ABSTRACT
Jute is grown in Nigeria and many countries for its
nutritious young leaves which in southwest Nigeria are cooked into a paste and
eaten with starchy staples. Immature fruits, called Bush Okra are also eaten.
The plant thrives in sunny sports on soils rich in organic matter and with
abundant moisture. Propagation is by seed and dormancy is broken by briefly
steeping in hot water. Pests are mainly caterpillars and mites that feed on
leaves, and meloidogyne nematodes which greatly reduce yields, disease are few
and not serious.
TABLE OF CONTENT
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Dedication
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i
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Acknowledgement
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ii
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Abstract
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iii
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Table
of content ------------------------------------------------------
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iv
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Chapter
one
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Introduction
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1
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1.1
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Botanical
name ------------------------------------------------------
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2
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1.2
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Center
of origin -------------------------------------------------------
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3
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1.3
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The
botany ------------------------------------------------------------
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4
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1.4
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The
uses of Jute -----------------------------------------------------
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5
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1.5
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Features
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6
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Chapter
two
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Cultural
practice involving in Jute production -----------------
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2.1
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Land
preparation/ cultivation --------------------------------------
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8
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2.2
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Planting
operation ---------------------------------------------------
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9
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2.3
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Weed
management -------------------------------------------------
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10
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2.4
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Fertilizer
application -------------------------------------------------
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11
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2.5
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Irrigation
method and maintenance of irrigation -------------
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12
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Chapter
three
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Diseases
and pest of Jute and its controlling measures ---
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13
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3.1
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Disease
that attract Jute -------------------------------------------
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14
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3.2
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Pest
that affect Jute -------------------------------------------------
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15
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3.3
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Controlling
measures -----------------------------------------------
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16
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Chapter
four
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Harvesting,
processing and marketing strategies -----------
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17
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4.1
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Method
of harvesting -----------------------------------------------
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18
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4.2
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Processing
method --------------------------------------------------
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19
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4.3
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Marketing
strategies ------------------------------------------------
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20
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can
be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is produced from plants in the genus corchorus,
family tiliaceae. Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is
second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses. Jute fibers are
composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose (major component of plant fiber)
and lignin (major components wood fiber). It is thus a lingo- cellulosic fiber
that is partially a textile fiber and partially wood. It falls into the best fiber
category (fiber collected from bast or skin of plant) along with kenaf,
industrial hemp, flax (linen) ramie etc. the industrial term for Jute fiber is
raw jute. The fibers are off white to brown, and 1-4 meters (3-12 feet) long.
Jute carpets are so soft that they feel almost like a cotton blanket beneath
your toes. It isn’t quite as durable as tougher fibers like sisal and seagrass.
But it can still last for years if carpets are kept clean and placed in low or
medium traffic location, such as dining room, bedroom or living room, jute
natural color ranges from creamy white to brown. The fiber can also be bleached
or dyed. Jute is particularly sensitive to direct sunlight, while exposure to
sunlight will speed up the deterioration of any plants fiber rug, this process
happens faster with jute.
1.1 BOTANICAL
NAME:-
The Botanical name of the Jute is Corchorus capsularis
and Corchorus olitorus which is a natural fiber obtained from
jute plants that falls into linden family. Jute is called “Yute” in Spanish. Jute
is long, strong and typically golden in colour that has many uses in the world.
Jute is a highly hygroscope natural fiber.
1.2 CENTRE
OF ORIGIN
Jute, from the Bengal word jhuto,
comes from two plants, Corchorus olitorius, known as white jute,
and Corchorus capsularis known as dark jute. White jute is most
widely cultivated. It is also easier to dye.
Jute is probably native to the
Indian subcontinent, where the plants have been cultivated since ancient times.
Today, the fiber comes mostly from the river valleys of Bangladesh and
northeastern India.
Like linen and hemp, jute is a bast
fiber, which means it comes from the outer layer of a pithy stalk. Jute is an
annual shrub with branching stems that grow 10 to 12 feet high. They are ready
for harvest four or five months after planting.
Jute fibers lie beneath the bark of
the stems and are held there by a gummy substance. To loosen the fibers so they
can be pulled from the stem undamaged, the stems are tied in bundles and left
to soak in a shallow pond or stream for two or three weeks. When the stems are
slightly rotted, the root ends are beaten with a wooden paddle to loosen the
fibers. The fibers, four to eight feet long. Are pulled from the stem, cleaned and
dried in the sun. at a mill, they are processed into yarn.
The main use of jute is to make
burlap sacks for shipping and storing agricultural products, but the supple
jute fibers also make beautiful carpets.
A substantial industry, employing
millions of people, has developed around the production of fine quality Jute.
Grown mainly in India, on small family owned plots around the Ganges River
Delta.. This fiber grows the entire length of the plant stalk from root to top-
some can be 10-15 feet (3-4.5 metres) in length.
1.3 THE
BOTANY
Jute is an, erect, glabrous, annual
plant or shrub, growing up to 2 meters high. The leaves are ovate, laceolate,
toothed margins. Flowers are solitary with yellow petals on the axils. The
fruit is a capsule with many black seeds.
Jute is a fast growing crop with a
much higher carbon dioxide assimilation rate than trees. One hectare of Jute
plants consumes over 15 tones of Co2, several times higher than
tress. It is a natural bast fiber, a vegetable fiber composed of cellulose,
which is the main building material of all plants and like all natural fibers,
is totally bio-degradable. This means that when discarded, jute totally
decomposes, putting valuable nutrients back into the soil.
Jute is versatile, durable and is
completely biodegradable. It is grown on small farms using traditional methods
the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys of Bangladesh and India and is known as
golden fiber. Jute is truly a natural organic fiber. It is a tropical cousin of
the European lime or liden tree. The plants which grow up to 12feet (3.6m) tall
have a layer of fibre (called sclerenchyma) in their woody stems.
Jute,
a renewable and sustainable resources and durable material has the life span of
over a thousand plastic carrier bags. It is a natural bast fiber, a vegetable
fiber composed of cellulose which is the main building material of all plants
and like other natural fibers, is totally bio-degradable. This means that when
discarded, jute totally decomposes, putting valuable nutrients back into the
soil.
1.4 THE
USES OF JUTES
Jute is the second most important
vegetable fibre after cotton; not only for cultivation, but also for various
uses. Jute is used chiefly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton, and
to make sacks and coarse cloth. The fibers are also woven into curtains, chair
coverings, carpets, area rugs, Hessian cloth, and backing for linoleum.
White jute is being replaced by
synthetic materials in many of these uses, some uses take advantage of jute’s
biodegradable nature, where synthetics would be unsuitable. Examples of such
uses include containers for planting young trees which can be planted directly
with container without disturbing the roots, and land restoration where jute
cloth prevents erosion occurring while natural vegetation becomes established.
The fibers are used alone or blended
with other types of fibers to make twine and rope. Jute butts, the coarse ends
of the plants, are used to make inexpensive cloth. Conversely, very fine
threads of jute can be separated out and made into imitation silk. As jute fibers
are also being used to make pulp and paper, and with increasing concern over
forest destruction for the wood pulp used to make most paper. Jute has a long
history of use in the sackings, carpets, wrapping fabrics (cotton bale), and
construction fabric manufacturing industry.
Traditionally jute was used in
traditional textile machineries as tensile fibers having cellulose (vegetable
fibre content) and lignin (wood fiber content). But, the major breakthrough
came when the automobile, pulp and paper, and the furniture and bedding
industries started to use jute and its allied fibers with their non-woven and
composite technology to manufacture nonwovens, technical textiles and
composites. Therefore, jute has changed its textile fiber outlook and steadily
heading towards its newer identity, i.e. wood fiber. As a textile fibre, jute
has reached its peak from where there is no hope of progress, but as a wood fiber
jute has many promising features.
Jute can be used to create a number
of fabrics such as Hessian cloth, sacking, scrim, carpet backing cloth (CBC),
and canvas, Hessian, lighter than sacking, is used for bags, wrappers,
wall-coverings, upholstery, and home furnishings. Diversified jute products are becoming more and more
valuable to the consumer today. Among these are espadrilles, floor coverings,
home textiles, high performance technical textiles, Geotextiles composites, and
more.
Jute
has many advantages as a home textile, either replacing cotton or blending with
it. It is a strong, durable, color and light-fast fibre. Its ultra violent (UV)
protection, sound and heat insulation, low thermal conduction and anti-static
properties make it a wise choice in home decoration.
Also, fabrics made of jute fibers are
carbon-dioxide neutral and naturally decomposable. These properties are also
why jute can be used in high performance technical textiles.
Jute is also used in the making of
ghillie suits which are used as camouflage and resemble grasses or brush.
Another diversified jute product is
Geotextiles, which made this agricultural commodity more popular in the
agricultural sector. It is a lightly woven fabric made from natural fibers that
is used for soil erosion control, seed protection, weed control, and many other
agricultural and landscaping uses. The Geotextiles can be used more than a year
and the bio-degradable jute Geotextile left to rot on the ground keeps the
ground cool and is able to make the land more fertile.
Moreover, Jute is the major crop among
others that is able to protect deforestation by industrialization.
Thus, jute is the most
environment-friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fiber, as the
expired fibers can be recycled more than once. Jute is also known to be used in
creating purses, shoes and shopping bags.
JUTE AS FOOD
Jute leaves are consumed in various
parts of the world. It is a popular vegetable in West Africa. The Yoruba of
Nigeria call it “ewedu” and the Songhay of Mail call it “fakohoy.” It is made
into a common mucilaginous (somewhat “slimy”) soup or sauce in some West
African cooking traditions, as well as in Egypt, where it is called mulukhiyya
and is often considered the national dish. Jute leaves are also consumed among
the Luyhia people of Western Kenya, where is commonly known as ‘mrenda’ or
‘murere’. It is eaten with ‘ugali’, which is also a staple for most communities
in Kenya. The leaves are rich in betacarotene, iron, calcium and vitamin C. the
plant has an antioxidant activity with a significant a-tocopherol equivalent
Vitamin E.
Other diversified by products which can be cultivated
from jute include uses in cosmetics, medicine, paints, and other products.
FEATURES
·
Jute fibre is
100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.
·
It is a natural
fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fibre.
·
It is the
cheapest vegetable fibre procured from the bast or skin of the plant’s stem.
·
It is the second
most important vegetable fibre after cotton, in terms of usage, global
consumption, production, and availability.
·
It has high
tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breath ability of fabrics.
Therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.
·
It helps to make
best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the most
versatile natural fibers that has been used in raw materials for packaging,
textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. Bulking of yarn
results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility
when blended as a ternary blend.
·
The best source
of jute in the world is the Bengal Delta Plain in the Ganges Delta, most of
which is occupied by Bangladesh.
·
Advantages of
jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low
thermal conductivity and a moderate moisture regain. Other advantages of jute
include acoustic insulting properties and manufacture with no skin irritations.
Some noted disadvantages include poor drivability and
crease resistance, brittleness fiber shedding, and yellowing in sunlight.
However, preparation of fabrics with castor oil lubricants result in less
yellowing and less fabric weight loss, as well as increased dyeing brilliance.
Jute has a decreased strength when wet, and also becomes subject to microbial
attract in humid climates. Jute can be processed with an enzyme in order to
reduce some readily accept natural dyes, which can be made from marigold flower
extract. In one attempt to dye jute fabric with this extract, bleached fabric
was mordanted with ferrous sulphate, increasing the fabric’s dye uptake value.
Jute also responds well to reactive dyeing. This process is used for bright and
fast colored value-added diversified products made from jute.