because it
produces many hormones.
The hormonal system serves as a
source of well being through the following ways.
1.
Coordination
effect of the pituitary gland
2.
Maintenance of
blood sugar level
3.
Maintenance of
oestrogen level in female
4.
the protective
effect of adrenalin
5.
effect of sex
hormones on growth and development of secondary sex characteristics
6.
effects of the
thyroid gland on carbohydrate metabolism.
OXYGEN TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY
The oxygen transport system of the body is responsible
for oxidation. It is operated by the heart and the lungs.
Oxidation involves the consumption
of 02 for the production of energy. The red blood cells carry 02
in the form of oxy-haemoglobin to the tissues and cells of the body. The 02
carried by the RBC is given off to the cells and C0s combines with RBC to form
carbinohaeolgobin.
The C02 and water are released
in the lungs. The 02 transport system is in control of the 02
transport system so that rapid charges environment can occur.
Physical education pays a good deal
of attention to the building up of reserve for the heart and lungs thereby
contributes to the efficiency of the transport system.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR OXYGEN TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
1.
good muscle
tone
2.
good posture
3.
activity or
exercise
4.
deep breathing
exercise
5.
good ventilation
Factors
that adversely affect 02 transport system
1.
inactivity or
lack of exercise
2.
neglect of or
poor posture
3.
nicotine has
direct effect on the heart and blood vessels as follows:
a.
by producing
rapid heart beat
b.
by raising blood
pressure
c.
by impeding
entrance of air through the lungs
d.
compound that
mixes with heamoglabin thereby reducing the oxygen carrying power of RBC.
5. Body
physique and posture
Another term for body physique is
some to type. A gentleman known as Sheldon classified body forms or physique on
the basis of three (3) primary phenotype:-
1.
Ectomophy
2.
mesomrophy
3.
primary phenotype
The ectomorph is thin and skinny and lanky. He has a
predominance healthy disposition. He is good at sprints but he is prone to poor
posture because of narrow skeletal frame work. He also feels cold easily
because of maximal sub-coetaneous fat. The person lacks stamina and tries
easily.
The esomorph has a predominance of muscular tissue. He
has good posture and is good at throwing events or weight lofting. He is
energetic and is generally healthy.
The endomorph has a predominance of visceral tissue.
He tends to be obese and flabby. He is good at weight (shot) put and wrestling.
He has a broad skeletal framework which facilitates balance but he is prone to
poor muscle tone heart disease and diabetes mellitus.
Posture: Barlow (1956) defined postures as “the relationship of
the different parts of the body which ensures the most efficient behavioural
parts of the body which ensures the most efficient behavioural and
physiological functioning both now and in the future. Posture includes
activities such as reclining, sitting, standing, bending, squatting and other bodily
positions and movements.
FACTORS WHICH DETERMINES POSTURE
1.
Vertebral column-
the carnation and the position makes the vertebral column an important factor
in posture.
2.
Muscular
efficiency
3.
Efficiency of the
nervour system
4.
nutritional state
of an individual
5.
absence of pain
and disease
6.
habit – good and
bad postures can be formed from habit.
Effects of good Posture
1.
Improved physical
appearance and self impression/ image including the personality of the
individual
2.
Ensures
appropriate positioning of organs for efficiency functioning e.g. the lungs,
cardio cascular system, the digestive system etc.
3.
Good posture
fatigue and strain
4.
Good posture aids
mechanical use of the body.
Types of Posture
1.
‘Slumped’-
characterized by dropping shoulders, hunched back, protruding abdomen,
2.
‘Expanded’ –
showing eased up and relaxed disposition
3.
Contracted –
stiff and erect with chest out abdomen pulled in, commonly found with the
military
4.
Specific posture
for specific situations such as sitting, squatting, bending etc.
BODY DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTIONS AND
DISEASES
There are certain factors that help the body resist
infection. They are:-
1. Physical barriers
a. The
skin: this must be intact, meaning that there is no wound or cut. The skin is
aided by the production of antiseptic substances; such as swat and by the
presence of hairs.
b. the
bony cages. They serve as barriers or protection for organs contained in the
body cavities.
2. Mucous membrane. It must also be
intact.
This membrane has a layer of mucus on it which can
strap substances and micro-organisms.
In addition some mucous membrane possess cilia; the
surface of the mucous membrane is moist.
3. Glandular activities:
a. Production
of tears by the lachrymal glands which protect the eyes because tears contain
an antiseptic substance which is capable of dissolving bacteria. This substance
is called lysozyme.
b. hydrochlor
acid contained in gastric juice produced by the stomach and it ingests
bacteria.
4. Polymorphous clear leucocytes:
They are a firm of white blood cells
and are pharagogtic in action and some of them are amoeboid in action. Other
cells that have phagocytic action in the body are the cells of the sinusoids in
the liver and in the spleen.
5. Connective tissue cells which multiply
to form granulation tissue in cases of healing by secondary intention (healing
following infection), and in case of healing of abscesses.
6. lymphoid/Lymphatic tissue
a. Lymphoid tissue found in the pharynx (adenoids and
tonsils) and is the small intertine (aggregate lymph nodes)
b. lymph nodes – which filter lymph carrying harmful
substances
c. lymphocytes – concerned with production of antibodies
7. Antibodies and antifoxins contained in
the plasma.
8. Reflex
responses: there are reflex centres situated in the medulla oblongata e.g
reflex centres situated in the medulla
oblongata e.g the reflex centres for sneezing and coughing.
9. Immunity.
This is the capacity of the body to resist infection. It provides a protected
state and it affords specific resistance to infections. These are two
substances involved in immunity
i. antigen
is a substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies.
ii. antibody
is a protein or substance formed in the as a result of contact with an antigen.
CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY
Immunity
|
Natural of Genetic
|
Artificial or Acquired
|
||
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Active
|
Passive
|
|
- Through overt or’
|
- From mother’
|
- Injection of
|
‘Ready made
|
|
clinical attacks’
|
to child eg
|
antigen for
|
‘antibodies
|
|
or sub-clinical ‘
|
through breast
|
the production
|
‘e.g anti-
|
|
attacks e.g smallpox,
|
feedings
|
Of antibodies
|
‘tetanus
|
|
measles polio-mellitus‘
|
Placenta’
|
e.g tentanus
|
‘serum
|
|
etc
|
e.g malaria
|
toxoid
|
‘(ATS)
|
In active artificial immunity an
antigen is injected into the body to cause it to produce antibodies against a
particular diseases. In this regard, the body plays an active part in the
production of antibodies. A typical
example of an antigen is the tetanus toxoid.
In the passive artificial immunity
ready-made antibodies are injected into the body. A typical example of a
ready-made antibodies is the antitetanus serum (ATS). The body does not take
part in the production of the antibodies and so its effect lasts only for a few
weeks or month.
Immunization:- This is a purposeful
introduction into the body of small does of antigen so that the body can
produce antibodies against a specific disease. The antigen that is injected may
be weakened or attenuated or even de-toxicated toxin. The body takes part in
the production of the antibodies.
FACTORS THAT ENHANCE ORGAN EFFICIENCY
1. Nutrition:- Meaning and definition
- function of nutrition
- consequences of poor nutrition
Nutrition
as the sum of the processes by which the body takes on, and utilizes food. It
is the story of food, and the use the body makes of it. It includes diet,
digestion and metabolism.
Nutrition ensures that the cells are
in perfect condition and so can withstand the attacks or effect of infection.
Because the cells are in good condition, if they happen to suffer form any
infection they can recover very quickly. When the cells are in good condition
the organs will function effectively.
Poor nutrition leads to deficiency
diseases (kwashiokor) and malnutrition, and subs quietly to death.
2. Exercise
and Activity
Read up: effects of exercise on the various organs of
the body: the heart lungs and blood circulation.
3. Rest
and the Circadian cycle/ Rhythm
Rest is characterized by a period of inactivity, quiet
and mediation. However, the conscious mind still functions.
Relaxation is a change of place in
activity:
It
helps to reduce tension and reduce the stresses of living. The ability for
relaxation can be cultivated or learnt through training. Relaxation result in
improved efficiency and increased enjoyment or life.
The circadian cycle/ Rhythm is a
natural or normal and traditional pattern or rhythm of living which consists of
work and other activities during daylight followed by sleep or rest during the
hours of darkness, following roughly the “circadian” or 24hr. period.
Christianity and Judaism and to some
extent Islam introduced those favoruable pattern of living into civilization in
the form of a rest-day every 7th day. Even seasonal variations and
terrestrial environment dictated or directed human living e.g farming was done
during the rainy season and harvest during the dry season.
With the advent of industry and
development of technology as well as economic necessity man has been led to
break off from the natural expectation. In addition, economic and political
considerations often determine dead-lines in contemporary times.
The use of artificial lighting and
traits of rigid measurement of efficiency have made possible working and
activities during the hours of darkness.
Deliberate and persistent violation
of the biological or circadian rhythm affect well-being and affect performance
eg (a) they can create tension (b) irritability (c) poor timing (d) depression
(e) loss of coordination (f) muscular fatigue (g) visual disturbances
4. Physical Fitness
This implies a condition of
readiness and is an important ingredient for success. It is the ability to
carry out one’s work without unnecessary fatigue and still have some reserve
energy to enjoy social activities.
A physically fit person is one who
possesses adequate strength and endurance to carry out his daily activities
without undue fatigue and still have
sufficient energy to enjoy leisure and to meet unforeseen circumstances
(emergencies). The organic capacity of an individual to perform the normal task
of daily living without undue tiredness or fatigue and yet have reserve
strength and energy available to meet satisfactorily emergencies demands on
physical fitness. Physical fitness facilitates ability to resist infection.
COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
There are 2 major components – health related and
skill – related.
The health related are eh fundamental
components needed for good health. They consist of strength, endurances,
flexibility, cardio-vascular efficiency and respiratory efficiency.
The skill- related are the component
that is necessary for performing physical work and activity. They include
agility, coordination, balance, speed, reaction time, accuracy.
Total fitness:- is a combination of
physical fitness and inter-related qualities, and potentials eg heredity,
emotional stability, social consciousness, attitudes etc.
Among all these components strength,
endurance and coordination are considered to be the basic elements for physical
fitness because good performance on these elements for physical fitness. The
performance of these elements depends on age, sex, health status, anatomical and
biochemical conditions.
MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
There are no single standard that can be used to judge
the physical fitness of everybody. However, it can be measured or estimated of
pull-ups, still-ups ter-metre shuttle run, standing broad jump, 45m dash, 540m
run – walk, basket ball throw for distance.
5. HEALTH
SERVICES AND MEDICAL CHECK-UPS
Health services provide opportunity for health
appraisal, diagnosis, referral, treatment of illness, rehabilitation,
prevention, monitoring or check up or control of diseases.
There are health facilities that
promote health they include:-
Structures and equipment and
operatic to facilitate functional health services and to promote desirable
health habits. Health facilities include health institutions that is hospital,
health centres immunization centre etc. They also include hand-washing basins,
toilets etc.
6. Social amentias: which include water
supply, sanitation, disposal, nector control, protection of food, housing,
water is essential to life. Water that is safe is called potable water. It is
used in domestic activities, agriculture and recreation. It is an effective
factor for good sanitation and sewage disposals.
7. Health Education: A method of
encouraging people to adopt measures which are beneficial to their health and
to reject those that are harmful to their health.
Health education provides knowledge
about the position, structure and functions of organs so the individual can
recognize when there is deviation from normal. It also provides an awareness of
the position and role of organs. It helps in the acquisition of skills for
handling emergencies and sudden illness and skills for forming desirable health
habits. Health education sets acceptable standards of health behaviour. It also
encourages values for things that promote health.
Health education facilitates the
prevention of diseases. It provides knowledge of the limitations and potentials
of the different body types. It creates awareness of the consequences of undesirable
behaviour.
8. Health Insurance:- refers to the
pre-payment plan/ scheme for unpredicted expenses of illness, accidents, and
medical care over a period of time.
Types
1. Hospital expense protection:
This type of plan involves payment
of hospital bills up to particular length of period or a particular amount of
money.
2. Regular medical care:- payment is made
to cover routine medical care or check up over an unspecified period.
3. Loss-of-income protection:-
This may be from disability or
indemnity. It is a plan that guarantees cash benefits for a portion of normal
salary recuperation from illness or accidents. The payment accruing from the
plan starts after a specified period of disability and continues up to maximum
time.
AGENCIES THAT PROVIDE HEALTH
INSURANCE
1.
Government
agencies 2 employers
2.
Insurance companies
3.
Private arrangement with a physician
The benefits of health insurance
1.
Health insurance
relieves anxiety
2.
It promotes job
satisfaction and happiness for the employed
3.
It gives security
4.
It facilitates
utilization of appropriate health services.
5.
It facilitates
adoption of appropriate health action.
HEALTH MAINTENANCE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
The aim of maintenance is to ensure that the system
continues to perform its normal function effectively.
STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The role of the respiratory system
1.
The respiratory
tract serves as a mechanism for communication this is a result of vocal cords
in the larynx.
2.
The
transportation of oxygen
3.
Removal of waste
products to C02 and H20
4.
Protection due to
the presence of collie.
Maintenance
of the system:
1.
Encouragement of
nose breathing, because of the hair, mucous membrane etc.
2.
Improved
ventilation by ensuring cross ventilation, use of fans or air conditioner.
3.
Installation of
air filters and air conditioner
4.
Isolation of
cases of air-borne infections and restricting persons with cold and influenza
5.
Proper disposal
of sputum and controlled spitting.
6.
Avoidance of over
crowding
7.
Damp dusting
8.
Immunization
against air borne infections such as measles, diphtheria, polio, meningitis.
9.
eradication of
air borne infections
10.
adaptation of
proper posture: if one sits well the thoracic cavity will be large enough for
proper respiration.
The cardio vascular system (cvs)
Structure:-
1.
Special muscle
cells in the heart = they are branched and inter connected and so can contract
simultaneously.
2.
Length and
position of the coronamy a branch of the aorta; and supplies blood to the musical
of the heart.
3.
Special structure
of blood vessels, especially artery
4.
Resistance in the
blood vessels especially artery which accounts for blood pressure.
5.
presence of
values in the veins of the legs.
6.
presence of red
blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and platelets in the blood.
7.
the presence of
antibodies and antitoxins.
Role of cardio vsaculas system
1.
It is responsible
for the transpiration of nutrients to the cells
2.
transportation of
02 to the cells during circulation of blood round the body.
3.
transportation of
hormones
4.
transportation of
waste products
5.
protection of the
body through the presence of leucocytes and the mechanism of blood clothing.
Maintenance of C.V.S
1.
Regulated
exercise which facilitates blood circulation
2.
Encouragement or
rest
3.
avoidance of
stress
4.
avoidance of
cardiac stimulants
5.
medical check up
especially blood pressure
6.
avoidance of
infections of the heart eg German measles.
7.
Peristalsis
The role of the digestive system:
1.
digestion and
absorption of digested food
2.
removal of waste
products in the form of H20 and faces
3.
provision of
nutrients
4.
production of
enzymes
5.
protective role
by the production of HCL and the presence of lymph nodes with small intestine.
MAINTENANCE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1.
Application of
food hygiene and cleanliness of food both at the preparation and serving
stages.
2.
Avoidance of
contaminated food
3.
Avoidance of food
that are potentially poisonous eg mushrooms
4.
Encouragement to
establish at regular intervals and to avoid irregular eating.
5.
Avoid
constipation and therefore encourage voiding regularly
6.
Avoidance of very
hot and peppery food.
7.
inclusion of
roughages and fruits in diets.
Urinary system
The structure
1.
The presence of
nephness
2.
The bladder
serves as a reservoir and has a limited capacity
3.
the presence of
prostrate gland in close relationship with the urinary system in the male
4.
The urinary
system in the male serves as a common passage of urine and semen.
5.
The urethral
opening in females is in close anatomical relationship to the vagina and anus.
6.
The foreskin or
prepuce in the male can serve as a site of infection.
7.
The ureters have
very narrow tracts
8.
The length of the
male urethral pre-disposes it to problems.
Maintenance of urinary system
1.
Encourage
regulated exercise
2.
encourage
regulated exercise
3.
avoidance of
substances which are toxic to the kidneys
4.
encourage
cleanliness of the vulva in the female
5.
encouragement of
male circumcision or cleansing of the foreskin/ prepuce.
The role of the urinary system
1.
Formation of
urine
2.
responsible for
water balance
3.
responsible for
alterlisity of blood
4.
responsible for
osmo-regulation
5.
removal of
nitrogenous wastes
Reproductive System
Structure:-
1.
The organs of the
male reproductive system are mainly external
2.
The male reproductive
system is closely related to the male urinary tract.
3.
The organs of the
female reproductive system are mainly internal
4.
The vaginal
orifix is in close anatomical relationship with the anus.
5.
The lumen of the
uterine tube in the female are obliterated
6.
There is an
access from the exterior into the peritoneal cavity through the uterine tubes
(fallopian tubes).
Role of the reproductive system
1.
Production of
gamete (sex cells – or sperm)
2.
Production of sex
hormones (progesterone and testosterone)
3.
Production of
secondary sexual characteristics
4.
responsible for
menstrual cycle
5.
responsible for
pregnancy and child – birth
Maintenance
1.
Cleanliness of
genital organs
2.
avoidance of
misuse and abuse of the genital organs
3.
observance of
privacy and respect for the genital organs during menstruation.
4.
Care of the
genital organs during post – natal period
5.
Avoidance of
illegal abortion
6.
avoidance of
tight clothing over the genital organs in the male.
7.
avoidance of
parotitis (mumps)
8.
judicious use of
contraceptive pills
9.
avoidance of
multination of the female external genital organs.
10.
provision of
education.
Nervous System
1.
Nervous system
has a special property of irritability
2.
The cells of the
nervous system cannot regenerate
3.
the bran cortical
areas which perform specific (functions
4.
the spinal cord
ends between the 1st and 2nd lumber vertebrae
5.
carebio- spinal
fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord and it contains nutrients, inorganic
salts etc.
6.
the brain is
delicate and complex
The Role of The Nervous System
1.
Coordination
activities in the body
2.
awareness of
impulses in the environ
3.
it is responsible
for knowledge retention
4.
the cortical
areas in the brain perform specific functions such as vision, hearing, movement
etc.
5.
Intellectual
activities are performed within the nervous system
6.
the nervous
system is protective through relaying of aforementioned.
Maintenance of The Nervous System
1.
Encouragement of
relaxation
2.
avoidance of
stimulants
3.
avoidance of
injury to the nervous system
4.
avoidance of
stress
5.
encourage
adequate stimulation (or be active and think, engage in healthy arguments)
6.
avoidance of
wine, because it irritates the nervous system
7.
periodic medical
check up especially the blood pressure.
Maintenance of sense organs
These
include the eyes, ears and mouth.
The
eyes: visual health
Structure: the lens is transparent
The
cornea, aqueous humar, the vitreous reflect light rays.
The cilismy muscles control the
shape of the lens by contraction. The mod and cane cells situated in the retina
are sensible to light rays and they also transmit the impulse of light the
brain. The visual area is responsible for receiving and interpreting visual
impulses. The vitreous humour cannot be replaced. The visual purple beaches is
the sunlight and ‘Vitamin A’ is necessary for its replacement.
The role of the eye
1.
The eyes are the
receptors and transmitters of visual stimuli
2.
The two eyes work
in coordinated fashion
3.
interpretation of
visual impulses is done by the brain
4.
perception is a mental process which gives meaning
through visual, auditory, olfactory and experiences.
5.
vision used for
reading, driving is a visual impression.
Maintenance of visual health
1.
Ensuring the
cleanliness of the eyes by simple washing with soap and water but not with
caustic soap.
2.
avoidance of
caustic materials on the eyes
3.
encouraging
routine check up
4.
avoidance of
visual fatigue
5.
avoidance of
reading in a moving vehicle
6.
encouragement to
read in clear light
7.
avoidance of
glare (harmful to the cells in the retina) or dim light
8.
Avoidance of
working directly at the sun because of the harmful effect of infra red on the
retina
9.
avoidance of eye
injury
10.
recognition of
symptoms of eye problems e.g persistent blinking, aversion to light, watery or
discharging eyes blurred vision sports before the eye, inflammation of the eyes
etc.
11.
avoidance of
cheap, plastic sun glasses.
12.
seeking and
obtaining expert care in case of eye injury
13.
adequate intake
of vitamin A n the diet
14.
adoption of
correct posture for reading.
Visual Abnormalities
Eye
defects – refers to irregularities in the anatomical structure of the eyes
which distort the reception of visual stimuli e.g myopia (near sightedness) –
the viction sees near objects clearly but not far objects. The image of the point
of focus of as object is “in front of” the retina instead of “on” the
retina.
The predisposing factors to myopic
include:
1.
Poor lighting or
dim light
2.
poor posture 3.
pubertal changes
Correction
of myopia requires a concave lens in front of the eyes
Hyperopia-
far sightedness
The
victim sees far objects clearly, but not near objects. The light rays focus
behind the retina at a normal distance. It is commonly associated with ageing
because of loss of muscle tone of the ciliary muscles. When hyperopia requires convex lens.
Astigmatism
– distortion of light rays in a manner that they are not focused at a single
point on the retina. It is due to unequal curvatures on the surface of the
lens. The correction is cylindrical lens.
Strabismus
– squint (cross- eyed). It is due to uncoordinated movement of the eyeballs due
to unequal tension in the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Amblyopia
– refer to seeing clearly only in one eye even though the other eye is free of
diseases. It is due to lack of balance and coordination between the eyes. Colour
blindness/ deficiency – the individuals is unable to distinguish between
colours or certain colorus.
Eye Disorders
Refers
to ailment r disease conditions of the eye.
1.
Glaucoma – increase
in intra ocular fluid pressure within the eyeball due to blockage or constriction of the outflow duct.
2.
Cataract –
opacity (opaque) of the lens such that light cannot pass through
3.
Retinal diseases
which lead to blindness
4.
Eye injuries of
various types.
Hearing/
Auditory System
Structure:
1. Presence and position of the tympanic membrane which
is very delicate.
2. The ear has a conducting ability
3. the external auditory meatus is curved
4. there is an anatomical connection between the middle
ear and the pharynx at the pharyngeal tube or enstachia tube.
5. the inner ear is embedded in the temporal bone
The role of the auditory system
1.
Organ of hearing
2.
It is also the
organ of balance because of the semicircular canals which have mere cells that
transmit balance to the brain.
Maintenance of the auditory system
1.
Avoidance of
poking object into the ear.
2.
Medical check-up
or screaming of the ear
3.
Avoidance of
noise
4.
Avoidance of
forceful blooming of nose
5.
Avoidance of head
injury because the inner ear is located in the head.
6.
Adoption of safe
swimming habits
Hearing Abnormities
1.
Conductive
deafness: - Due to defect in the conducting mechanism in the ear: pina-tynpavia
membrane ossicles – inner ear.
2.
nervous deafness:
Due to a defect in the cochles affecting the nerve endings, and subsequently
transmission of sound waves to the brain.
3.
otitis media-
Infection of the middle ear and it can be associated with the infection of the
nose and throat.
4.
Presbycusis
(heard at hearing) – It is the or decrease of the hearing acuity often due to
old age or ageing. The victim may be able to hear the sound but may be unable
to distinguish what is being said. He
can not discriminate between sounds. Psychologically, the victim seems isolated
and inattentive. The condition may expose the victim to ridicule which may have
emotional effect of on the relatives of the victim. Generally, deafness
predisposes the victim to risk of accidents.
Dental Health
·
Structure
·
Role of the teeth
·
Maintenance of
dental health
·
Abnormalities of
the teeth eg dental carries (tooth
decay) or hole in the teeth
2. Periodontal
diseases
3. Malocclusion
4. Non-eruption
of the teeth
UNIT VII
FACTORS THAT UNDERMINE HEALTH
A. DRUGS – are chemical substances which have the potential to alter the normal
functioning of the body or of body organs. Drugs are beneficial for the
treatment of prevention of ailment if used according to certain professional
principles. Elements of drug or chemical substances are taken in many forms and
in many settings e.g. there are chemical substance in alcohol and tobacco and
alcohol is taken in social settings. Some drugs are poisonous or dangerous in
the sense that they produce undesirable affect on the body systems, for example
drugs that affect adversely the C.N.S include depressants, stimulants,
narcotics and sedatives.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
OUTCOMES OR BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION DUE TO DRUGS
1.
Dependence – An
unreasonable compulsion to take a particular drug, usually to avoid psychic
discomfort.
2.
Addiction – A
chronic intoxication produced by repeated excessive consumption of a particular
drug.
3.
Drug Abuse – The
excessive or persistent taking of a drug without regard for accepted medical
practice.
4.
Drug misuse –
Improper used of properly prescribed drug. E.g. giving your own prescribed drug
to somebody else for an ailment, maybe similar to your own former ailment.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DRUGS
1.
Derangement of
cellular metabolism, whereby it alters the normal activities of the cell.
2.
Impaired judgment
– which manifests in faculty assessment due to influence of a particular drug.
B. LACK
OF SOCIAL AMENITIES
Those services are supposed to
promote comfort and enjoyment of life. They include: potable water, good roads,
refuse disposal, recreational facilities, housing, electricity, etc. When these
things are lacking, health is undermined because individuals cannot attain the
level of health they ought to.
C. LACK
OF RECREATIONAL AMENITIES
1. When
recreational amenities are lacking they can predispose individuals to poor use
of leisure.
2. It
can lead to discouragement f young ones in the involvement of spots and
activities though they acquire some recreational and social skills like fair
play, sprit of sportsmanship, making friends, greeting people.
3. Personal
failure to make constructive use of leisure may result is chronic physical
inactivity.
4. Pre-occupation
– economic and domestic problem because of lack of other meaningful diversion.
5. Failure
of planning in personal life because of pre-occupation in social problems.
6. Increased
chances of psycho-somatic symptoms.
D. SEXUALLING
TRANSMITTED DISEASES
1. They
can adversely affect body organs
2. They
can give rise to infertility
3. They
can affect production of sex cells
4. STD
carries or social stigma (co-ordination by the public) The carried feels guilty
all time.
5. Some
of them are destructive on body organs – Sydriles affects nervous system and
visual system and can cause death of the unborn baby
e. neglect, misuse and abuse of body
organs and environment
Neglect – Inactivity of the body can cause damage to the body
organs (law of use and disuse)
MISUSE – Using a body for a function which nature did
not equip it for.
Abuse – Introducing into the body substances which are
harmful – e.g. smoking. Using the sexual organs to raise money
(prostitutes)
The Environment
(1) Excavation
which rise to erosion and potholes and stagnant water which are veritable
breeding places for insects and rodents which cause disease.
(2) Indiscriminate
erection of batchers causing over crowding
(3) Slum
formation – collection of make – shift shelters in an over crowded setting.
(4) Indiscriminate
disposal of refuse
(5) Indiscriminate
disposal of sewage
(6) Emission
of smoke into the atmospheres from factories, engines (auto mobiles)
(7) Improper
use of natural sources of water- stream and river
(8) Discharge
of factory wastes, some of which are poisonous.
(9) Indiscriminate
farming detracting from anesthetics and reducing open spaces for
recreation.