GROWING SNAILS | MULBERY LEAF MEAL | RESEARCH CALCULATIONS | RESULTS AND APPENDIX


RESULT
4.1       Growth performance
            The result of the growth characteristics of snails fed diets supplemented with Mulberry leaf meal (MBLM) and chromoleana odorata (siam weed) leaf meal (SWLM)   is  presented in Table 4.
Table 7:         Growth characteristics of snails fed diets supplemented with mulberry leaf meal (MBLM) and siam weed leaf meal (SWLM)

Parameters (g)
T1 (0%)
T2 (5% MBLM)
T3 (5% SWLM)
 SEM
Initial body weight
45.97
46.01
45.78
0.07
Final  bodyweight
160.10b
160.52b
166.38a
2.03
Body weight gain
114.14b
114.52b
120.60a
2.09
Weekly weight gain
14.27b
14.32b
15,08a
0.26
Daily weight gain
2.04a
2.05a
1.95b
0.03
Total  feed intake
252.88b
254.93ab
257.98a
1.48
Weekly feed intake
31.62b
31.37b
32.25a
0.26
Daily feed intake
4.52ab
4.45a
4.61a
0.05
Feed conversion                                                                                  ration
2.22a
2.23a
2.14b
0.03
a, b, c: Means with the same superscript  in the same row are  significantly different (P <0.05).

·        MBLM – Mulberry  leaf meal
·        SWLM – Saim  weed leaf meal
·        SEM – Standard error of the treatment mean
There was no significant effect in the initial body weight. Significant difference were recorded in their final body weight, body weight gain, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio.
                                       

CHAPER FIVE
DISCUSSION
            The result presented in table 4 above  showed  significant (P<0.05 ) difference  in all the parameters.
 Information on the growth rate of this species (Archachatina maginata) is scarce in literature, especially with the use of diets supplemented with Mullbery and Siam weed leaf meals.
            This result differs completely from that of Imran et al. (2011) who reported no significant difference between Mulberry leaf meal (MBLM) and   siam weed leaf meal (SWLM) when fed to growing snails.  The values for the body weight gain T1 (114.14), T2 (114.52) and T3 (120.60) actually favoured T3 (SWLM) followed by T2 (MBLM) these results however differ with the earlier report of Omole, (2000) who reported daily weight gain of 0.49, the body weight gain of the animals is similar to that reported by Ejidike, (2000). This inconsistency in body weight gain could be attributed to hydration stage, stuntiness and shell heaviness as reported by Stievenart (1992).         High voluntary intake of diet T3 (5% SWLM) by the snail could be attributed to the palatability of the foliage to all species of animals as reported by Samkol, (2003).  The level of feed intake recorded in snails feed diet T3 (5% SWLM) is similar to that reported by Imaran et al., (2001).
            High level of feed conversion  was recorded  in snails  fed T2 diet (5% MBLM) and this  could be as a result  of  excellent nutritional  value and  organic  matter digestibility of  Mulberry  leaf  meal  as reported  by  Omar  et al., (1999). This can also be attributed to high crude protein content of 22.5% and palatability of Mulberry leaf  meal (Okon and Amalu, 2003).
            The optimal performance of the snails  used in this study could be attributed  to  higher response to light  which  agrees with (Akinnusi, 2002) who  reported  that a continuous  exposure of snails  to light  increases their  rate  of feed consumption.    
Conclusion and Recommendation
Since the two leaf meals used in this experiment performed better than the control diet, it can therefore be concluded that mulberry and saim-weed leaf meals are very rich nutritionally to act as a good substitutes for replacing soybean meal in the diet of young snails. And also, the high nutrient value of these leaf meals and their palatability make them acceptable to all species of animals.

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APPENDIX I
INITIAL LIVE WEIGHT (G)

T1 (counted)
T2(Mulberry)
T3 (saim)

R1
45.83
45.00
45.49

R2
46.00
46.83
45.93

R3
44.80
47.00
44.50

R4
46.30
44.30
46.00

R5
46.90
46.90
47.00

∑x
2229.83
230.03
228.92
688.78
X
45.77
46.01
45.78
137.7

CFM               =          (∑rtij Xij)2        r = 5
                                        rt                 t = 3
                        =          (688.78)2
                                       5 x 3
                        =          474417.8884
                                                15
                        =          31627.859
Total ss          =          rtij=1 X2i  - CFM
                        =          45.832 +…..+45.002+ ….+47.002 -31627.859
                        =          31640.0328 – 31627.859
                        =          12.174
Trt ss              =          ti=1 X2i  - CFM
                                          r 

                        =          229.832+ 230.032228.922 – 31627.859
                                                            5
                        =          158139.9962 – 31627.859
                                                5
                        =          31627.9992 – 31627.859
                        =          0.1402

Error s.s         =          total ss – trt ss
                        =          12.174 – 0.1402
                        =          12.03

Anova  table
Source
d.f
Ss
m.s
f-cal
f-tab
5%
1%
Trt   (t-1)
2
0.1402
0.0701
0.070ns
3.88
6.93
Error  t(r-1)
12
12.03
1.0025



Total (Tr-1)
14
12.174




                                                                                    Not significant ( p> 0.05)

SEM                =          Sx
                                      n

                        =          0.123
                                       3
                        =          0.07
SEM-Standard error of the mean
Sx                    =          Sx2     

Sx2                 =          ∑x2 – (∑x)2/n
                                                   n-1

                        =          6325.9694 – (137.76)2/3
                                                 3 -1

Sx2                  =          0.0151

Sx                    =          0.0151

                        =          0.123
           

APPENDIX II
INITIAL  LIVE WEIGHT (G)

T1 (counted)
T2(Mulberry)
T3(siam weed)

R1
160.67
161.00
165.49

R2
161.00
163.83
164.93

R3
159.09
161.00
164.50

R4
159.30
158.59
167.00

R5
160.46
158.20
170.00

∑x
800.52
802.62
831.92
2435.06
X
160.10
160.52
166.38
487.00

CFM               =          (∑rtij Xij)2        r = 5
                                        rt                 t = 3
                        =          (2435.062
                                       5 x 3
                        =          5929517.204
                                                15
                        =          395301.1469
Total ss          =          rtij=1 X2i  - CFM
                        =          160.692 +…..+161.002+ ….+170.002 -395301.1469
                        =          395467.7706  – 395301.1469
                        =          166.624
Trt ss              =          ti=1 X2i  - CFM
                                        r 

                        =          800.522+ 802.622+831.922 – 395301.1469
                                                            5
                        =          1977122.021 – 395301.1469
                                                5
                        =          395424.4042 – 395301.1469
                        =          123.257

Error s.s         =          total ss – trt ss
                        =          166.624 – 123.257
                        =          43.367

Anova  table
Source
d.f
Ss
m.s
f-cal
f-tab
5%
1%
Trt   (t-1)
2
0.1402
0.0701
0.070ns
3.88
6.93
Error  t(r-1)
12
12.03
1.0025



Total (Tr-1)
14
12.174




                                                                                    Not significant ( p> 0.05)
SEM                =          Sx
                                      n

                        =          0.123
                                       3
                        =          0.07


SEM-Standard error of the mean
Sx                    =          Sx2     

Sx2                 =          ∑x2 – (∑x)2/n
                                       n-1

                        =          6325.9694 – (137.76)2/3
                                                 3 -1

Sx2                  =          0.0151

Sx                    =          0.0151

                        =          0.123
           
APPENDIX III
BODY WEIGHT GAIN (G)

T1 (control)
T2(Mulberry)
T3(saim weed)

R1
114.84
116.00
120.00

R2
115.00
117.00
119.00

R3
114.29
114.00
120.00

R4
113.00
114.29
121.00

R5
113.56
113.30
123.00

∑x
570.69
572.59
603.00
1746.28
X
114.14
114.52
120.60
349.26

CFM               =          (∑rtij Xij)2        r = 5
                                        rt                 t = 3
                        =          (1746.28)2
                                       5 x 3
                        =          3049493.838
                                                15
                        =          203299.589
Total ss          =          rtij=1 X2i  - CFM
                        =          114.842 +…..+116.002+ ….+123.002 -203299.589
                        =          203462.1974 – 203299.589
                        =          162.608



Trt ss              =          ti=1 X2i  - CFM
                                         r 
                        =          870.692+ 572.592 +603.002 – 203299.589
                                                            5
                        =          203431.0768 – 203299.589
                                                5
                        =          203431.0768 – 203299.589
                        =          131.488

Error s.s         =          total ss – trt ss
                        =          162.608 – 131.488
                        =          31.120

Anova  table
Source
d.f
Ss
m.s
f-cal
f-tab
5%
1%
Trt   (t-1)
2
131.488
65.744
25.38**
3.88
6.93
Error  t(r-1)
12
31.120
2.59



Total (Tr-1)
14
162.608




                                                                                    Highly significant ( p> 0.01)

F-LSD 12         = t x    Sd

= 3.055 x     2 x 2.59
                           5
= 3.055 x     1.036
= 3.055 x 1.018
= 3.11
T = 3.055
Sd =     2S2
              r
r2 = 2.59
r = 5

114.14
114.52
120.60
120.60
6.46*
6.08*
0
114.52
0.38ns
0

114.14
0


T3                           T2                           T1
120.60            114.52            114.14
a                      b                      b

T3                           T2                           T1
120.60a           114.52 b          114.14 b
There are significant difference between

T3           &            T2
T3           &            T1
No significant difference between
T2           &            T1
SEM = Sx
                N
= 3.62497
          3

= 2.09


APPENDIX IV
AVERAGE WEEKLY WEIGHT GAIN (G)

T1 (control)
T2(Mulbery)
T3 (saim weed)

R1
14.36
14.50
15.00

R2
14.38
14.63
14.88

R3
14.29
14.25
15.00

R4
14.13
14.29
15.13

R5
14.20
13.91
15.38

∑x
71.36
71.58
75.39
218.33
X
14.27
14.32
15.08
43.67

CFM               =          (∑rtij Xij)2        r = 5
                                        rt                 t = 3
                        =          (218.33)2
                                       5 x 3
                        =          47667.9889
                                           15
                        =          3177.86593
Total ss          =          rtij=1 X2i  - CFM
                        =          14.362 +…..+14.502+ ….+15.382 -3177.86593
                        =          3180.4123 – 3177.86593
                        =          2.546



Trt ss              =          ti=1 X2i  - CFM
                                         r 
                        =          71.362+ 71.582 +75.392 – 3177.86593
                                                       5
                        =          15899.5981 – 3177.86593
                                             5
                        =          3179.91962 – 3177.86593
                        =          2.0537

Error s.s         =          total ss – trt ss
                        =          2.546 – 2.054
                        =          0.492

Anova  table
Source
d.f
Ss
m.s
f-cal
f-tab
5%
1%
Trt   (t-1)
2
2.054
1.027
25.05**
3.88
6.93
Error  t(r-1)
12
0.492
0.041



Total (Tr-1)
14
2.546




                                                                                    Highly significant ( p> 0.01)
Mean separation using FLSD

F-LSD 12         = t x    Sd

= 3.055 x     2 x 0.041
                           5
= 3.055 x     0.0164
= 3.055 x 0.1281
= 0.391
T = 3.055
Sd =     2S2
              r
S2 = 0.041
r = 5


14.27
14.32
15.08
15.08
0.81*
0.76*
0
14.32
0.05ns
0

14.27
0



T3                           T2                           T1
15.08              14.32              14.27
b                      a                      a

There are significant difference between treatment 1 and treatment 2

APPENDIX VI
TOTAL  FEED INTAKE (G)

T1 (control)
T2(Mulbery)
T3 (saim weed)

R1
253.00
255.55
257.91

R2
254.00
253.48
259.00

R3
250.91
254.00
255.00

R4
256.61
256.93
260.01

R5
249.90
255.20
258.00

∑x
1264.42
1274.66
1289.92
3829
X
252.58
254.93

3829

CFM               =          (∑rtij Xij)2        r = 5
                                        rt                 t = 3
                        =          3829
                                    5 x 3
                        =          977416.6667
Total ss          =          rtij=1 X2i  - CFM
                        =          2532 +…..+255.052+ ….+2582 -977416.6667
                        =          977530.9762 – 977416.6667
                        =          114.9095

Trt ss              =          ti=1 X2i  - CFM
                                         r 
                        =          1264.422+ 1274.662 +1289.922 – 977416.6667
                                                            5
                        =          4887409.658 – 977416.6667
                                                5
                        =          977481.9317 – 977416.6667
                        =          065.865

Error s.s         =          total ss – trt ss
                        =          114.9095 – 65.865
                        =          49.045

Anova  table
Source
d.f
Ss
m.s
f-cal
f-tab
5%
1%
Trt   (t-1)
2
65.865
32.933
8.058**
3.88
6.93
Error  t(r-1)
12
49.045
4.087



Total (Tr-1)
14
114.9095




highly significant ( p> 0.05) mean separation using F-Lsd

F-LSD 12         = t x    Sd

= 3.055 x     2 x 4.089
                           5
= 3.055 x     1.6348
= 3.055 x 1.2786
= 3.91
T = 3.055
Sd =     2S2
              R

S2 = 4.087
r = 5


252.88
254.93
257.98
257.98
5.10*
3.05ns
0
254.93
2.05ns
0

252.88
0



T3
T2
T1
257.98
254.93
252.88
A
A
B

B
B

                  T1

                                                                        252.88b

T3
T2
257.98a
254.93 b

No significance difference between T3 & T2 and T2 & T1

Significant difference between T3 & T1                                                      
T3                           T2                           T1
257.98a           254.93 ab        252.88 b

There are significant difference between the treatment means.

APPENDIX VII
AVERAGE WEEKLY FEED INTAKE (G)

T1 (control)
T2(Mulbery)
T3 (saim weed)

R1
31.63
31.88
32.24

R2
31.75
31.65
32.38

R3
31.36
30.50
31.88

R4
32.11
30.87
32.50

R5
31.24
31.90
32.25

∑x
158.09
156.84
161.25
476.18
X
31.62
31.37
32.25
95.24

CFM               =          (∑rtij Xij)2        r = 5
                                        rt                 t = 3
                        =          (476.18)2
                                       5 x 3
                        =          226747.3924
                                          15
                        =          15116.493

Total ss          =          rtij=1 X2i  - CFM
                        =          31.632 +…..+31.882+ ….+32.252 - 15116.493
                        =          15120.895 – 15116.493
                        =          4.402
Trt ss              =          ti=1 X2i  - CFM
                                        r 
                       
=          158.092+ 156.842 +161.252 – 15116.493
                                    5
                        =          75592.7962 – 15116.493
                                                5
                        =          15118.55924 – 15116.493
                        =          2.066

Error s.s         =          total ss – trt ss
                        =          4.402 – 2.066
                        =          2.34

Anova  table
Source
d.f
Ss
m.s
f-cal
f-tab
5%
1%
Trt   (t-1)
2
2.066
1.033
5.297**
3.88
6.93
Error  t(r-1)
12
2.34
0.195



Total (Tr-1)
14
4.402




                                                                                    highly significant ( p> 0.05)
mean separation using F-Lsd
F-LSD 12         = t x    Sd

= 2.179 x     2 x 0.195
                           5
= 2.179 x     0.078
= 2.179 x 0.2793
= 0.609

T = 2.179
Sd =     2S2
              r
S2 = 0.195
r = 5

32.25
31.37
31.62
32.25
31.62
0.88*
0.63*
0
31.37
0.25ns
0


0



32.25
31.62
31.37
a
A
b

B
b

                 

           
APPENDIX IX
FEED CONSERVATION RATIO (FCR)

T1 (control)
T2(Mulbery)
T3 (saim weed)

R1
2.203
2.199
2.149

R2
2.209
2.166
2.176

R3
2.195
2.228
2.125

R4
2.271
2.248
2.149

R5
2.201
2.293
2.098

∑x
11.079
11.134
10.697
32.91
X
2.216
2.227
2.139


CFM               =          (∑rtij Xij)2        r = 5
                                        rt                 t = 3
                        =          (32.91)2
                                       5 x 3

                        =          1083.0681
                                           15

                        =          72.205
Total ss          =          rtij=1 X2i  - CFM
                        =          2.2032 +…..+2.1992+ ….+2.0982 - 72.205
                        =          72.2439 – 72.205
                        =          0.0389
Trt ss              =          ti=1 X2i  - CFM
                                        r 
                       
=          11.0792+ 11.1342 +10.6972 – 72.205
                                                            5

                        =          72.227201 – 72.205
                                                5
                        =          72.227201 – 72.205
                        =          0.0222
Error s.s         =          total ss – trt ss
                        =          0.0389 – 0.0222
                        =          0.0167
Anova  table
Source
d.f
Ss
m.s
f-cal
f-tab
5%
1%
Trt   (t-1)
2
0.022
0.0110
7.75*
3.88
6.93
Error  t(r-1)
12
0.017
0.00142



Total (Tr-1)
14
0.039





Significant ( p> 0.05)
Mean separation using F-Lsd

F-LSD 12         = t x    Sd
= 2.179 x     2 x 0.0014
                           5

= 2.179 x     0.00056
= 2.179 x 0.0237
= 0.0516

T = 2.179
Sd =     2S2
              r
S2 = 0.0014
r = 3

2.139
2.216
2.227
2.227
0.088*
0.011ns
0
2.216
0.077*
0

2.139
0



T3
T2
T1
2.227a
2.216b
2.139b


T1
T2
No significance difference between T2 & T1
 there T3 Significant difference from  T2  and T

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