JUTE PRODUCTION (CORHORUS OLITORUS) - ARABLE CROP PRODUCTION



ABSTRACT
Jute is grown in Nigeria and many countries for its nutritious young leaves which in southwest Nigeria are cooked into a paste and eaten with starchy staples. Immature fruits, called Bush Okra are also eaten. The plant thrives in sunny sports on soils rich in organic matter and with abundant moisture. Propagation is by seed and dormancy is broken by briefly steeping in hot water. Pests are mainly caterpillars and mites that feed on leaves, and meloidogyne nematodes which greatly reduce yields, disease are few and not serious.     


TABLE OF CONTENT

Dedication -------------------------------------------------------------
i

Acknowledgement ---------------------------------------------------
ii

Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------------
iii

Table of content ------------------------------------------------------
iv

Chapter one


Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------
1
1.1
Botanical name ------------------------------------------------------
2
1.2
Center of origin -------------------------------------------------------
3
1.3
The botany ------------------------------------------------------------
4
1.4
The uses of Jute -----------------------------------------------------
5
1.5
Features ----------------------------------------------------------------
6

Chapter two


Cultural practice involving in Jute production -----------------

2.1
Land preparation/ cultivation --------------------------------------
8
2.2
Planting operation ---------------------------------------------------
9
2.3
Weed management -------------------------------------------------
10
2.4
Fertilizer application -------------------------------------------------
11
2.5
Irrigation method and maintenance of irrigation -------------
12

Chapter three


Diseases and pest of Jute and its controlling measures ---
13
3.1
Disease that attract Jute -------------------------------------------
14
3.2
Pest that affect Jute -------------------------------------------------
15
3.3
Controlling measures -----------------------------------------------
16

Chapter four


Harvesting, processing and marketing strategies -----------
17
4.1
Method of harvesting -----------------------------------------------
18
4.2
Processing method --------------------------------------------------
19
4.3
Marketing strategies ------------------------------------------------
20
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is produced from plants in the genus corchorus, family tiliaceae. Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose (major component of plant fiber) and lignin (major components wood fiber). It is thus a lingo- cellulosic fiber that is partially a textile fiber and partially wood. It falls into the best fiber category (fiber collected from bast or skin of plant) along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen) ramie etc. the industrial term for Jute fiber is raw jute. The fibers are off white to brown, and 1-4 meters (3-12 feet) long. Jute carpets are so soft that they feel almost like a cotton blanket beneath your toes. It isn’t quite as durable as tougher fibers like sisal and seagrass. But it can still last for years if carpets are kept clean and placed in low or medium traffic location, such as dining room, bedroom or living room, jute natural color ranges from creamy white to brown. The fiber can also be bleached or dyed. Jute is particularly sensitive to direct sunlight, while exposure to sunlight will speed up the deterioration of any plants fiber rug, this process happens faster with jute.

1.1       BOTANICAL NAME:-
The Botanical name of the Jute is Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorus which is a natural fiber obtained from jute plants that falls into linden family. Jute is called “Yute” in Spanish. Jute is long, strong and typically golden in colour that has many uses in the world. Jute is a highly hygroscope natural fiber.

1.2       CENTRE OF ORIGIN           
            Jute, from the Bengal word jhuto, comes from two plants, Corchorus olitorius, known as white jute, and Corchorus capsularis known as dark jute. White jute is most widely cultivated. It is also easier to dye.
            Jute is probably native to the Indian subcontinent, where the plants have been cultivated since ancient times. Today, the fiber comes mostly from the river valleys of Bangladesh and northeastern India.
            Like linen and hemp, jute is a bast fiber, which means it comes from the outer layer of a pithy stalk. Jute is an annual shrub with branching stems that grow 10 to 12 feet high. They are ready for harvest four or five months after planting.
            Jute fibers lie beneath the bark of the stems and are held there by a gummy substance. To loosen the fibers so they can be pulled from the stem undamaged, the stems are tied in bundles and left to soak in a shallow pond or stream for two or three weeks. When the stems are slightly rotted, the root ends are beaten with a wooden paddle to loosen the fibers. The fibers, four to eight feet long. Are pulled from the stem, cleaned and dried in the sun. at a mill, they are processed into yarn.
            The main use of jute is to make burlap sacks for shipping and storing agricultural products, but the supple jute fibers also make beautiful carpets.
            A substantial industry, employing millions of people, has developed around the production of fine quality Jute. Grown mainly in India, on small family owned plots around the Ganges River Delta.. This fiber grows the entire length of the plant stalk from root to top- some can be 10-15 feet (3-4.5 metres) in length.

1.3       THE BOTANY         
            Jute is an, erect, glabrous, annual plant or shrub, growing up to 2 meters high. The leaves are ovate, laceolate, toothed margins. Flowers are solitary with yellow petals on the axils. The fruit is a capsule with many black seeds.
            Jute is a fast growing crop with a much higher carbon dioxide assimilation rate than trees. One hectare of Jute plants consumes over 15 tones of Co2, several times higher than tress. It is a natural bast fiber, a vegetable fiber composed of cellulose, which is the main building material of all plants and like all natural fibers, is totally bio-degradable. This means that when discarded, jute totally decomposes, putting valuable nutrients back into the soil.
            Jute is versatile, durable and is completely biodegradable. It is grown on small farms using traditional methods the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys of Bangladesh and India and is known as golden fiber. Jute is truly a natural organic fiber. It is a tropical cousin of the European lime or liden tree. The plants which grow up to 12feet (3.6m) tall have a layer of fibre (called sclerenchyma) in their woody stems.
Jute, a renewable and sustainable resources and durable material has the life span of over a thousand plastic carrier bags. It is a natural bast fiber, a vegetable fiber composed of cellulose which is the main building material of all plants and like other natural fibers, is totally bio-degradable. This means that when discarded, jute totally decomposes, putting valuable nutrients back into the soil.

1.4       THE USES OF JUTES    
            Jute is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton; not only for cultivation, but also for various uses. Jute is used chiefly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton, and to make sacks and coarse cloth. The fibers are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, area rugs, Hessian cloth, and backing for linoleum.
            White jute is being replaced by synthetic materials in many of these uses, some uses take advantage of jute’s biodegradable nature, where synthetics would be unsuitable. Examples of such uses include containers for planting young trees which can be planted directly with container without disturbing the roots, and land restoration where jute cloth prevents erosion occurring while natural vegetation becomes established.
            The fibers are used alone or blended with other types of fibers to make twine and rope. Jute butts, the coarse ends of the plants, are used to make inexpensive cloth. Conversely, very fine threads of jute can be separated out and made into imitation silk. As jute fibers are also being used to make pulp and paper, and with increasing concern over forest destruction for the wood pulp used to make most paper. Jute has a long history of use in the sackings, carpets, wrapping fabrics (cotton bale), and construction fabric manufacturing industry.
            Traditionally jute was used in traditional textile machineries as tensile fibers having cellulose (vegetable fibre content) and lignin (wood fiber content). But, the major breakthrough came when the automobile, pulp and paper, and the furniture and bedding industries started to use jute and its allied fibers with their non-woven and composite technology to manufacture nonwovens, technical textiles and composites. Therefore, jute has changed its textile fiber outlook and steadily heading towards its newer identity, i.e. wood fiber. As a textile fibre, jute has reached its peak from where there is no hope of progress, but as a wood fiber jute has many promising features.
            Jute can be used to create a number of fabrics such as Hessian cloth, sacking, scrim, carpet backing cloth (CBC), and canvas, Hessian, lighter than sacking, is used for bags, wrappers, wall-coverings, upholstery, and home furnishings.            Diversified jute products are becoming more and more valuable to the consumer today. Among these are espadrilles, floor coverings, home textiles, high performance technical textiles, Geotextiles composites, and more.
                        Jute has many advantages as a home textile, either replacing cotton or blending with it. It is a strong, durable, color and light-fast fibre. Its ultra violent (UV) protection, sound and heat insulation, low thermal conduction and anti-static properties make it a wise choice in home decoration.
 Also, fabrics made of jute fibers are carbon-dioxide neutral and naturally decomposable. These properties are also why jute can be used in high performance technical textiles.
            Jute is also used in the making of ghillie suits which are used as camouflage and resemble grasses or brush.
            Another diversified jute product is Geotextiles, which made this agricultural commodity more popular in the agricultural sector. It is a lightly woven fabric made from natural fibers that is used for soil erosion control, seed protection, weed control, and many other agricultural and landscaping uses. The Geotextiles can be used more than a year and the bio-degradable jute Geotextile left to rot on the ground keeps the ground cool and is able to make the land more fertile.
        Moreover, Jute is the major crop among others that is able to protect deforestation by industrialization.
            Thus, jute is the most environment-friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fiber, as the expired fibers can be recycled more than once. Jute is also known to be used in creating purses, shoes and shopping bags.
JUTE AS FOOD
            Jute leaves are consumed in various parts of the world. It is a popular vegetable in West Africa. The Yoruba of Nigeria call it “ewedu” and the Songhay of Mail call it “fakohoy.” It is made into a common mucilaginous (somewhat “slimy”) soup or sauce in some West African cooking traditions, as well as in Egypt, where it is called mulukhiyya and is often considered the national dish. Jute leaves are also consumed among the Luyhia people of Western Kenya, where is commonly known as ‘mrenda’ or ‘murere’. It is eaten with ‘ugali’, which is also a staple for most communities in Kenya. The leaves are rich in betacarotene, iron, calcium and vitamin C. the plant has an antioxidant activity with a significant a-tocopherol equivalent Vitamin E.
Other diversified by products which can be cultivated from jute include uses in cosmetics, medicine, paints, and other products.

FEATURES   
·     Jute fibre is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.
·     It is a natural fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fibre.
·     It is the cheapest vegetable fibre procured from the bast or skin of the plant’s stem.
·     It is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and availability.
·     It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breath ability of fabrics. Therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.
·     It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the most versatile natural fibers that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. Bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when blended as a ternary blend.
·     The best source of jute in the world is the Bengal Delta Plain in the Ganges Delta, most of which is occupied by Bangladesh.
·     Advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal conductivity and a moderate moisture regain. Other advantages of jute include acoustic insulting properties and manufacture with no skin irritations.
Some noted disadvantages include poor drivability and crease resistance, brittleness fiber shedding, and yellowing in sunlight. However, preparation of fabrics with castor oil lubricants result in less yellowing and less fabric weight loss, as well as increased dyeing brilliance. Jute has a decreased strength when wet, and also becomes subject to microbial attract in humid climates. Jute can be processed with an enzyme in order to reduce some readily accept natural dyes, which can be made from marigold flower extract. In one attempt to dye jute fabric with this extract, bleached fabric was mordanted with ferrous sulphate, increasing the fabric’s dye uptake value. Jute also responds well to reactive dyeing. This process is used for bright and fast colored value-added diversified products made from jute.

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