INSTRUMENT OF MONETARY POLICY AND PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGIERA


The   most popular instrument of monetary policy was the issuance of credit rationing guidelines, which primarily set the rates of change for the components and aggregate commercial bank loans and advances to the private sector. The sectoral allocation of bank credit in CBN guidelines was to stimulate the productive sectors and thereby stem inflationary pressures. The fixing of interest rates at relatively low levels was done mainly to promote investment and growth.
Occasionally, special deposits were imposed to reduce the amount of free reserves and credit creating capacity of the banks. Minimum case ratio were stipulated for the banks in the
mid.  1970-s on the basis of their total deposit liabilities, but since such cash ratios were usually lower than those voluntarily maintained by the banks, they proved less effective as a restraint on their credit operations.

From the mid-1970s it became increasingly difficult to achieve the aims of monetary policy. Generally, monetary aggregates, government fiscal deficit, GDP growth rate, inflation rate and the balance of payments position moved in undesirable directions. Compliance by banks credit guidelines was   less than satisfactory. The major source of problems in monetary management were the nature of the monetary control framework the interest rate regime and the non-harmonization of fiscal and monetary polices. The monetary control framework, which relied heavily on credit ceilings and selective credit controls, increasingly failed to achieve the set monetary targets as their implementation became less effective with time. The rigidly controlled interest rate regime, especially the low levels of the various rates, encouraged monetary expansion without promoting the rapid growth of the money and capital markets. The low interest rates on government debt instruments did not sufficiently attract private sector savers and since the CBN was required by law to absorb the unsubscribe portion of government debt instruments, large amounts of high-powered money were usually injected into the economy. In the oil boom era, the rapid monetization of foreign exchange earnings resulted in large increases in government expenditure which substantially contribution to monetary instability. In the early 1980s, oil receipts were not adequate to meet increasing levels demands and since expenditures were not rationalized, government   resorted to borrowing from the central bank to finance huge deficits. This had adverse implications for monetary management. 

The objectives of monetary policy since 1986 remained the same as in the earlier period, namely: the stimulation of output   and employment and the promotion of domestic and external stability. In line with the general philosophy of economic management under SAP, monetary policy was aimed at inducing the emergence of a market oriented financial system for effective mobilization of financial savings and efficient resources allocation. The main instrument of the market-based framework is the open market operations. This is complemented by reserve requirements and discount window operations. The adoption of a market based framework such as omo is an economic that had been under direct control for long, required substantial improvement in the macroeconomic, legal and regulatory environment.
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